细胞壁分解酶与果实软化的关系研究进展

软化是影响果实采后寿命的重要因素,是果实成熟过程一系列细胞壁酶有序作用的结果。各种酶在不同种类果实成熟与软化过程的表现各有特点。本文针对细胞壁分解相关的各种酶,综述果实成熟与软化过程酶活性变化、酶基因表达的最新研究进展,并推测果实软化的分子机理。     

果实成熟软化机理研究进展

果实在采收后仍然是活的有机体，在贮藏过程中会发生不断的软化现象。果实的成熟软化是一个非常复杂的发育调控过程，其间经历了一系列生理生化的变化，包括细胞壁的降解、内含物的变化、呼吸速率以及其他的代谢变化。本文就果实成熟软化方面的进展进行了综述，介绍了与果实成熟软化过程相关的胞壁酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酯酶、木葡聚糖内糖基转移酶、纤维素酶、糖苷酶等)、胞膜酶(脂氧合酶)、胞内酶(淀粉酶和蔗糖酶)以及植物激素(乙烯、生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸)等在果实成熟软化过程中含量的变化和作用，并对软化机理进行了探讨。综合表明，果实的成熟软化过程受多种酶、植物激素等因素的影响，各种酶活性的变化情况及植物激素的作用在不同种类、不同品种果实中表现不同。果实成熟软化机理的探讨为果实的贮藏、保鲜及加工提供了理论依据，具有现实的意义。     

果实软化过程中果胶降解酶及相关基因研究进展

果实软化发生在储运过程中的后熟阶段,果实中不溶性原果胶降解为可溶性果胶和果胶酸是引发该阶段果实软化的主要原因。本文介绍了果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁结构的变化,以果胶为重点描述细胞壁组分的变化;由于果胶降解过程中参与的酶种类较多,因此,重点从起关键作用的三种果胶降解酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酯酶、β-半乳糖苷酶)以及相关基因表达对果实成熟软化过程的影响方面进行综述。     

李属植物果实成熟软化研究进展

李属植物果实营养丰富,为人类提供了大量的营养物质,但是其果实采后迅速软化,导致果实品质下降、不耐贮藏及货架期短。为了解李属植物果实成熟软化的研究概况,本研究归纳总结了李属植物果实成熟过程中包括呼吸作用、乙烯释放、品质相关物质变化在内的生理变化,细胞壁结构、物质成分变化、细胞壁降解相关酶在内的细胞壁变化,果实成熟软化相关的基因及果实成熟软化蛋白质组学研究进展,并提出了存在的问题及未来研究趋势。指出目前李属植物果实成熟软化研究集中于果实采收后或贮藏期间细胞壁物质成分、结构变化及细胞壁降解相关酶,如多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、β-半乳糖苷酶等的活性变化,及这些酶的基因克隆、功能分析,指出结合转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和基因组学等几种组学将是李属植物果实成熟软化研究的发展方向。     

番茄果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁作用机制研究进展

番茄是研究果实成熟的重要模式作物,细胞壁结构和成分的改变是造成果实成熟变软的重要因素,综述了果实成熟过程中细胞壁各种相关基因、酶和转录因子的功能和研究进展,旨在构建番茄果实成熟软化中的细胞壁作用机制相关调控网络,为增强果实耐贮性方面的相关研究提供参考.     

果实成熟衰老过程中软化机理研究进展

介绍了果实成熟衰老过程中呼吸作用、乙烯释放量、细胞壁超微结构和组分变化,以及与果实软化有关的细胞壁酶的活性变化。多数果实软化是由于细胞壁的破坏,细胞中的果胶溶液化,纤维素解体等。与果实软化相关较为密切的4种细胞壁酶:多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)、纤维素酶(Cx)和果胶甲酯酶(PME)。为深入研究果实软化机理提供参考。     

果实成熟及品质调控遗传研究进展

果实的成熟涉及许多生物化学变化过程,主要包括香气、糖的产生以及果实软化等,这与果实在成熟过程中所发生的一系列代谢路径密不可分。因此,研究并了解果实成熟过程及品质调控遗传学机理,对于果实品质改良具有重大意义。本综述将结合近年来国内外果实成熟及品质改良遗传研究现状,对果实成熟变化遗传分析研究中的代谢路径、果实品质改良遗传规律、品质QTL等进行综述,旨在为果树品质育种研究提供技术参考。     

