Influence of dietary biotin levels on growth and non‐specific immune response in large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea R

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary biotin levels on growth performance and non‐specific immune response of large yellow croaker. Fish (6.16 ± 0.09 g) were fed twice daily to apparent satiation with diets containing 0.00 (as the basal diet), 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.24 and 6.22 mg biotin kg^?1 diet. Results showed that fish fed the basal diet had the lowest survival rate, and fish fed 0.05 mg kg^?1 dietary biotin achieved significantly higher final weight and weight gain. Dietary biotin levels had no significant influence on carcass crude lipid, moisture and ash content, but significantly influenced the carcass crude protein. Liver biotin concentration significantly increased with the supplementation of biotin, but no tissue saturation was found within the supplementation scope of biotin. Broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain showed that juvenile large yellow croaker requires a minimum dietary biotin of 0.039 mg kg^?1 for maximal growth. The analyses of serum parameters showed that the moderate‐ (0.05 mg kg^?1) and high‐dose (6.22 mg kg^?1) dietary biotin significantly improved both lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities, indicating dietary biotin within a certain range could improve the non‐specific immune response of large yellow croaker.     

Effect of dietary fermented soybean meal on growth,intestinal morphology and microbiota in juvenile large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiota of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Replacement ratio of FM with FSM were 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%, respectively (marked as FSM0, FSM15, FSM30, FSM45, FSM60 and FSM75). The results indicated that the survival ranged from 84.78% to 99.44%, and no significant differences were observed among all treatments (p > 0.05). Weight gain ratio (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly decreased when the replacement level of FM protein exceeded 60%, and fish fed the FSM60 and FSM75 diets had lower WGR and SGR than those fed the other diets. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) significantly increased with replacement levels of FM increasing. Illumina high‐throughput sequence analyses showed that the alpha diversity did not differ among the diets of FSM0, FSM15 and FSM75. The whole community of tested samples was not modified by FSM, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant flora in the intestines based on the phyla level. The dominant phyla in the water sample were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes. Fish fed the diet containing FSM75 significantly reduced the species abundance of Paenibacillus. There was a certain correlation between the intestine microbiota and SGR, antioxidant, and immune. Results indicated that up to 45% of FM can be replaced by FSM without negative effects on growth performance and intestinal integrity of juvenile large yellow croaker.     

Changes in activities and mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid synthetase in large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson), during fasting

Over‐winter fasting and man‐made food deprivation to increase meat quality are common in the process of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture. This study aimed to determine the changes in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities and mRNA expressions, and the relationships between these changes and fat content in large yellow croaker liver and muscle tissues during fasting. A total of 2933 bp LPL cDNA, including an open reading frame of 1533 bp encoding 510 amino acids, and a 1233 bp fragment of FAS cDNA coding 411 amino acids were cloned. Expressions of both genes were ubiquitous. During a 35‐day fasting period, the hepatosomatic index and fat content in muscle and liver were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). mRNA levels of LPL increased significantly during the fasting period except the first 3 days, and FAS mRNA levels decreased significantly in both muscle and liver (P < 0.05) although there were some fluctuations. Muscle and liver LPL activities were significantly higher following fasting for 7 days, decreased to the initial value following fasting for 14 days, and elevating significantly afterwards (P < 0.05). FAS activities in muscle and liver maintained a significantly decreasing trend during the short‐term fasting (P < 0.05) and kept obviously rising thereafter (P < 0.05). Activities and mRNA levels of both LPL and FAS were not always consistent, which implied that both pre‐translational and post‐translational regulations existed during fasting. Our results suggest that the reasonable fasting time is 21 days before harvesting when fat content decreased significantly.     

