许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼的摄食特性及幼鱼胃排空率

为了探明仔、稚鱼阶段红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)投喂轮虫的最适密度和颗粒饲料驯化时间,文章研究了不同轮虫投喂密度下,红鳍笛鲷仔鱼的生长、存活和食物选择,并采用生长、存活、RNA/DNA比率和消化道上皮细胞高度等参数作为评价指标,研究了颗粒饲料驯化时间 [13 dph (孵化后天数,W13)、16 dph (W16)、19 dph (W19)和22 dph (W22)] 对红鳍笛鲷仔、稚鱼的影响。结果表明,轮虫投喂密度显著影响红鳍笛鲷仔鱼的摄食、饵料选择、生长和存活,轮虫投喂密度为10~20 个·mL^–1时,仔鱼的生长和成活率均无显著差异但显著高于1个·mL^–1和30个·mL^–1处理组。颗粒饲料驯化实验中,W19和W22处理组个体的生长和成活率显著高于其他两组,W13处理组个体的RNA/DNA比率最低。22 dph时,W13和W16处理组个体消化道上皮细胞高度明显低于其他两组。根据研究结果,轮虫和卤虫无节幼体混合喂养期间,轮虫密度对仔、稚鱼的食物选择性存在显著影响,建议在红鳍笛鲷初始投喂阶段使用10~20 个·mL^–1的轮虫密度投喂仔鱼,红鳍笛鲷13 dph即可驯料,而最佳驯料期为16~22 dph。     

Jaw malformation of hatchery reared golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Jaw malformations of hatchery reared golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus larvae were studied from 1 day post hatch (DPH) to 31 DPH. The severity of jaw deformities was classified into three levels where ‘0’ represents normal jaw; ‘1’ is intermediate jaw malformation; and ‘2’ is severe jaw malformation. The severe jaw malformations of golden pompano larvae were clearly observed on 3 DPH. Starting from 3 DPH, both intermediate and severe jaw malformations were observed and the total incidence of jaw malformations ranged from 9.6% to 46.6%. The highest severe jaw malformation occurred on 5 DPH, and 25% larvae exhibited serve jaw malformation. On 11 DPH, jaw malformations reached the peak with 46.6% fish exhibiting jaw malformations of either category 1 or 2. On 26 DPH, the percentage of intermediate jaw malformation reached the peak value (36.4%). This was the first study reporting jaw malformation of golden pompano larvae, and the result can be used as a reference point for future research on the control of jaw malformation in golden pompano.     

Effect of weaning time on the performance of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Effect of weaning time on the larval performance of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus was studied in the experimental condition. The same weaning regime started on four different days of posthatch (DPH): 13 DPH (W13), 16 DPH (W16), 19 DPH (W19) and 22 DPH (W22), respectively. Growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratios and mid‐gut cell height of fish were assessed in each weaning regime over time. Growth and survival rates of fish larvae weaned in the W19 and W22 regimes were significantly higher than those in the W13 and W16 regimes. No significant differences were found either between W19 and W22, or between W13 and W16 treatments. Fish showed a decrease in the RNA/DNA ratio in W13, but a trend of increase in W16, W19 and W22. Weaning time significantly affected the mid‐gut cell height in larval golden pompano. On 24 DPH, the mid‐gut cell height of fish in the W13 and W16 treatments was significantly thinner than those in the W19 and W22 treatments. Based on fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio and mid‐gut cell height, weaning can be started on 13 DPH in golden pompano larvae, but we recommend that the best weaning window be 16–22 DPH. These results are supported by histological and nutritional evidence and would guide the weaning process for golden pompano larvae, and offer a useful approach to explore the weaning protocol in larval fish rearing.     

