Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Sunflower

ABSTRACT A quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was carried out with 283 sunflower (Helianthus annuus) F(2:3) families derived from a cross between a resistant (SWS-B-04) and a highly susceptible sunflower inbred line. For that purpose, a genetic map based on 195 amplified fragment length polymorphism and 20 simple sequence repeat markers was constructed. The map has a size of 2,273.5 centimorgans and comprises 17 linkage groups, 12 of which could be associated to already defined linkage groups. The heads of sunflower F(3) families were artificially inoculated by using sclerotinia mycelium in three field environments. The lesion length was measured in centimeters 1 week postinoculation and head rot was scored according to a 1-to-8 head rot scale 2 weeks postinoculation. Using the composite interval mapping procedure, three QTL for lesion length and two QTL for head rot could be identified. These QTL explain 10.6 to 17.1% of the total phenotypic variance.     

吉林省向日葵菌核病综合防治措施研究及大面积应用效果

在重茬4年的重病地块晚播(5月20日—25日)向日葵,其花腐型菌核病比正常播期(4月25日)减少90％以上,而产量提高13％—30％。在农村扩大示范,晚播(5月19日)减少病害59％—75％,产量提高35％。在盛花期—成熟期喷2—3次50％速克灵500倍液可大大减轻花腐型菌核病的发生(防治效果65.9％—92.3％)。经筛选以速克灵(0.5％)拌种防治根腐型菌核病效果最好,在温室中对土壤和种子中的病菌防治效果达83％以上,小区试验和农村示范防治效果达55.8％—100％。土壤中增施钾肥可提高植株抗病力,减轻发病。1990年在吉林省农安、长岭2县8533ha采用晚播、轮作2年以上、种子处理、增施钾肥、盛花期—成熟期喷药的一套综合防治措施,重点调查10块对比田,花腐型菌核病平均防治效果为87.62％(63.38％—100％),对根腐型菌核病防治效果平均为66.77％(50.0％—82.57％)。1991年在长岭、农安等6个主产区推广6.37万ha,重点调查134块对比田,花腐型菌核病防治效果平均为75.86％(46.37％—100％),根腐型菌核病平均防治效果为65.11％(33.33％—100％),增产增收显著。     

内生黏质沙雷氏菌LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病的防治效果及其防病机制研究

本研究评价了从向日葵列当体内分离筛选得到的内生黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病进行盆栽与大田防效评价,并测定了该菌株的生理特性和其在根际土与向日葵体内的定殖情况。结果表明,LIEH 92发酵液对向日葵菌核病的室内盆栽防效达73.35%,对大田根腐型菌核病和盘腐型菌核病防效分别达53.48%和38.64%。菌株LIEH 92可产生几丁质酶,并能在根际土和向日葵根、茎、叶内定殖与传导,定殖菌量达102~106 cfu/g。其在向日葵植株的根内定殖数量最大,茎中次之,叶中最少。在灭菌土中LIEH 92在根际土和向日葵根部的定殖菌量小于在自然土中其在相应部位的定殖菌量,而灭菌土中LIEH 92在向日葵茎部和叶部的定殖菌量则大于自然土中相应的定殖菌量。LIEH 92处理可提高向日葵植株PAL、POD和PPO等防御酶活性,从而诱导向日葵对菌核病的抗性。LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病具有生防潜力。     

