温度、盐度对凡纳滨对虾精荚再生和精子质量的影响

研究了3种不同温度和盐度对凡纳滨对虾精荚再生和精子质量的影响。通过称量精荚以及采用染色或显微镜观察养殖在不同温、盐度条件下的雄虾的精子数量和正常率来评价精子质量。结果表明:随着实验养殖时间的延长和精荚再生次数的增加,26℃组的精子质量明显好于22℃组和30℃组,30℃组的活精子数由第1次再生的14.0×106个下降到4.3×106个,畸形精子百分率由6.1%增加到56.6%。温度越高,蜕皮周期越短,精荚再生时间也越短,但精子质量下降也很迅速。盐度30组的精荚重量显著高于盐度5组和15组,但盐度15的精子总数和活精子数却显著高于盐度5组和30组,随着时间的延长,3组盐度的畸形精子百分率都有所增加,其中盐度5组增加得最快。     

Growth and performance of the whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone) cultured in low‐salinity water with different stocking densities and acclimation times

We evaluated the performance of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in response to different stocking densities and acclimation periods. Shrimp postlarvae were acclimated from seawater (30 g L^?1) to low‐salinity well water (<1.0 g L^?1) at a constant hourly reduction rate of 40, 60, 80 and 100 h. After acclimation to low‐salinity well water, postlarvae from each acclimation time treatment were stocked in three replicate tanks at densities of 50, 100, 150 or 200 shrimps m^?2 for 12 weeks of growth. Salinity averaged <1.0 g L^?1 for each growth study. The different treatments resulted in significant differences in both the final body weight and the survival rate (SR). Shrimp acclimated for 100 h showed substantially improved survival (83%) relative to shrimp acclimated for shorter periods. Shrimp yields for all cultured periods ranged from 0.32 kg m^?2 in tanks stocked at 50 m^?2 to 1.14 kg m^?2 in tanks stocked at 200 m^?2. We conclude that whiteleg shrimp can be successfully grown in low‐salinity well water, and that the growth, production output and SRs are significantly higher when shrimp are acclimated for longer periods.     

The effects of variation in feed protein level on the culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-water exchange experimental ponds

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying dietary protein level on pond water quality and production parameters of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Experimental units consisted of nine 400‐m² earthen ponds with a low water exchange. Two treatments were tested: treatment HP consisted of shrimp fed a high‐protein diet (40%) during the whole grow‐out, and treatment LP consisted of the use of a low‐protein diet for the complete farming period. No differences on any of the water quality parameters were observed among treatments. Excellent survival (over 85%) and feed conversion ratios (around 1.6), and acceptable growth (over 12 g) and biomass (from 1721 to 1793 kg ha^?1) were recorded in all experimental ponds. No significant differences in any of the production parameters were found among treatment groups.     

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.     

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal (FM), fermented soybean meal, extruded soybean meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, wheat gluten meal, corn gluten meal, shrimp byproduct meal, meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry meat meal and plasma protein meal (PPM) were determined for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A reference diet (RF) and test diets (consisting of 70% RF diet and 30% of the feedstuff) were used with 0.5% chromic oxide as an external indicator. A total of 1440 shrimp (initial mean body weight 1.05 ± 0.01 g) were randomly stocked into thirty‐six 500‐L fibreglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and three tanks per diet. Faeces were collected from triplicate groups of shrimp by a faecal collection vessel attached to the shrimp‐rearing tank. The shrimp were fed to apparent satiation four times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Statistics indicate that apparent DM digestibilities for white shrimp (L. vannamei) were the highest for FM, ranged 52.83–71.23% for other animal products and 69.98–77.10% for plant products. The protein and lipid from plant and animal sources were well digested by white shrimp. Apparent protein and lipid digestibility were in the range 87.89–93.18% and 91.57–95.28%, respectively, in plant products, and 75.00–92.34% and 83.72–92.79%, respectively, for animal products. The white shrimp demonstrated a high capacity to utilize phosphorus in the ingredients. The apparent phosphorus digestibility ranges of animal feedstuffs and plant feedstuffs were 58.90–71.61% and 75.77–82.30% respectively. Amino acid availability reflected protein digestibility, except that in MBM, for which the availability of some amino acid was lower, possibly due to protein damage during processing. Digestibility information could promote the use of ingredient substitution in least‐cost formulated diets for white shrimp.     

不同养殖模式及光照对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

利用室内水泥池4种不同养殖模式(虾单养或混养不同鱼类)和2种光照(自然光和弱光)对凡纳滨对虾生长、产量和水质的影响开展了研究。试验共设6个试验组,2个对照组,每个组别共设3个重复:自然光虾单养组、弱光组对虾单养、自然光虾鳅混养、弱光虾鳅混养、自然光虾鲢混养、弱光组虾鲢混养、自然光虾鳅鲢混养、弱光虾鳅鲢混养,养殖70d。测定试验前后试验池虾规格、总质量、存活率及饵料系数和鱼的规格、总质量。每隔15~20d测定水质指标。试验结果表明,单养组的虾自然光条件下规格显著大于其他组(P0.05),而弱光单养组的虾规格显著小于其他组(P0.05),其他组别差异不显著(P0.05)。饵料系数方面,单养组显著大于混养组(P0.05),存活率混养组显著高于单养组(P0.05),自然光组饵料系数和存活率显著高于弱光组(P0.05)。水质方面,养殖期间各组的硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮呈稳步上升趋势,但亚硝态氮质量浓度,虾单养组和虾鳅混养组均显著高于虾鲢混养组和虾鳅鲢混养组(P0.05),自然光组显著低于弱光组(P0.05),氨氮,虾单养组显著高于其他组(P0.05),自然光组低于弱光组(P0.05)。试验结果显示,适当的光照是凡纳滨对虾生长的重要因素,泥鳅能大幅提高池塘经济效益节约成本,而鲢鳙鱼可有效地改善水质,当泥鳅以及鲢鳙鱼共同混养在虾池时,保证对虾池水质良好的同时,可提高对虾养殖的产量。     

混养锦鲤对微咸水凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量的影响

在6口面积均为0.4 hm2的微咸水池中养殖凡纳滨对虾,密度为7.5×105尾/hm2,其中4口混养锦鲤,密度分别为1500、3000、60001、2 000尾/hm2,研究混养锦鲤对凡纳滨对虾池水质及产量影响。结果表明:混养池水质比较稳定,透明度、NH4+-N和NO2--N波动幅度较小且数值较低,混养池对虾平均产量为3345 kg/hm2,比单养池平均产量2268 kg/hm2高47.5%,其中混养锦鲤3000尾/hm2的池虾产量最高,达到3765 kg/hm2。