延迟投饵对卵形鲳鲹早期仔鱼阶段摄食、成活及生长的影响

利用人工繁殖产生的卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）初孵仔鱼,在水温(26.81.4) ℃、盐度28.20.8条件下,对延迟投饵0~6 d的卵形鲳鲹仔鱼的摄食、生长及其成活情况进行了研究。结果显示,仔鱼于3日龄开口,于开口的当天投饵及延迟投饵1、2、3、4和5 d,投饵后2 h内仔鱼的摄食率分别为15%、30%、50%、25%、15%和5%,每尾鱼的平均摄食量分别为0.4、0.6、1.3、0.6、0.3和0.1个轮虫。延迟投饵6 d一组仔鱼的摄食率均为0。延迟投饵0、1和2 d各组仔鱼的成活率相差不大,但延迟3 d以上仔鱼的存活率急剧下降。卵形鲳鲹仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）出现在仔鱼开口后4 d,开始投喂饵料的最佳时期应在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

延迟投饵对卵形鲳鲮早期仔鱼阶段摄食、成活及生长的影响

利用人工繁殖产生的卵形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）初孵仔鱼,在水温（26．8±1．4）℃、盐度28．2±0．8条件下,对延迟投饵0～6d的卵形鲳够仔鱼的摄食、生长及其成活情况进行了研究。结果显示,仔鱼于3Et龄开口,于开口的当天投饵及延迟投饵1、2、3、4和5d,投饵后2h内仔鱼的摄食率分别为15％、30％、50％、25％、15％和5％,每尾鱼的平均摄食量分别为0．4、0．6、1．3、0．6、0．3和0．1个轮虫。延迟投饵6d一组仔鱼的摄食率均为0。延迟投饵0、1和2d各组仔鱼的成活率相差不大,但延迟3d以上仔鱼的成活率急剧下降。卵形鲳鲣仔鱼的初次摄食饥饿不可逆点（PNR）出现在仔鱼开口后4d,开始投喂饵料的最佳时期应在仔鱼开口后的3d之内。     

Effect of salinity on the rearing performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Effect of rearing salinity on the performance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) was studied under a laboratory condition. Fish growth, survival, RNA/DNA ratio, pepsin activity, α‐amylase activity and FCR were used as evaluation criteria. The growth and RNA/DNA ratio were significantly affected by the rearing salinity. High growth rate and RNA/DNA ratio were observed when fish were reared at the salinity of 34‰. The pepsin activity of fish was not significantly affected by the rearing salinity. However, the α‐amylase activity of fish was significantly affected by the rearing salinity. The α‐amylase activity of fish reared at the salinity of 10‰ was significantly lower than fish cultured at the salinity of 34‰. Rearing salinity can significantly affect the FCR of juvenile golden pompano. The FCR of fish cultured at the salinity of 10‰ was 5‐times higher than the FCR of fish reared at 34‰. Results from the present study indicate that juvenile golden pompano can be reared above 26‰ without affecting fish performance, and the salinity of 10‰ may be too low to rear juvenile golden pompano as fish growth, RNA/DNA ratio and α‐amylase activity were reduced.     

Osteological ontogeny and malformations in larval and juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

The osteological ontogeny and the incidence of deformities occurred in vertebral column and caudal complex were studied from 1 day post hatch (DPH) to 31 DPH in Trachinotus ovatus. Results indicate that the development of both caudal complex and vertebral column initiated between 7 DPH and 9 DPH along with the calcification of haemal arches and neural arches, and occurrence of caudal elements. The last element of caudal complex, uroneural, appeared on 18 DPH. A high number of malformations in the vertebral column and caudal complex were detected in this study. More than 33% experimental fish exhibited at least one type of malformation. Results from this study provide the first reference on the osteological ontogeny and malformation of golden pompano. Such information can be applied to the quality control for fingerling production in golden pompano.     