桃醛酮还原酶基因PrupeAKR2在果实成熟软化中的功能分析

PrupeSEP1在调节桃果实成熟软化过程中起重要作用,本研究通过PrupeSEP1酵母双杂筛库鉴定得到的互作蛋白PrupeAKR2。为了探究PrupeAKR2在桃果实成熟软化中的作用,本研究将PrupeAKR2在‘中桃5号’果实中瞬时过表达,研究其对果实贮藏期间质地指标,成熟软化相关基因的表达量变化的影响,同时利用酵母双杂交系统验证PrupeAKR2和PrupeSEP1是否存在互作。结果表明,瞬时过表达PrupeAKR2后,与对照(PC2300空载体)相比,果实加快软化。在采后贮藏的前2 d,OE-PrupeAKR2果实中成熟软化相关的PrupeACS1、PrupeACO1、PrupePME、PrupePG21、PrupePG22的表达均被抑制;而OE-PrupeAKR2果实在贮藏的4～10 d PrupeACO1和PrupePME的表达量、在贮藏的8～10 d PrupeACS1和PrupePG21的表达量、以及在贮藏的4～8 d PrupePG22的表达量均显著高于对照果实。酵母双杂交验证表明PrupeAKR2与PrupeSEP1存在互作关系。研究结果表明,桃PrupeAKR2和PrupeSEP1蛋白发生互作,且正向调控果实成熟软化。本研究可为PrupeAKR2调控果实成熟软化提供理论依据,对开展PrupeAKR2功能的深入研究具有重要意义。     

乙烯和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸处理引起的硬质桃果实的软化和乙烯合成

大多数鲜食桃(Prunus persica L．Batsch)都具有软化质地。这种桃在果实成熟和软化前收获时会快速软化且易于损坏。然而果实品质取决于收获时的成熟度；在树上成熟的桃子品质比收获后成熟的桃子品质优良，因此，收获软化品种的恰当期间很短。例如果     

甜瓜ACS基因家族表达与相关基因的定点编辑分析

果实软化是甜瓜果实储藏和保鲜的瓶颈,乙烯与果实软化密切相关,而ACS基因是合成乙烯的关键限速酶。本研究在果实呼吸跃变型‘T4’和非呼吸跃变型‘T5’品种中,分析了11个甜瓜ACS基因家族成员的表达模式,获得了果实发育不同阶段差异ACS基因,并对其进行了CRISPR/Cas9遗传转化。结果表明,甜瓜ACS基因家族成员在受试甜瓜品种中具有不同的组织表达模式,在发育的果实中,CmACS1、CmACS2和CmACS5主要在果实成熟和软化过程中高表达;CmACS3、CmACS7、CmACS13、CmACS14和CmACS15表达量低;CmACS5在果实成熟期40 d高表达;CmACS10在两个品种果实发育过程中变化趋势相同;CmACS12在两个品种果实发育过程中变化趋势相反;CmACS2在‘T4’整个果实发育期高表达。结合软肉甜瓜‘老汉瓜’和硬肉甜瓜‘皇后’在果实发育过程中的定量分析表明,不同呼吸跃变类型甜瓜在果实成熟过程中ACS的作用基因和基因表达量均差异显著。此外,通过构建以CmACS1、CmACS2、CmACS5为靶标基因的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑载体,采用子房注射法转化甜瓜,其中C...     

Combined treatment of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) reduces melting-flesh peach fruit softening

The effects of postharvest application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ethylene production and fruit quality, and thus on transportation and shelf-life, were evaluated in melting-flesh peaches. AVG (150 mg L⁻¹) significantly reduced ethylene production, and the effect was enhanced in combination with 1-MCP (1 μL L⁻¹). However, fruit treated with AVG alone softened to untreated control levels 2 d after harvest (DAH). Treatment with 1-MCP significantly reduced the rate of softening until 2 DAH, but the fruit rapidly softened thereafter, and reached untreated control levels by 4 DAH. A combination of AVG and 1-MCP significantly reduced fruit tissue softening throughout ripening. The effect of each chemical on flesh firmness indicated that 1-MCP affected fruit response in the early stages of ripening up to 4 DAH, and AVG significantly reduced softening in the latter stages from 4 to 9 DAH. Peaches treated with AVG and 1-MCP retained their ground color during ripening, but the effect of each chemical on color is unclear. The present study indicates that combined treatment with AVG and 1-MCP significantly delays the ripening of melting-flesh peaches.     