Visceral granulomas in farmed large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson), caused by a bacterial pathogen,Pseudomonas plecoglossicida

An enzootic disease characterized by granulomas in internal organs occurred in cage‐farmed large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson), in April and November 2010, in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. One bacterial strain, named XSDHY‐P, was isolated from the diseased fish and identified by biochemical characterization, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). According to the results obtained from the biochemical tests, FAME analysis and phylogenetic analysis derived from 16S ribosomal RNA, gyrB, oprF, oprI, oprL and rpoD gene sequencing, the bacterial isolate, XSDHY‐P, was identified as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. Moreover, lethal dose, 50% trials were carried out to demonstrate the virulence of XSDHY‐P in large yellow croaker when administered at 2.13 × 10⁵ colony‐forming units per fish. Visceral granulomas were found in the experimentally infected fish as well as in the naturally infected fish, indicating that P. plecoglossicida is another bacterial pathogen that causes granulomatosis in L. crocea.     

The effect of dietary methionine on growth,antioxidant capacity,innate immune response and disease resistance of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

An 11‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary methionine on the growth, antioxidant status, innate immune response and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile yellow catfish. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain different graded methionine levels ranging from 6.1 to 16.4 g kg^?1 of dry weight. The results indicated that growth performance and feed utilization were significantly influenced by the dietary methionine levels; fish fed the diet containing 6.1 g kg^?1 methionine level had lower specific growth rate, percentage weight gain (PWG), feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the diet containing 16.4 g kg^?1 methionine level had lowest protein contents in whole body and muscle among all treatments. Triacylglycerols, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and haemoglobin (Hb) in plasma or whole blood were significantly affected by dietary methionine levels. Fish fed the diet containing 6.1 g kg^?1 methionine level had higher superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities and malondialdehyde values than those fed other diets. Fish fed diets containing 9.7 and 11.8 g kg^?1 methionine levels had higher lysozyme activity, total immune globulin, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst than those fed other diets. The lowest survival after A. hydrophila challenge was observed in fish fed a diet containing 6.1 g kg^?1 methionine. Quadratic regression analysis of PWG against dietary methionine levels indicated that the optimal dietary methionine requirement for the maximum growth of juvenile yellow catfish was estimated to be 11.5 g kg^?1 of the diet in the presence of 4.0 g kg^?1 cystine (corresponding to 23.5 g kg^?1 of dietary protein on a dry weight basis).     

Dietary threonine requirement of juvenile large yellow croaker,Larmichthys crocea

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). Six diets were formulated containing 45% crude protein with six graded levels of threonine (0.71–2.46% in about 0.35% increment). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile fish (initial body weight 6.00 ± 0.10 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 16:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The result indicated that significant difference was observed in the weight gain among all treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen retention (NR) increased with increasing levels of threonine up to 1.75% diet (P < 0.05), and thereafter, declined. No significant differences in body dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid or ash content were found among dietary treatments. Theronine contents of fish muscle were significantly affected by dietary threonine levels (P < 0.05). Fish fed the diet with 0.71% threonine showed the lowest threonine content (2.94%) in fish muscle, while fish fed the diet with 1.75% threonine had the highest value (3.16%). Other essential amino acid contents of muscle were not significantly different among the dietary treatments. On the basis of SGR, FE or NR, the optimum dietary threonine requirements of juvenile L. crocea were estimated to be 1.86% of diet (4.13% of dietary protein), 1.90% of diet (4.22% of dietary protein) and 2.06% of diet (4.58% of dietary protein), respectively, using second‐order polynomial regression analysis.     

Effects of salinity on the physiological responses of the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea under indoor culture conditions

The physiological responses to different environmental salinities were assessed in juveniles of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. This species shows a good capacity to adapt to comparatively low environmental salinities by evaluating some physiological responses, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, spleen, gill and kidney respectively. Growth and survival at salinity 5‰, 10‰ and 25‰ were better than those at salinity 15‰ and 20‰. No significant differences in ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM in the liver were observed among different salinity treatments; SOD, AKP and LZM in the spleen among different treatments only showed significant differences at the beginning or the 2nd week; in the gill, no significant difference of AKP and LZM were observed during the whole experiment, SOD among different treatments showed significant difference at the beginning and the 8th week, and ACP only showed significant difference at the end of the experiment; in the kidney, significant differences in ACP, AKP and SOD among different salinities were merely observed at the end of experiment, and LZM showed significant difference among different treatments at the 2nd week. Overall, some slight stress responses were observed, but few significant differences were observed between low salinity and normal salinity, especially the growth and physiological functions were not influenced by low salinity, i.e. 5‰ and 10‰. We conclude that juvenile large yellow croaker is tolerant to low salinity and shows a potential for low salinity culture.     