急性和慢性低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官的影响

文章研究了窒息点以上的低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)鱼体鳃器官的影响,在常温条件下对(32.84±3.99)g的卵形鲳鲹进行了急性(0 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h)和慢性(14 d)的低氧胁迫实验,采用常规石蜡切片和H-E染色以及电子显微技术,观察低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官的影响。结果显示,卵形鲳鲹在急性低氧胁迫下鳃小片上皮肿胀和抬升;慢性低氧胁迫下随着时间延长,鳃小片上皮细胞与鳃小片分离,鳃呼吸表面积增加。结果表明低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官具有较大影响,而且慢性胁迫的影响大于急性胁迫。     

Quantitative dietary methionine requirement of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus at a constant dietary cystine level

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile golden pompano (initial body weight 12.40 ± 0.02 g). Six diets were formulated with six graded levels of methionine (8.6, 9.2, 10.4, 11.5, 13.2 and 14.5 g kg⁻¹). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 juvenile fish in seawater floating net cages (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m). Fish were fed twice daily (08:30 and 16:30) to apparent satiation for 56 days. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), proximate body composition, morphometry and haematology were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary methionine levels. WG, SGR and FE increased with increasing levels of methionine up to 13.2 g kg⁻¹ diet (P < 0.05) and remained nearly the same thereafter. NRE also increased with increasing levels of methionine up to 13.2 g kg⁻¹ diet (P < 0.05) and remained nearly the same thereafter. Linear regression analysis on WG and NRE indicated that the recommended optimum dietary methionine levels for optimal growth of juvenile pompano were 10.6 and 12.7 g kg⁻¹ diet, respectively, corresponding to 24.6 and 29.5 g kg⁻¹ dietary protein, respectively, so the level of dietary methionine should be between 10.6 and 12.7 g kg⁻¹ diet, corresponding to 24.6–29.5 g kg⁻¹ dietary protein. Additionally, the estimated requirements for the other essential amino acids were calculated from A/E ratios of whole‐body amino acid profile based on the methionine requirement determined from the present experiment.     

肌醇对卵形鲳鲹生长、饲料利用和血液指标的影响

配制w（肌醇）为350mg·kg^-1、458mg·kg^-1、507mg·kg^-1、720mg·kg^-1和1050mg·kg^-1的5种饲料,投喂初始质量为（8．30±0．11）g的卵形鲳鲹（Traehinotus ovatus）56d,评估肌醇对卵形鲳鲹生长、饲料利用和血液指标的影响。摄食w（肌醇）为720mg·kg^-1的饲料组的鱼增重率和特定生长率显著高于其他组（P〈0．05）,脏体比不受肌醇的影响;458mg·kg^-1、507mg·kg^-1和720mg·kg^-1 3个饲料组的成活率显著高于350mg·kg^-1和1050mg·kg^-1 2个饲料组（P〈0．05）;507mg·kg^-1 饲料组全鱼的水分显著高于720mg·kg^-1 饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05）,脂肪显著低于720mg·kg^-1饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05）,粗蛋白无显著差异（P〉0．05）。随着肌醇质量分数的增加,血糖浓度先升高后下降,720mg·kg^-1饲料组血糖浓度最高,显著高于350mg·kg^-1和458mg·kg^-1饲料组（P〈0．05）;507mg·kg^-1饲料组的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著低于1050mg·kg^-1饲料组以外的其他组（P〈0．05）;添加肌醇能显著降低血液甘油三酯浓度,但对血液总蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇没有影响。     

Growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus reared in net pens. Ten test diets were formulated at five levels of crude protein (330, 370, 410, 450 or 490 g kg^?1) and two levels of crude lipid (65 or 125 g kg^?1). Golden pompano fingerlings (initial body weight 4.7 g ind^?1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), body protein content and total nitrogen waste (TNW) were dependent on both dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed intake (FI) and viscersomatic index (VSI) were dependent on dietary protein level, while body lipid content was dependent on dietary lipid level. Weight gain increased with increasing the dietary protein level (at the same lipid level) but was lower at the dietary lipid level of 65 g kg^?1 than at 125 g kg^?1 (at the same protein level). Fish fed at the dietary protein levels of 460–490 g kg^?1 had higher WG and lower FCR than at 330–410 g kg^?1. Energy retention efficiency tended to increase with increasing the dietary protein level from 330 to 410 g kg^?1, while no significant difference was found in nitrogen retention efficiency between the dietary protein levels (at the same lipid level). Results of this study suggest increasing the dietary lipid level from 65 to 125 g kg^?1 could not induce protein‐sparing action in golden pompano, and the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano reared in net pens should be 450–490 and 65 g kg^?1.     

