A general model of temporary aquatic habitat use: Water phenology as a life history filter

Temporary aquatic habitats are not widely appreciated fish habitat. However, fish navigate the transient waters of intertidal zones, floodplains, intermittent and ephemeral streams, lake margins, seasonally frozen lakes and streams, and anthropogenic aquatic habitats across the globe to access important resources. The selective pressures imposed by water impermanence (i.e., freezing, drying, tidal fluctuations), however, operate similarly across taxa and ecosystems. These similarities are formalized into a conceptual model relating habitat use to surface water phenology. Whereas all necessary life history functions (spawning, foraging, refuge, and dispersal) can be accomplished in temporary habitats, the timing, duration, and predictability of water act as a “life history filter” to which habitats can be used and for what purpose. Habitats wet from minutes to months may all be important—albeit in different ways, for different species. If life history needs co‐occur with accessibility, temporary habitats can contribute substantially to individual fitness, overall production and important metapopulation processes. This heuristic is intended to promote research, recognition and conservation of these frequently overlooked habitats that can be disproportionately important relative to their size or brevity of existence. There is a pressing need to quantify how use of temporary aquatic habitats translates to individual fitness benefits, population size and temporal stability, and ecosystem‐level consequences. Temporary aquatic habitats are being impacted at an alarming rate by anthropogenic activities altering their existence, phenology, and connectivity. It is timely that scientists, managers and policymakers consider the role these habitats play in global fish production.     

关于黑龙江鲟鳇鱼开发利用及资源保护情况的报告

文章列举了鲟鳇鱼及其产品的经济价值,阐明了其保护等级,对黑龙江省鲟鳇鱼的自然资源及人工养殖情况的历史阶段变化作了详细的介绍,对当前的开发利用及资源保护情况进行了深入的研究和分析,指明了在当前鲟鳇鱼开发利用及资源保护工作中存在的问题,并针对问题提出了相应的对策建议。     

Analysis of growth, weight and relevant indices of diploid and triploid population of tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus 1758)

This study determined biometric and weight parameters and relevant indices of diploid and triploid tench. Altogether, 137 siblings of tench were studied. The effect of ploidy level appeared in significantly better growth of triploids (P<0.001) as to biometric [total length (TL), standard length (SL), body height (BH), body width (BW)] and weight [fish weight (FW), carcass weight (CW)] parameters of T₃ of both sexes and of T₃₊ females. The effect of ploidy level also appeared as significantly higher dressing percentage (DP; P<0.001) of triploid T₃ females compared with other groups, significantly higher gonad weight (GW) and gonadosomatic index (GSI; P<0.001) of diploid T₃ females, as well as GSI and hepatosomatic index of diploid T₃₊ females. The effect of sex appeared in significantly higher (P<0.001) biometric (TL, SL, BH, BW) and weight (FW, CW) parameters of T₃ females of both ploidy levels, as well as of triploid T₃₊ females. The effect of sex also appeared as significantly higher DP (P<0.001) of males in diploid T₃ fish, as well as of males of both ploidy levels in T₃₊ fish and significantly higher GW and GSI (P<0.001) of females in diploid T₃ fish, as well as of females of both ploidy levels in T₃₊ fish. This study shows evidence for faster somatic growth and bigger final weight of triploid populations of tench compared with diploids in both age categories T₃ and T₃₊.     

Effects of probiotic doses on the survival and growth of hatchlings,fry, and advanced fry of Rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton)