刺激隐核虫感染对大黄鱼生理生化指标及免疫指标的影响

刺激隐核虫感染能够导致海水鱼类感染“白点病”,而大黄鱼是受“白点病”影响最严重的海水养殖鱼类。为了探究刺激隐核虫感染对大黄鱼生理生化指标及免疫指标的影响,本研究利用刺激隐核虫人工感染大黄鱼,分别在感染后0、12、24、48和72 h采集血液、肝脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、头肾和皮肤组织,并检测血清皮质酮、皮质醇以及肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标的变化。同时使用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）实验检测肝脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、头肾和皮肤组织中TNF-α、IL-8和IL-1β基因的表达量。结果显示,在大黄鱼感染刺激隐核虫后的0~72 h内,实验组大黄鱼表现出刺激隐核虫病的发病症状;血清皮质醇和皮质酮含量显著增加;肝脏GSH-Px活性极显著降低;肝脏SOD活性极显著增加;肝脏MDA含量在0~12 h内急剧增加并达到峰值,随后含量缓慢降低;各组织中的TNF-α、IL-8和IL-1β的表达量均有不同程度的上调,在鳃、头肾、肝脏和皮肤中上调最为显著。研究表明,刺激隐核虫感染后有明显变化的皮质类激素含量和氧化应激指标能够反映大黄鱼的感染程度,有助于进一步辅助抗虫表型测量的优化。     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth,survival, amylase and trypsin activities in large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena Crocea R., larvae

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded protein levels on the growth, survival, amylase and trypsin activities of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) larvae from 12 to 42 days after hatching (DAH). Five approximately isoenergetic microbound diets (16.65 MJ/kg diet) were formulated to contain different protein (47.1%, 52.0%, 57.1%, 62.2% and 67.5%) levels. Frozen copepods, containing 54.5% crude protein (CP), 6.0% crude lipid, 27.2% ash and 6.7% glycogen, were used as a control. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of larvae with an initial mean body weight of 1.76 ± 0.09 mg (mean ± SD) in 180 L white plastic tanks, and each tank was stocked initially with 3500 larvae. Both the survival and the specific growth rate (SGR) of large yellow croaker larvae significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level up to 57.1%, and decreased thereafter. Frozen copepods resulted in intermediate survival and low SGR compared with the other diets. Whole‐body moisture and protein of larvae were not significantly affected by the dietary protein level. In contrast, whole‐body lipid of larvae fed diet with 47.1% CP was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from fish fed the diets containing more than 57.1% CP. Additionally, fish fed the frozen copepods had the lowest whole‐body protein and lipid. The amylase‐specific activity increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate level during the period of this experiment. However, trypsin activity was not significantly affected by the dietary protein content before 42 DAH, indicating a later onset of trypsin than amylase in the regulation of enzymatic synthesis induced by a dietary substrate.     