核盘菌对油菜、向日葵和大豆的侵染及其致病性分化研究

 通过对从陕西大荔采集的油菜及其后茬向日葵上的核盘菌和从新疆阿勒泰的向日葵上采集的核盘菌样品进行单菌核分离、培养和纯化,比较其菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重、菌落形态、致病力强弱及菌株的草酸累积等,将两地的核盘菌分成A、B、C三种类型,其中A类来源于陕西大荔的油菜和向日葵,B、C类来源于新疆阿勒泰的向日葵。不同类型核盘菌对于不同寄主的致病力存在着分化现象,A、B类菌株生长正常、菌落均匀旺盛,B类对油菜、向日葵和大豆的致病力较强,草酸产量较高;而A类仅对油菜和向日葵的致病力较强对大豆的致病力很弱,但草酸产量最高。C类菌株生长异常,菌落稀疏不均匀,对3种作物的致病力均弱,草酸产量较低。2001年田问调查亦表明:A类菌株可导致油菜、向日葵菌核病的发生,但未见其使大豆致病,由此提出油菜茬后,不宜种植向日葵,二者应与小麦、玉米等实行较长周期的轮作。本文也同时对各菌株进行了RAPD分析和菌丝体亲和性研究,结果表明,菌株间的遗传多样性表现丰富但未发现与其致病性分化相关。     

Identifying quantitative trait loci for resistance to Sclerotinia head rot in two USDA sunflower germplasms

Sclerotinia head rot is a major disease of sunflower in the world, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping could facilitate understanding of the genetic basis of head rot resistance and breeding in sunflower. One hundred twenty-three F2:3 and F2:4 families from a cross between HA 441 and RHA 439 were studied. The mapping population was evaluated for disease resistance in three field experiments in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. Disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) were assessed. A genetic map with 180 target region amplification polymorphism, 32 simple sequence repeats, 11 insertion-deletion, and 2 morphological markers was constructed. Nine DI and seven DS QTL were identified with each QTL explaining 8.4 to 34.5% of phenotypic variance, suggesting the polygenic basis of the resistance to head rot. Five of these QTL were identified in more than one experiment, and each QTL explained more than 12.9% of phenotypic variance. These QTL could be useful in sunflower breeding. Although a positive correlation existed between the two disease indices, most of the respective QTL were located in different chromosomal regions, suggesting a different genetic basis for the two indices.     

引起向日葵盘腐和瘦果花皮的根霉种类及其生物学特性

根霉(Rhizopus spp.)引起的盘腐病是向日葵生产中的毁灭性病害.近年甘肃酒泉的食用向日葵制种田和生产田,向日葵根霉盘腐和瘦果"花皮"发生严重,重病田盘腐病的发病率达100％,给该地区食用向日葵制种和生产造成了巨大损失.2017年和2018年从酒泉食用向日葵罹病花盘和"花皮"瘦果样本上分离得到34株根霉属真菌,...     

Rhizopus head rot of confectionery sunflower: effects on yield quantity and quality and implications for disease management

ABSTRACT The effects of Rhizopus head rot, caused by Rhizopus oryzae, on the yield of confectionery sunflower and its quality were studied in field experiments conducted from 1994 to 1996. The extent of yield loss was related to the crop growth stage at inoculation. When heads were inoculated at the budding stage, loss was not apparent, because inoculated heads were not infected. When inoculated at the anthesis stage, loss was relatively high (42.5 to 99.1%), and both the number of achenes per head and the individual achene weight were reduced. When heads were inoculated at the seed development stage, yield was not reduced significantly (although the entire receptacle was rotted). Effects of Rhizopus head rot on measures of yield quality were examined as well. Inoculation with R. oryzae did not affect the size of the achenes at any crop growth stage. In contrast, the incidence of discolored achenes (an external sign of nutmeats with a bitter off-flavor) was affected by the disease at all crop growth stages. A survey in eight commercial fields from 1992 to 1996 found that, by the end of the season, incidence of disease ranged from 2.3 to 17.4%. However, since disease intensified late, resultant yield losses were minor and did not exceed 3.1%. Loss figures were estimated by means of a model that was developed and validated in the field experiments. The disease did affect the incidence of discolored achenes. Thus, the conclusion drawn is that the effects of Rhizopus head rot in confectionery sunflower on crop yield is of minimal concern, at least when disease intensifies late, as was the case in the studied fields, but management of the disease should be considered in some situations. The objectives would be to prevent a reduction in yield quality, not yield quantity.     

