A three-stage symbiosis forms the foundation of seagrass ecosystems

Seagrasses evolved from terrestrial plants into marine foundation species around 100 million years ago. Their ecological success, however, remains a mystery because natural organic matter accumulation within the beds should result in toxic sediment sulfide levels. Using a meta-analysis, a field study, and a laboratory experiment, we reveal how an ancient three-stage symbiosis between seagrass, lucinid bivalves, and their sulfide-oxidizing gill bacteria reduces sulfide stress for seagrasses. We found that the bivalve-sulfide-oxidizer symbiosis reduced sulfide levels and enhanced seagrass production as measured in biomass. In turn, the bivalves and their endosymbionts profit from organic matter accumulation and radial oxygen release from the seagrass roots. These findings elucidate the long-term success of seagrasses in warm waters and offer new prospects for seagrass ecosystem conservation.     

Storage of spatial information by the maintenance mechanism of LTP

Analogous to learning and memory storage, long-term potentiation (LTP) is divided into induction and maintenance phases. Testing the hypothesis that the mechanism of LTP maintenance stores information requires reversing this mechanism in vivo and finding out whether long-term stored information is lost. This was not previously possible. Recently however, persistent phosphorylation by the atypical protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase Mzeta (PKMz), has been found to maintain late LTP in hippocampal slices. Here we show that a cell-permeable PKMz inhibitor, injected in the rat hippocampus, both reverses LTP maintenance in vivo and produces persistent loss of 1-day-old spatial information. Thus, the mechanism maintaining LTP sustains spatial memory.     

一株褐飞虱内共生菌的分离鉴定

为了解水稻褐飞虱中肠内共生菌的种类,用高氏1 号和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂两种培养基对褐飞虱肠道进 行分离培养,对分离纯化后的菌株用菌类16S rDNA 的通用引物进行PCR 扩增鉴定,测序结果经BLAST 比对分析, 发现其与粉虱科的杀雄菌属内共生菌（Arsenophonus sp.）相似度达99%,说明所分离得到的为杀雄菌属的菌株。将所 得这条序列与7 条来自粉虱科不同种及来自褐飞虱的杀雄菌属内共生菌的16S rDNA 序列用邻接法构建进化关系 树,发现其与来自褐飞虱杀雄菌属内共生菌的16S rDNA（GU124505）距离较近,初步推断为同一种。     

Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes

Although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. However, the presence of endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. We therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from Wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. We found and confirmed transfers into the genomes of four insect and four nematode species that range from nearly the entire Wolbachia genome (>1 megabase) to short (<500 base pairs) insertions. Potential Wolbachia-to-host transfers were also detected computationally in three additional sequenced insect genomes. We also show that some of these inserted Wolbachia genes are transcribed within eukaryotic cells lacking endosymbionts. Therefore, heritable lateral gene transfer occurs into eukaryotic hosts from their prokaryote symbionts, potentially providing a mechanism for acquisition of new genes and functions.     

Stable carbon isotopic evidence for carbon limitation in hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans

Stable carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C values) can be used to evaluate an animal's source of nutritional carbon. Most animals with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts have quite negative tissue delta(13)C values due to discrimination against (13)C associated with chemoautotrophic assimilation of inorganic carbon. However, the delta(13)C values of hydrothermal vent (HTV) vestimentiferans are significantly higher than the values reported for non-HTV vestimentiferans or other invertebrates with chemoautotrophic endosymbionts. Tissue delta(13)C values of two species of HTV vestimentiferans increase with increasing size of the animals. This relation supports the hypothesis that the relatively high delta(13)C values are the result of inorganic carbon limitation during carbon fixation. A more favorable relation between gas exchange and carbon fixation in the smaller individuals is expected, due to differences in the geometric scaling of gas-exchange surfaces and trophosome volume.     