维生素C对大黄鱼存活及生长的影响

为研究维生素C含量对大黄鱼（ Larimichthys crocea）存活、生长、血红蛋白及红细胞渗透脆性的影响,在水温为10．8～28．2℃下,将平均体质量（0．21±0．02）g的幼鱼分为6组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复10000尾,饲养在规格为宽长8 m、4 m、深4．5 m的海上网箱里,分别投喂添加维生素C含量为0、50、100、150、200和250 mg/kg的软颗粒饲料300 d。结果显示,随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加,存活率及全长、体长和体质量的特定增长率呈上升趋势,但各试验组差异不显著（ P＞0．05）;与对照组相比,各试验组血红蛋白含量及血红细胞渗透脆性差异性显著（ P＜0．05）;血红蛋白含量随着维生素C含量的增加而呈上升趋势,红细胞渗透脆性随着维生素C含量的增加而下降;在大黄鱼幼鱼时期,投喂软颗粒时添加200 mg/kg的维生素C对大黄鱼的抗病能力和生长有着良好的效果。     

官井洋种群网箱养殖大黄鱼的形态特征与生长式型

测定和研究了闽-粤东族官井洋种群养殖大黄鱼群体的形态特征与生长类型,并与文献报道的其亲本野生大黄鱼群体的形态特征进行了比较。结果表明:养殖大黄鱼的眼径/头长和体高/体长的比值普遍大于野生大黄鱼,而吻长/头长和眼后头长/头长的比值普遍小于野生大黄鱼。同时,养殖大黄鱼群体的眼径/头长、吻长/头长和头长/体长三项比值具有随着鱼体体长的增长而逐渐减小的特点。养殖大黄鱼体长与体重、体长生长与养殖时间的关系分别为:W=0.0195L2.9775(R2=0.9959)、y=-0.0259x2+1.7125x+4.1534(R2=0.989),鳔重与体重的比值为0.61%~2.26%,月平均鳔重指数1.08%~1.85%。     

Effects of dietary folic acid on growth,antioxidant capacity,non‐specific immune response and disease resistance of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Milne‐Edwards, 1853)

An 8‐week study was conducted to determine folic acid requirement and its effect on antioxidant capacity and immunity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Milne‐Edwards, 1853), followed by a challenge assay with the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila for 2 weeks. Folic acid was added to a basal diet at seven levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 mg folic acid kg^?1 diet), and a diet free of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ was also included as a control. Crabs were fed twice daily in 32 tanks with 7.76–8.17 mg oxygen L^?1, 25.0–31.0 °C and 7.5–8.3 pH. Growth and feed efficiency were significantly greater in crabs fed ≥2.0 mg folic acid kg^?1, but not significantly different between crabs fed diets >2.0 mg folic acid. The superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione S‐transferase activity were highest in crabs fed ≥2.0 mg folic acid kg^?1, followed by those fed 0.5 and 1.0 mg folic acid kg^?1, and the control diet. The malondialdehyde content was highest in crabs fed the control diet, followed by those fed 0 mg folic acid kg^?1, and the lowest value occurred in those fed ≥0.5 mg folic acid kg^?1. Phenoloxidase activity and total haemocytes were significantly higher in crabs fed ≥2.0 mg folic acid kg^?1 than other diets. Crabs fed 2.0 mg folic acid kg^?1 had the highest lysozyme, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities but the lowest cumulative mortality. The optimum dietary folic acid requirement by E. sinensis was estimated at 2.29–2.90 mg kg^?1 diet.     

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratio influenced growth performance,immune response,stress resistance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier)

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary DHA/EPA ratio on juvenile Japanese seabass reared in sea floating cages. Six practical diets were formulated differing only in DHA/EPA ratio: 0.55 (Diet D/E0.55), 1.04 (D/E1.04), 1.53 (D/E1.53), 2.08 (D/E2.08), 2.44 (D/E2.44) and 2.93 (D/E2.93). All diets had the same contents of total n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). The results showed that the final weight and specific growth rate significantly increased with increasing dietary DHA/EPA ratio from 0.55 to 2.08 and thereafter declined. Activities of lysozyme and superoxide dismutase in serum in groups with DHA/EPA of 1.53–2.93 was significantly higher compared to group D/E0.55 while the activity of serum alternative complement pathway in group D/E2.93 was significantly lower compared with group D/E1.53. However, no difference was observed in activities of both respiratory burst of head kidney macrophage and serum catalase among dietary treatments. The per cent survival after air exposure in group D/E1.53, D/E2.08 and D/E2.93 was significantly higher compared with group D/E0.55. The fatty acid composition of whole body and tissues reflected closely those of diets, while fish accumulated more DHA than EPA in fish tissues, especially in muscle. These results suggested that at the same dietary contents of n‐3 LC‐PUFA (appr. 18% of TFA) and ARA (appr. 0.7% of TFA), moderate dietary DHA/EPA ratios of 1.53–2.08 significantly enhanced growth performances, certain innate immune responses, and the stress tolerance of Japanese seabass, in accordance with the preferential incorporation of DHA into fish tissues.     