ABSTRACT

Rohu (Labeo rohita) is the most popular fish in South Asia. Its farming is often constrained by shortages of seed due to low survival (20%–30%) during nursing. Hypothesizing that probiotics might help, varying doses of two multistrain commercial probiotics were tested at hatchling (days 8–38), fry (days 38–68), and advanced fry (days 68–98) stages. The first probiotics (P1) consisted of Bacillus subtilis, Pediococcus acidilactici, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the second probiotics (P2) of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli plus yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), microalgae (Spirulina sp.), and phytase. Low, medium, and high doses of P1 (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/kg) and P2 (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) were tested, supplementing the control diet, which consisted of mustard oil cake (40%), rice bran (30%), wheat flour (20%), and fish powder (10%). At the hatchling stage results showed that medium and high doses of P1 increased survival by 14.4% and 16.2% respectively over the control. Similarly, medium and high doses of P2 increased survival by 22.1% and 22.3% respectively compared to the control. Survival of hatchlings and fry increased linearly (P < 0.01) with the increase in the doses of P1. The dose of P2 had a quadratic relationship with the survival based on which dose of 1.5 g and 1.7 g/kg feed was found to maximize the survival of hatchlings (72%) and fry (99%) respectively. Regression analysis also showed that maximum specific growth rate (SGR%/day) of fry could be obtained with the estimated dose of 3.3 g/kg diet for P1 and for 1.5 g/kg diet for P2. Therefore, tested probiotics are beneficial during the nursing of Rohu hatchlings and fry or before the age of 68 days but not for nursing afterwards.     

胶州湾湿地水体中总氮和总磷的分布及变化特征

依据2009年2、4、6、8、10、12月水体生源要素调查资料,对胶州湾湿地水体中总氮和总磷的分布及变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,1)胶州湾湿地——大沽河感潮河段沿河道自上而下水体中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量大致呈降低趋势;潮间带区域TN和TP高含量区基本位于大沽河入海口及其邻近海域,其含量和分布主要由大沽河入海径流所控制。2)胶州湾湿地水体中TN和TP的月际变化明显,其中大沽河感潮河段TN以12月最高,2月次之,8月最低;TP以2月最高,12月次之,4月最低。潮间带区域TN 2～8月呈降低趋势,8～12月呈增高趋势;TP以2月最高,其他月份含量较低且变化不明显。3)胶州湾湿地海水中TN、TP等生源要素主要来自大沽河入海径流,大沽河径流入海对胶州湾湿地海水中生源要素的含量水平和分布趋势产生了显著影响。     

盐碱地池塘鱼鳖混养育成模式的研究

在盐碱地池塘中,研究了五种不同鱼鳖混养育成养殖模式,以其成活率、增重率、出池平均规格、饵料系数、饵料成本、每667m2纯利润和投入产出比等指标进行综合评定,结果表明:模式Ⅰ、模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ是盐碱地池塘较好的鱼鳖混养育成模式,模式Ⅳ和模式Ⅴ相对较差;在盐碱地池塘中,可采取中华鳖与滤食性鱼类鲢、鳙鱼混养的模式,也可采取中华鳖与鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼一起混养的模式;在本研究条件下,中华鳖的适宜放养密度为4 500~7 500只/hm2,鲢鱼可放养2 250~3 900尾/hm2,鳙鱼可放养450~600尾/hm2,草鱼可放养3 000尾/hm2。     

生态清洁型封闭式循环水养鱼技术研究

从预防病害发生入手,应用沉淀分离、旋流分离和砂滤等固液分离技术,提高循环水量,增加固液分离、生物过滤、紫外线消毒等水质净化频次,保持鱼类、水质环境和病原微生物的生态平衡,以生态清洁的方式健康养殖。结果表明,在生态清洁型循环水系统中养殖点带石斑鱼,养殖期12个月,无明显病害发生,养殖过程不用药,养殖产量为25.44 kg/m2,成活率87.42%。     

耐盐碱鱼类的生理和分子机制研究进展

耐盐碱鱼类生理和分子适应机制的解析,是培育适于中、高碱度盐碱水域增养殖种的先决条件。围绕世界各国适于中、高碱度盐碱湖泊养殖的鱼类代表种,从组织结构的微观调整、血液离子和渗透压调节、特殊氨氮代谢的形成、酸碱调节、激素调节以及基因组特定区域的选择性表达和适应等方面进行归纳总结,提出耐盐碱鱼类的盐碱适应机制具有多样、复杂、系统性强的特点。建议借助先进的基因功能研究方法,系统整合耐盐碱鱼类在生理、表型、行为和各种组学的遗传信息,将相关性探索研究拓展到基因水平的因果关系确定,推动耐碱鱼类的分子遗传基础与分子适应性进化机制的研究进程。     

推动我国渔船渔具产业可持续发展探讨

随着市经济的不断深入和发展，我国渔业处于发展的良好机遇，近10年，我国渔船渔具产业取得了快速的发展，进一步推动我国渔船渔具产业的可持续发展，将有利于推动我国渔业产业升级，提高渔民的收入。这与党中央和政府提出的彻底解决“三农”问题，全面建设小康社会的目标相吻合。     