卵形鲳鲹育种群体遗传多样性分析

利用11个微卫星位点,对海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）育种群体进行了遗传多样性评价和聚类分析。结果显示,海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹育种群体的平均等位基因（Na）分别为5.0和3.6,平均有效等位基因（Ne）为2.965和2.244,观测杂合度（Ho）分别为0.292~0.814和0.207~0.840,期望杂合度（He）分别为0.307~0.813和0.189~0.761,海南三亚群体中多态信息含量（PIC）为0.014~0.719,平均为0.509,而广东大亚湾群体的PIC为0.168~0.711,平均为0.436。海南三亚群体有5个位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡（P0.05）,广东大亚湾群体有2个位点偏离哈温-伯格平衡;2个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.561,遗传距离为0.578,遗传分化指数（Fst）为0.152。Structure软件分析显示海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹群体各为一支,2个群体间具有较大的遗传分化,可作为2个育种群体管理,2个群体间进行杂交选育预期可获得较好的遗传进展。     

卵形鲳鲹仔稚鱼异速生长的研究

以传统的理论生物学研究方法,对孵化后卵形鲳鲹1~36日龄仔、稚鱼各器官测量和分析,研究其在早期环境适应上的异速生长及其生态学含义,以期为卵形鲳鲹的人工繁殖、育苗提供参考。试验结果表明,卵形鲳鲹仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等器官快速分化,均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中,吻长、口宽、眼径和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长,稚鱼期头高为等速生长,吻长、眼径和口宽为负异速生长。在身体各部位中,仔鱼期头长、体高和尾长为正异速生长,躯干长为负异速生长;稚鱼期各部分皆为等速生长;在游泳器官中,仔鱼期卵形鲳鲹胸鳍长、尾鳍高和臀鳍长为正异速生长,尾鳍长为等速生长,背鳍长为负异速生长;稚鱼期背鳍长和臀鳍长为正异速生长,胸鳍长、尾鳍长和尾鳍高为等速生长。卵形鲳鲹这些关键部位的快速发育,使外源性营养开始后以最小的代谢损耗获得了生存能力的显著提升,对适应复杂的生存压力具有重要的生态学意义。     

牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg-1(T4...     

卵形鲳鲹脂肪酸延长酶(Elovl4-like)基因特征与功能研究

长链脂肪酸延长酶(elongases of very long chain fatty acids, Elovls)是长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, LC-PUFA)生物合成途径中的关键限速酶,能够延长PUFA的碳链。为探究Elovl4在卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus) PUFA生物合成中的功能,该研究克隆了卵形鲳鲹Elovl4基因的cDNA序列,命名为ToElovl4-like,其开放阅读框(ORF)为792 bp,编码263个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,编码的氨基酸包含Elovl家族的显著结构特征如组氨酸盒子、多个跨膜区和ER滞留信号等。序列比对结果显示,卵形鲳鲹Elovl4-like基因高度保守,且该基因编码的蛋白序列与其他鱼类的相似度为73%~86%,其中与大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua)的相似度最高(86%)。系统进化分析表明,Elovl4主要聚为Elovl4a、Elovl4b和Elovl4-like 3类。其中ToElovl4-like与其他鱼类的Elovl4-like亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR表明ToElovl4-like基因在各组织中均有表达,其中在性腺和脾中mRNA表达量最高,在脑中mRNA表达量最低。酵母异源表达分析表明,ToElovl4-like可以分别将亚油酸(18:2n-6)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3)延长为二十碳二烯酸(20:2n-6)和二十二碳五烯酸(22:5n-3)。研究结果为了解鱼类长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)的生物合成提供了理论基础。     

Food consumption and selectivity by larval yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi cultured at different live feed densities