大黄鱼仔稚鱼不同发育阶段矢耳石形态发育和微结构特征

对人工培育大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)的生长发育与矢耳石形态及微结构特征进行研究,结果表明:(1)大黄鱼矢耳石上的轮纹是每日形成的,第1日轮在孵化后第2天形成,与其初次摄食相对应。(2)大黄鱼卵黄囊期和前弯曲期仔鱼的耳石形态为圆形,进入弯曲期耳石长轴迅速伸长,在后弯曲期耳石形态变为椭圆形。进入稚鱼期,矢耳石开始形成次生核。随后次生核数量逐渐增加,在孵化后47～78 d的个体中,次生核数量稳定在5～7个,耳石近似盾形。(3)根据耳石日轮宽度推算的大黄鱼稚鱼在其仔鱼期生长率(b)与第1个次生核的形成时间(tsp1)之间存在明显的线性关系,表明生长较快的个体形成次生核的时间较早,进入稚鱼期所需的时间更短。以上结论表明,大黄鱼矢耳石可以反演其早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征。     

不同蛋白质和小麦淀粉水平对大黄鱼生长性能、糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性的影响

本实验旨在研究不同蛋白质和小麦淀粉水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性、血清指标、糖原含量及消化酶活性的影响。采用2×3双因素实验设计,共配制6组饲料,包含2个蛋白质水平(41%、46%)和3个小麦淀粉水平(10%、20%、30%),选取初重约为(14.84±0.16) g的大黄鱼900尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复50尾),进行8周的养殖实验。实验结果表明:饲料蛋白质和小麦淀粉水平的交互作用对大黄鱼增重率和特定生长率无显著影响(P>0.05),且在相同的饲料蛋白质水平下,饲料小麦淀粉水平对大黄鱼增重率和特定生长率无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料蛋白质和小麦淀粉的交互作用对大黄鱼肝脏6-磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase,PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase,PK)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase,FBPase)活性有显著影响(P<0.05),但对葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GK)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(glucose-6-phosphatase,G6Pase)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate,PEPCK)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料蛋白质水平为41%时,饲料小麦淀粉水平对葡萄糖激酶、6-磷酸果糖激酶和果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),且果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶活性随着饲料小麦淀粉水平的升高呈下降趋势,但对丙酮酸激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料蛋白质水平为46%时,饲料小麦淀粉水平对葡萄糖激酶、6-磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),且葡萄糖激酶、6-磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶均随饲料小麦淀粉水平的升高呈上升趋势,但对葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。实验表明,大黄鱼在高蛋白质水平下能够有效调节糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性,降低血糖含量及丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶活性,并且未显著影响增重率;在低蛋白质水平,血糖含量和肝糖原含量随小麦淀粉水平的升高呈上升趋势,但增重率随着饲料小麦淀粉水平的升高呈上升趋势,表明在低蛋白质水平下高小麦淀粉水平对大黄鱼的生长有一定的改善作用。     

饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本实验以我国重要的海水养殖鱼类大黄鱼[初始体质量(13.57±0.33)g]为研究对象,在浮式网箱中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及脂肪沉积的影响。采用3×2双因子实验设计,其中饲料脂肪水平分别为9%、12%和15%,投喂频率分别为2次/天和1次/天。结果表明:投喂频率对大黄鱼特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)均有显著影响(P<0.05),而饲料脂肪水平仅对FER有显著影响(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼末体质量和SGR均显著高于1次/天投喂组,而饲料效率显著低(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪水平对SGR和FER没有显著影响(P>0.05)。而在1次/天投喂时,随着饲料脂肪水平的提高,SGR和FER均显著提高(P<0.05)。2次/天投喂组的大黄鱼全鱼水分含量显著低于1次/天投喂组,而粗脂肪含量显著高(P<0.05)。大黄鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。然而在1次/天投喂时,饲料脂肪水平未对全鱼体粗脂肪含量产生显著影响(P>0.05)。大黄鱼的肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、肝体比(HSI)以及脏体比(VSI)受到了饲料脂肪水平的显著影响(P<0.05)。在2次/天投喂时,肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI随饲料脂肪水平的升高而显著增加(P<0.05);而在1次/天投喂时,各个饲料脂肪组大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量、HSI以及VSI均无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料脂肪水平和投喂频率仅对大黄鱼的生长、饲料效率的影响存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),而对大黄鱼体组成、形态学指标以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。     

Growth parameters,innate immune response and resistance to Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum of Dicentrarchus labrax fed carvacrol supplemented diets

The research was aimed to assess the effect of dietary carvacrol (0.025% and 0.05%) on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) growth, immune response and resistance to Listonella anguillarum. Fish (69.2 ± 0.22 g) were fed the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Dietary carvacrol did not negatively affect fish survival, growth performance, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05) nor carcass yield and viscerosomatic, hepatosomatic and mesenteric fat index (P > 0.05). Serum and head kidney leucocytes were collected after 1, 4 and 8 weeks of feeding. Carvacrol significantly reduced serum proteins, immunoglobulins and lysozyme activity (P < 0.01) and moderately increased phagocytosis and pinocytosis of head kidney macrophages. The release of reactive oxygen species by leucocytes was reduced in carvacrol‐fed fish, even if significantly (P < 0.05) only in those fed 0.05% carvacrol for 1 week. Dietary carvacrol did not significantly affect the aspecific immune response, although a potential antioxidant activity might be speculated. Moreover, feeding carvacrol provided an appreciable resistance to a challenge with L. anguillarum, when a bacterial dose lower than the Lethal Dose₅₀ was used. Cumulative mortality in fish fed 0.025% carvacrol was significantly lower than that of untreated controls (75% Relative Per cent Survival).     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in healthy and Vibrio alginolyticus-infected large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

The present study was designed to explore pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in healthy and Vibrio alginolyticus-infected large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) after a single 10 mg/kg oral dose. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in serum, liver, kidney, muscle and skin of fish were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed based on classical compartmental model analysis. The overall changes in enrofloxacin concentration–time curves in serum and tissues of diseased fish were similar to those of healthy fish. However, the peak concentration and peak time of enrofloxacin in serum and tissues were different in healthy and diseased fish. A delay of enrofloxacin peak time in serum and all tissues appeared in the diseased fish. The peak concentrations in serum and tissues of the diseased fish were lower than those of healthy fish. In healthy fish, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was in the order serum >liver > kidney >muscle > skin, while AUC was serum >live > muscle >kidney > skin in the diseased fish. The peak concentrations of ciprofloxacin in the liver, serum, kidney, muscle and skin of healthy fish were 0.93 μg/g, 0.55 μg/ml, 0.36 μg/g, 0.37 μg/g and 0.12 μg/g respectively. T_max of ciprofloxacin in the corresponding tissues was 8, 24, 12, 12 and 16 h respectively. In the diseased fish, the peak concentrations of ciprofloxacin in the corresponding tissues were 0.52 μg/g, 0.52 μg/ml, 0.41 μg/g, 0.27 μg/g and 0.13 μg/g respectively. T_max in the corresponding tissues were 0.5, 8, 12, 16 and 48 h respectively. These data indicate that the health status of fish affects drug absorption and metabolism.