硇洲马尾藻人工育苗常见敌害生物及防治初探

本文调查了硇洲马尾藻人工育苗期间的主要敌害生物,并初步探讨了不同物理方法和化学药剂对其敌害生物的清除效果,旨在为人工育苗栽培提供基础资料。调查发现硅藻、刚毛藻、石莼、浒苔等附生藻类对硇洲马尾藻生长影响较大,蓝子鱼、麦秆虫和藻钩虾的摄食是硇洲马尾藻幼苗海区培育的主要危害。苗帘用5%硫酸铵药浴5min可抑制刚毛藻的生长,以2%柠檬酸药浴5min、0.3%醋酸药浴3min、3%硝酸铵药浴5min等均可药杀石莼、浒苔等附生绿藻,用640mg/L敌百虫浸泡10min可杀灭藻钩虾。     

海水养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs的分布和积累研究

根据2005年4月和10月对厦门海域贝类养殖区养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质含量的调查资料,对4种养殖贝类(僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、泥蚶和缢蛏)体中石油类(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量的分布和积累特征进行了研究。结果表明,厦门海域4种养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs含量范围分别为(2·89~34·6)mg/kg,湿重和(5·06~45·7)μg/kg,湿重,总平均值分别为12·3mg/kg,湿重和15·5μg/kg,湿重。总体上,养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量的区域分布,潮间带养殖贝类>浅海养殖贝类>虾池养殖贝类,呈西海域和同安湾内较高,大嶝海域较低的格局。养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量季节变化呈春季(4月)高于秋季(10月)之势。养殖贝类体内组织对TPH和PCBs吸收和积累能力的高低为胃(包括胃含物)>肌肉组织>外套腔液。缢蛏体对TPH的吸收和积累能力较强,泥蚶对PCBs吸收和积累能力较强。这与其自身对TPH和PCBs的吸收和排泄能力有密切的关系。厦门海域养殖贝类受到PCBs轻度污染,一些养殖区的缢蛏、泥蚶和僧帽牡蛎受到TPH的不同程度污染。     

关于新形势下辽宁海洋与水产工作的思考

就新世纪到来之前,辽宁海洋与水产工作所面临的国际渔业新制度的确定和国内实行海洋捕捞“零增长”的重大政策变节,以及国际金融,国内市场等方面的新形势,新问题进行全面分析,提出新形势下辽宁海洋与水产工作的总体思路,目标,重点和措施。     

分子生物技术在水产动物病害防治研究中的应用及其展望

随着我国水产养殖业不断发展,养殖规模的不断扩大,养殖环境恶化、种质退化、病害频繁发生等问题正严重制约着我国的水产养殖业的发展。尤其是大范围流行病的爆发经常会给局部地区的养殖业带来毁灭性的打击。因此加强对病害防治技术的研究,已成为我国当前发展水产养殖业的关键。     

鲤鲫粘孢子虫病防治技术

1987～1990年对辽宁省鱼病调查结果表明,主养鲤、鲫塘粘孢子虫病呈上升趋势。为此于1996～2000年在沈阳和辽阳两市部分主养鲤、鲫池塘进行了防治试验。试验采取室内外相结合的方法,对粘孢子虫病的种类、寄生部位和药物及剂量进行了对比试验。结果表明,泼洒0.3×10-6～0.4×10-6敌敌畏乳剂(80%),同时投喂孢子散或0.2‰～0.3‰的敌敌畏药饵3～5d,并适当更换池水,可有效地防治鲤鲫体内外的粘孢子虫病。     

我国海水养殖贝类病害发生现状及防控策略

贝类养殖是我国水产养殖业的重要组成部分，在促进经济社会发展、提高就业率、改善人民生活及保护生态环境等方面发挥了重要作用，其经济、社会和生态功能日益凸显。近年来，因环境胁迫和病原侵染引发的海水养殖贝类暴发性病害时有发生，所造成的经济损失巨大，严重阻碍了海水养殖产业的绿色高质量发展。贝类缺乏适应性免疫，且主要养殖于开放或半开放水体，难以通过疫苗注射或环境调控等手段进行病害防控。贯彻“绿色防控”的理念，加快病害预警预报体系建设是海水养殖贝类病害防控的重要发展方向。本文综述了我国海水贝类养殖及病害发生的现状，并结合团队前期研究和病害预警预报工作实践,提出了海水养殖贝类病害防控策略，以期提升我国水产动物疫病防控能力，为保障水产品稳定安全供给、促进水产养殖业绿色高质量发展提供参考。     