Live food supply is a key factor contributing to the success of larval fish rearing. However, live food densities vary greatly between fish species and management protocols across fish hatcheries. The growth, survival, food selection and consumption of yellowtail kingfish larvae were examined at different regimes of live food supply in an attempt to identify a suitable live food feeding protocol for larval rearing in marine fish. This study was divided into two feeding phases: rotifer phase from 3 to 14 DPH (phase I) and Artemia nauplii phase from 15 to 22 DPH (phase II). In phase I, four rotifer densities (1, 10, 20 and 40 mL⁻¹) were used. In phase II, Artemia started at 0.8 nauplii mL⁻¹ on 15 DPH, and then the density of Artemia was daily incremented by 50%, 70%, 90% and 110%, respectively, in four treatments from 15 to 22 DPH. In phase I, rotifer density significantly affected larval growth, but not survival. By 7 DPH, the number of rotifers consumed by fish larvae reached 170–260 individuals, but did not significantly differ between rotifer densities. During cofeeding, fish larvae selected against Artemia nauplii by 10 DPH, but by 14 DPH Artemia nauplii became the preferred prey item by fish larvae exposed to the 10, 20 and 40 rotifers mL⁻¹. In phase II, both fish growth and survival were affected by Artemia densities. Fish daily consumption on Artemia by 20 DPH reached 500–600 individuals but did not significantly differ between prey densities. The result suggests that rotifer densities be offered at 20–40 mL⁻¹ before 6 DPH and 10–20 mL⁻¹ afterwards to support larval fish growth and survival. Likewise, Artemia is recommended at a daily increment of 90–110% of 0.8 mL⁻¹ from 15 to 22 DPH. This study proposes a management protocol to use appropriate type and quantity of live food to feed yellowtail kingfish larvae, which could be applicable to larval culture of other similar marine fish species.     

卵形鲳鲹TLR13基因的克隆、表达分析和亚细胞定位研究

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是一种古老的先天性免疫受体,参与病原体相关分子模式识别,对维持免疫稳态和预防感染至关重要。本研究克隆和鉴定了卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)TLR13基因(命名为ToTLR13),其开放阅读框(ORF)为1 269 bp,编码422个氨基酸,等电点为8.13。保守结构域分析显示,ToTLR13含有跨膜结构域(TM)、LRR结构域和TIR结构域,符合TLR家族的典型特征。通过建立TLR13保守域三级结构发现,ToTLR13与小鼠(Mus musculus)和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea) TLR13功能结构域的蛋白三级结构具有较高重叠性。多序列比对显示,ToTLR13与其他硬骨鱼TLR13具有较高的相似性,与其他纲物种的序列相似性较低。系统进化树结果显示,To TLR13与硬骨鱼TLR13聚在一起,其中与鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)最为接近,与哺乳动物、两栖类和贝类相分离。实时荧光定量PCR (Real-time fluorescence quantitativ...     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and of DL‐methionine or lysine supplementation in pelleted diets on growth and nutrient utilization of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary DL‐methionine addition in fish meal reduction diet for juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The trial comprises the following of 11 diet treatments. (i) D1 diet as the standard was formulated with fish meal as the main protein source. (ii) D2–D5 diets were formulated to replace fish meal with soybean meal at 60, 120, 180 and 300 g kg^?1, respectively, and the amino acid profiles (including methionine and lysine) of D2–D5 were referred to the amino acid profile of D1. (iii) D6‐D9 diets were the same as D2–D5, respectively, but without methionine supplementation. (iv) D10 and D11 diets were the same as D3 and D5 diets, respectively, but without lysine supplementation. Each diet was randomly fed to groups of 20 fish (initial average weight about 18 g) per net cage (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m) in triplicate and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 days. Weight gain (WG, %) and final body weight (FBW, g) of fish fed D3 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed D8 and D9 diets (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of D3, D4 and D5 diet treatments were significantly lower than that of D11 diet treatment (P < 0.05), but without significant difference with other diet treatments (P > 0.05). Whole‐body protein contents of fish fed D3–D5 were significantly higher than those of fish fed D7–D9 (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the replacement of fish meal by soybean meal could reach 300 g kg^?1 without detrimental but profitable effect on growth and survival when enough methionine and lysine were supplemented in the diet; moreover, lysine is not the first‐limiting amino acid relative to methionine for juvenile T. ovatus from the present growth and proximate composition results.