Long-Term Biosanitation by Application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-Infected Crops

ABSTRACT The effect of the fungal mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans applied as a spray to crops infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold) on contamination of soil with S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was studied in a 5-year field experiment. Sclerotial survival also was monitored during two subsequent years, when the field was returned to commercial agriculture. In a randomized block design, factorial combinations of four crops and three treatments were repeated 10 times. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), and chicory (Cichorium intybus), which are all susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, were grown in rotation. Plots were treated with C. minitans or Trichoderma spp. or were nontreated (control). Crops were rotated in each plot, but treatments were applied to the same plot every year. After 3 years during which it showed no effect on sclerotial survival, the Trichoderma spp. treatment was replaced by a single spray with C. minitans during the fourth and fifth years of the trial. The effect of treatments was monitored in subsequent seasons by counting apothecia as a measure of surviving S. sclerotiorum sclerotia and scoring disease incidence. Trichoderma spp. did not suppress S. sclerotiorum, but C. minitans infected at least 90% of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia on treated crops by the end of the each season. C. minitans lowered the number of apothecia compared with the other treatments during the second year after the bean crop. C. minitans reduced the number of apothecia by approximately 90% when compared with the control and Trichoderma spp. treatments and reduced disease incidence in the bean crop by 50% during the fifth year of the trial, resulting in a slightly higher yield. In 1993, but not 1994, a single spray with C. minitans was nearly as effective at reducing apothecia as three sprays (monitored in 1995). The final population size of sclerotia in soil at the end of the 7-year period was lower in all C. minitans plots than at the beginning of the trial, even in plots where two highly susceptible bean crops were grown during the period. The results indicate that the mycoparasite C. minitans has the potential to keep contamination of soil with sclerotia low in crop rotations with a high number of crops susceptible to S. sclerotiorum.     

Integration of soil application and seed treatment formulations of Trichoderma species for management of wet root rot of mungbean caused by Rhizoctonia solani

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of seed dressing and soil application formulations from the isolates of Trichoderma viride (IARI P1; MTCC 5369), T. virens (IARI P3; MTCC 5370) and T. harzianum (IARI P4; MTCC 5371) were evaluated individually and in combination in pot and field experiments during the rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 for the management of wet root rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and improvement in the yield of mungbean. RESULTS: A seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD, and soil application formulations, Pusa Biogranule 6 (PBG 6) and Pusa Biopellet 16G (PBP 16G), based on Trichoderma virens, were found to be superior to other formulations in reducing disease incidence and increasing seed germination and shoot and root lengths in mungbean. In field experiments, a combination of soil application with PBP 16G (T. virens) and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD (T. virens) + carboxin was superior to any of these formulations individually in increasing seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield and reducing wet root rot incidence in mungbean. Seed treatment was more effective than soil application for all the evaluated parameters. The combined application of Pusa 5SD and carboxin was also superior to individual treatment. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the evaluated formulations against wet root rot of mungbean proved that the integration of soil application of PBP 16G and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD + carboxin is highly effective for the management of wet root rot, increasing plant growth and grain yield of mungbean Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

向日葵菌核病接种方法及品种抗病性鉴定

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以核盘菌菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对抗、感向日葵品种在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,并对接种后保湿材料和保湿时间进行比较。试验结果表明:两种接种物均可使向日葵抗、感品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液接种时,浓度分别为10.0~15.0g/L和200~500个/mL,始花期接种,牛皮纸袋保湿2~4d,即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。用此方法鉴定出13个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。     

Monitoring of plant and airborne inoculum of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in spring oilseed rape using real‐time PCR