园林施工及其养护问题的探讨

园林工程是一项综合性、长期性的社会公共设施建设工程,包括设计、施工与养护管理等环节。我国园林迅速发展的同时也产生了很多问题。其中,园林施工与养护工作存在的问题是园林管理的核心所在。就园林施工与养护中存在的问题进行分析,并提出了改善措施。     

园林施工及其养护问题的探讨

园林工程是一项综合性、长期性的社会公共设施建设工程,包括设计、施工与养护管理等环节。我国园林迅速发展的同时也产生了很多问题。其中,园林施工与养护工作存在的问题是园林管理的核心所在。就园林施工与养护中存在的问题进行分析,并提出了改善措施。     

Wolbachia and virus protection in insects

Wolbachia pipientis bacteria are common endosymbionts of insects that are best known for their ability to increase their prevalence in populations by manipulating host reproductive systems. However, there are examples of Wolbachia that exist in nature that seem to induce no reproductive parasitism trait and yet are able to invade populations. We demonstrate a fitness benefit for Wolbachia-infected insects that may explain this paradox. Drosophila melanogaster flies infected with Wolbachia are less susceptible to mortality induced by a range of RNA viruses. The antiviral protection associated with Wolbachia infection might be exploited in future strategies to reduce transmission of pathogens by insects.     

农村水利设施管理和维护的困境与对策研究

农村水利设施管理和维护中存在的主要问题是＂主体缺位,无人管理＂,水利设施的公共物品属性、投资主体的单一性和缺乏有效的监督和管理机制是其主要原因。根据农村水利设施使用范围小和农村＂熟人社区＂的特征,构建了一个利益相关者长期利益均衡的水利设施管理和维护的机制,短期看来,将水利设施的运营状况纳入基层政府的考核指标是最有效的措施。     

Widespread genetic incompatibility in C. elegans maintained by balancing selection

Natural selection is expected to eliminate genetic incompatibilities from interbreeding populations. We have discovered a globally distributed incompatibility in the primarily selfing species Caenorhabditis elegans that has been maintained despite its negative consequences for fitness. Embryos homozygous for a naturally occurring deletion of the zygotically acting gene zeel-1 arrest if their sperm parent carries an incompatible allele of a second, paternal-effect locus, peel-1. The two interacting loci are tightly linked, with incompatible alleles occurring in linkage disequilibrium in two common haplotypes. These haplotypes exhibit elevated sequence divergence, and population genetic analyses of this region indicate that natural selection is preserving both haplotypes in the population. Our data suggest that long-term maintenance of a balanced polymorphism has permitted the incompatibility to persist despite gene flow across the rest of the genome.     

蚜虫-内共生菌的互利共生研究综述

综述了蚜虫体内共生菌的生物学特性、与宿主蚜虫的相互作用以及潜在的生物学、生态学意义等方面的研究。     

Symbiotic bacterium modifies aphid body color

Color variation within populations of the pea aphid influences relative susceptibility to predators and parasites. We have discovered that infection with a facultative endosymbiont of the genus Rickettsiella changes the insects' body color from red to green in natural populations. Approximately 8% of pea aphids collected in Western Europe carried the Rickettsiella infection. The infection increased amounts of blue-green polycyclic quinones, whereas it had less of an effect on yellow-red carotenoid pigments. The effect of the endosymbiont on body color is expected to influence prey-predator interactions, as well as interactions with other endosymbionts.     

常州市金坛区儒林镇河道管护的现状、存在问题及对策思考

河道管护是生态文明建设的重要内容,实施长效管护是工作的难点。本文通过对常州市金坛区儒林镇河道管护的现状、存在问题进行分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

A molecular genetic classification of zooxanthellae and the evolution of animal-algal symbioses

Zooxanthellae are unicellular algae that occur as endosymbionts in many hundreds of marine invertebrate species. Because zooxanthellae have traditionally been difficult to classify, little is known about the natural history of these symbioses. Zooxanthellae were isolated from 131 individuals in 22 host taxa and characterized by the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in nuclear genes that encode small ribosomal subunit RNA (ssRNA). Six algal RFLPs, distributed host species specifically, were detected. Individual hosts contained one algal RFLP. Zooxanthella phylogenetic relationships were estimated from 22 algal ssRNA sequences-one from each host species. Closely related algae were found in dissimilar hosts, suggesting that animal and algal lineages have maintained a flexible evolutionary relation with each other.     