不同增养殖模式中华绒螯蟹脂肪酸比较分析

对不同增养殖模式下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)可食部分脂肪酸的分析结果显示:中华绒螯蟹有脂肪酸18种,分别为5种饱和脂肪酸,3种单烯酸,10种多烯酸。各脂肪酸中以油酸含量最高,不饱和脂肪酸的含量极显著高于饱和脂肪酸(P<0.01);就营养品质指标(单烯酸、多烯酸、必需脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸)而言,以湖泊网围模式脂肪酸营养品质为优。以棕桐油酸(C16∶l)和硬脂酸(C18∶0)为风味评价指标(脂肪酸角度),结果得出以湖泊放流中华绒螯蟹最为味美。     

国内外口蹄疫的流行情况及防制

口蹄疫是一种高度传染性疾病,以传播迅速和发病率高而被国际兽医局列为法定报告动物疫病之首。该病不但严重危害畜牧业和经济,还对国家声誉、国际关系也有很大影响。本文在查阅近几年国内外有关口蹄疫文献的基础上,对其流行情况、防制策略等方面进行了总结,为该病的预防和控制提供参考和依据。     

方斑东风螺脱壳病防治方法探讨

肉壳分离病是近年来发生在：宇斑东风螺稚、幼螺中间培育过程中的一种常见病害。之前进行的相关研究表明：该病的主要诱因是由于混入养殖池内的捕食性桡足类对稚、幼螺的攻击,导致稚、幼螺受伤部位发生溃疡性病变。本文报道了不同浓度梯度90％晶体敌百虫对壳高0．09cm～0．20cm的稚、幼螺和桡足类的毒性试验结果,旨在寻求在方斑东风螺稚、幼螺培育池中杀灭桡足类的适宜浓度。结果表明：方斑东风螺稚、幼螺对敌百虫有很强的适应能力,在6×10^-6浓度下24h后仍能正常摄食,而培育池中的桡足类在1．5×10^-6浓度条件下5h内基本被杀灭,两者对敌百虫毒性的适应呈显著差异,利用这一差异可有效杀灭培育池中的敌害生物桡足类,使方斑东风螺脱壳病的病情得到有效控制。     

洞庭湖水系水沙特性及参数间的相关性研究

研究洞庭湖水文泥沙参数间的相关性,分析泥沙的冲於演变规律,为正确评价洞庭湖的淤积特性和江湖淤积的有效治理提供理论支撑。基于湘潭站等9座重要水文站2002-2016年间的水文泥沙监测资料,系统梳理洞庭湖水系的水沙特性及水文泥沙参数间的相关性。研究表明:松滋西河、澧水和洞庭湖2016年的年径流量相比2002年增大0.3%～16.2%,其他河道降低2.9%～34.2%;资水的泥沙中值粒径2002-2016年降低57.1%,其他河道增大26.7%～300%;资水和洞庭湖2016年的年均含沙量、年输沙量相比2002年分别增大21.5%～22.2%、5.7%～40.6%,其他河道分别降低13.6%～82.9%、6.7%～88.8%;参数间相关性由强到弱排序为年均含沙量-年输沙量、年径流量-年输沙量、年径流量-年均含沙量、年均含沙量-中值粒径、年输沙量-中值粒径、年径流量-中值粒径;东、南洞庭湖入湖泥沙量和淤积量在时序上分别下降29.9%、144.73%,出湖泥沙量、排沙比分别增大55.72%、113.7%;西洞庭湖入湖泥沙量、出湖泥沙量、淤积量、排沙比在时序上降低24.06%～88.24%。三峡水库蓄水拦沙的作用降低了洞庭湖的入湖沙量、淤积量,增大了排沙量和排沙比,有利于洞庭湖寿命的延长。