Sclerotinia stem rot of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In Sweden, the disease leads to severe crop damage that varies from year to year. A real‐time PCR assay was developed and used to determine the incidence of S. sclerotiorum DNA on petals and leaves of spring oilseed rape as well as in air samples, with the aim of finding tools to improve precision in disease risk assessment. Five field experiments were conducted from 2008 to 2010 to detect and study pathogen development. Assessments of stem rot showed significant differences between experimental sites. The real‐time PCR assay proved fast and sensitive and the relationship between percentage of infected petals determined using a conventional agar test and the PCR assay was linear (R² > 0·76). There were significant differences in S. sclerotiorum incidence at different stages of flowering. The incidence of S. sclerotiorum DNA on the leaves varied (0–100%), with significantly higher incidence on leaves at lower levels. In one field experiment, S. sclerotiorum DNA was not detected on petals during flowering, whereas the pathogen was detected on leaves, with a corresponding stem rot incidence of 7%. The amount of S. sclerotiorum DNA in sampled air revealed that spore release did not coincide with flowering on that experimental site. Thus, using a real‐time PCR assay to determine the incidence of S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape leaves, rather than on petals, could potentially improve disease risk assessment.     

柑橘内生细菌YS45的鉴定、抗菌物质分析及其对油菜菌核病的防治作用

 从柑橘枝条中分离到26株对油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)具有拮抗作用的内生细菌,其中YS45菌株的拮抗活性最强。16S rRNA基因序列分析及形态学和生理生化鉴定结果表明YS45菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。高效液相色谱及质谱分析结果显示其主要的抑菌活性物质为一组fengycin同系物,包括fengycins A、fengycins B和一种稀少fengycin类型化合物。油菜离体叶片接种试验中,YS45菌株发酵液对油菜菌核病的防效在70%以上,与五氯硝基苯相当;田间小区接种试验表明,YS45菌株发酵液对油菜菌核病的防效也在50%以上。     

Evaluation of fungal antagonists for control of onion white rot in soil box trials

Four fungi ( Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Trichoderma sp.) were capable of reducing the incidence of onion white rot relative to the untreated control in two soil-box trials. When applied as a soil additive (sand: bran: fungal homogenate, 1:1:2) at the rate of 0-1% wheat bran/g dry soil, all fungal isolates provided levels of disease control equivalent to the fungicide (procymidone 0-5 g a.i./100g seed) treatment. The best results were achieved with the Chaetomium globosum and Trichoderma (C62) isolates which gave 78% and 73% control of white rot. respectively, in trial 1 and 67% and 73% control, respectively, in trial 2. Reduced control was observed when the test fungi were applied as seed coatings or incorporated into alginate pellets.     

Relationships between the spatial pattern and number of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and stem rot of soybean

Relationships between the spatial patterns and numbers of apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and incidence of sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (Glycine max) were investigated in a field plot in 1981 and 1982. Apothecia and disease were both spatially aggregated and were most consistently described by the negative binomial distribution, although the Poisson-binomial and logarithmic with zeros distributions sometimes gave significant fits to data. Numbers of apothecia and disease incidence were correlated within quadrats of 1.4 m² (r = 0.04-0.57), 36 m² (r = 0.44-0.87) and 108 m² (r = 0.44-0.99). The results suggest that disease incidence was determined primarily by inoculum produced within the field. This information may be important in developing models for disease production.     

哈茨木霉拌种对冬小麦生长、土传病害及根际真菌群落的影响

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验从2016年－2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60%以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65%以上,优于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3%~6.34%,增产效果略高于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度。因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产。     

申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌生物学活性的初步研究

申嗪霉素是一种新型微生物源杀菌剂,主要成分为吩嗪-1-羧酸。测定了申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病菌51个菌株菌丝生长的平均有效抑制中浓度(EC50值)为3.31±0.77 μ g/mL,并且与常规杀菌剂多菌灵、菌核净无交互抗性关系。离体叶片和田间药效试验表明,申嗪霉素对油菜菌核病的防治效果随其处理剂量增加而提高,用有效成分200 μ g/mL药液处理时,抑制离体叶片发病的效果可达到67.08%,田间防效可达83.29％,优于对照药剂异菌脲。     