Nitrogen fixation by floating diatom mats: a source of new nitrogen to oligotrophic ocean waters

Nitrogen fixation, apparently by bacterial endosymbionts, is associated with intertwining chains of two species of the diatom Rhizosolenia. In situ fixation rates were enhanced by incubation in the dark, whereas concurrent shipboard experiments either underestimated or did not detect nitrogen fixation. This is the first example of nitrogen fixation associated with a bacteria-diatom symbiosis in the pelagic zone, and it indicates that these systems may contribute a significant amount of "new" nitrogen to oligotrophic waters.     

柠条林径流聚集工程的土壤水分研究

黄土高原半干旱地区降水少是植被生长的主要限制因子之一,采取径流调控工程发展径流林业是提高降水 资源利用率、增加局地供水的有效途径;所以对甘肃省定西市荒山造林实施的隔坡水平阶径流调控工程,在最大与 最小降雨年份对土壤水分、植被生长的影响进行调查分析。结果表明:在长期干旱条件下,隔坡水平阶与对照区、 隔坡与水平阶不同部位的土壤含水率呈现出规律变化,对照区略高于隔坡水平阶,水平阶区域均高于隔坡区域,但 均未达到显著差异水平。在持续受旱的情况下,柠条林及对照区土壤水分处于低位运行,土壤含水率平均只有5% 左右。今后还需再加大径流调控工程设计的聚流比,加强径流调控工程的养护。      

Natural disturbance and the steady state in high-altitude balsam fir forests

Wind-induced, cyclic waves of death, regeneration, and maturation constantly move through the high-altitude balsam fir forests in the northeastern United States. Biomass and productivity relations, species diversity, and nutrient cycling patterns are closely tied to this cycle of disturbance. Disturbance is thus an integral part of the long-term maintenance of this ecosystem. Since forests of this type normally include all phases of the disturbance-regeneration cycle, they may constitute a steady-state ecosystem in equilibrium with the surrounding environment.     

The Calyptogena magnifica chemoautotrophic symbiont genome

Chemoautotrophic endosymbionts are the metabolic cornerstone of hydrothermal vent communities, providing invertebrate hosts with nearly all of their nutrition. The Calyptogena magnifica (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) symbiont, Candidatus Ruthia magnifica, is the first intracellular sulfur-oxidizing endosymbiont to have its genome sequenced, revealing a suite of metabolic capabilities. The genome encodes major chemoautotrophic pathways as well as pathways for biosynthesis of vitamins, cofactors, and all 20 amino acids required by the clam.     

The chicken B cell compartment

A very unusual molecular mechanism is involved in generating the preimmune repertoire in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. A unique rearranged V gene is diversified through a program of segmental gene conversion with a pool of noncoding pseudogenes being used as donors. A specifically committed progenitor that originates in the embryonic bursa is responsible for long-term maintenance of the B cell population. Both these properties and the characteristics of the peripheral B cell compartment are discussed in terms of the evolution of the T and B immune systems.     

DCVG＋CIPS技术在净化油长输管道外检测中的应用

净化油长输管道不存在由输送介质引起的内腐蚀,其外防腐层及阴极保护状态是决定管道能否长期安全运行的关键。利用直流电位梯度法（DCVG）和密间距管地电位测试法（CIPS）对东营一黄岛输油管道外防腐完整性进行检测评价。结果表明：DCVG＋CIPS综合测量技术可用于确定管道外防腐层的破损位置、大小、严重程度及腐蚀活性,同时可消除土壤IR降的影响,能够较好地评价管道阴极保护的真实水平。提出了管道外防腐层修复与阴极保护调整方案,为管道的维护、维修与监控提供科学依据。