Combined treatment of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) reduces melting-flesh peach fruit softening

The effects of postharvest application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ethylene production and fruit quality, and thus on transportation and shelf-life, were evaluated in melting-flesh peaches. AVG (150 mg L⁻¹) significantly reduced ethylene production, and the effect was enhanced in combination with 1-MCP (1 μL L⁻¹). However, fruit treated with AVG alone softened to untreated control levels 2 d after harvest (DAH). Treatment with 1-MCP significantly reduced the rate of softening until 2 DAH, but the fruit rapidly softened thereafter, and reached untreated control levels by 4 DAH. A combination of AVG and 1-MCP significantly reduced fruit tissue softening throughout ripening. The effect of each chemical on flesh firmness indicated that 1-MCP affected fruit response in the early stages of ripening up to 4 DAH, and AVG significantly reduced softening in the latter stages from 4 to 9 DAH. Peaches treated with AVG and 1-MCP retained their ground color during ripening, but the effect of each chemical on color is unclear. The present study indicates that combined treatment with AVG and 1-MCP significantly delays the ripening of melting-flesh peaches.     

Regulation of stony hard peach softening with ACC treatment

Controlling the rate of fruit softening in melting-flesh peaches is a primary goal of the fruit industry. Stony hard (SH) peach varieties lack the ability to synthesize 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, which is required for fruit maturation. SH peaches thus have crisp flesh that remains firm during ripening. In this study, we developed a simple technique to stimulate fruit softening by a single spray application of ACC at a concentration of 10–20 mM, which was sufficient to allow ethylene synthesis and fruit softening. Higher concentrations of ACC increased ethylene production, and made the fruit softer. Ethylene synthesis was limited to the first 2–3 d after ACC treatment, after which fruit ceased softening and retained its remaining firmness. These results indicate that a single application of ACC solution can be used to regulate the process of fruit softening in SH peaches.     

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on ripening of ‘Canino’ apricots and ‘Royal Zee’ plums

‘Canino’ apricots and ‘Royal Zee’ plums were treated with 1000 nl l⁻¹ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 20 °C for 20 h following harvest before 0 °C storage. After 5 days storage for apricots and 10 days for plums and after 30 days storage for both, fruit were moved to 20 °C for ripening. In addition, apricots were stored for 20 days and then treated with 1-MCP concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 nl l⁻¹ at removal and held for ripening. Ethylene production and respiration rate, as well as fruit quality of apricots varied with treatment. Ethylene production was efficiently inhibited by 1000 nl l⁻¹ 1-MCP in fruit treated after storage but not in fruit treated before storage. Fruit softening was associated with ethylene production and affected by 1-MCP in a concentration dependent manner when treated after storage, while 1-MCP did not affect softening in prestorage treated fruit. The color change of fruit was ethylene-independent and not affected by 1-MCP. Internal flesh browning was decreased by 1-MCP regardless of the concentration when treated after storage, while it was enhanced in fruit treated before storage. Decay development in apricots was decreased by 1-MCP in a concentration dependent manner. Ethylene production and respiration in ‘Royal Zee’ plums was greatly inhibited by 1-MCP during ripening after both short-term (10 day) and long term (30 day) storage. Parameters associated with ripening processes were decreased significantly by 1-MCP, including softening, color change, and loss of titratable acidity. These data demonstrate that 1-MCP has potential to delay ripening of apricots and plums, but the cultivar, maturity of fruit, and time of application must be chosen carefully. It is suggested that 1-MCP is more efficient for extending the shelf life and improving the quality of ‘Canino’ apricots directly marketed or after storage, whereas it might be a potent compound for extending both storage period and shelf life of ‘Royal Zee’ plums.