盾壳霉控制油菜菌核病菌再侵染及其叶面存活动态的研究

 本文评估了施于油菜(Brassica napus)叶片上的盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)控制油菜菌核病菌再侵染能力,探讨了其作用机理,并测定了盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜叶面上的存活动态。结果如下:叶面上的盾壳霉对油菜菌核病菌的初侵染影响较小,但在高剂量(> 10⁶孢子/ml)时可以控制病斑的扩展。所有供试剂量的盾壳霉均可不同程度地控制再侵染。盾壳霉分生孢子可在叶面病部迅速萌发,48 h和72 h时孢子萌发率分别为51%和95%,而在健康叶面上6 d未能检测到萌发的孢子。自携带盾壳霉的叶面病部不能分离到核盘菌,表明叶面上的盾壳霉已寄生并破坏了核盘菌再侵染菌丝。自油菜叶面上分离到的盾壳霉菌落数随时间延长而降低,但其分生孢子至少可以在叶面上存活28 d。这即表明,在叶面上适时适量地添加盾壳霉可以控制油菜菌核病的为害。     

Management of phytophthora root rot in radiata pine seedlings

Chemical and biological agents were evaluated for their ability to suppress root rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum , in field-grown radiata pine seedlings in New Zealand. Trials were conducted over two seasons in an area of a forest nursery with a natural infestation of P. cactorum , and a history of root rot. In each season, symptoms of root rot developed during April, one month after root pruning, when seedlings were approximately six months old. In trial one, root rot incidence by mid July 2007 was 9·1% in untreated plots and 8·4% in plots that had been treated with metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (14 kg ha⁻¹) at seedling emergence. Disease incidence was lowest (2·1%) in plots that received seven monthly applications of phosphorous acid (6·5 L ha⁻¹). Other treatments, including seed coating with thiram or Trichoderma spp., and foliar applications of methyl jasmonate, did not control disease. In trial two, effects of treatment timing relative to root pruning were investigated. By late June 2008, three months after root pruning, root rot incidence was 22·2% in the untreated plots. Phosphorous acid was the most effective treatment and almost completely suppressed disease (0·1% incidence) when applied fortnightly from February until May (seven applications). Metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (15 kg ha⁻¹) was not effective (21·4% incidence) when applied five months before root pruning. However, disease incidence was reduced when the chemical was applied one week after root pruning (14·9% incidence) and greater control was achieved (8·2% incidence) when the application rate was increased to 50 kg ha⁻¹.     

抑制向日葵核盘菌菌核形成的生防菌S-16的鉴定及其生防作用研究

本研究从内蒙古包头市萨拉齐向日葵根围土壤中分离得到1株生防细菌 S-16,拮抗试验表明,菌株S-16能够显著抑制向日葵核盘菌的菌丝生长。显微镜观察发现,核盘菌菌丝生长点附近出现明显的异常分枝和囊泡状畸形,并且在距菌株S-16一定范围内核盘菌不能形成菌核。培养基内添加1%的菌株S-16发酵滤液能够有效抑制向日葵核盘菌菌核的形成。室内生测表明,2＆#215;106 cfu/mL浓度的菌株S-16菌液在离体叶片及幼苗上对向日葵菌核病的防效分别为94.62%和94.21%。通过细菌形态特征和生理生化反应,并结合API鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株S-16鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。     

Antagonistic activity of fungi isolated from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Fungi isolated from soils in central Italy by a baiting technique with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated for their antagonism in vitro to this fungus using dual cultures and tests with sclerotia. Trichoderma spp., Coniothyrium minitans and species of Fusarium and Penicillium all showed strong antagonistic activity. Morphological alterations were observed in the mycelium of S. sclerotiorum. Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium catenulatum killed a very high percentage (96–100%) of the sclerotia.