Correction

The last two sentences of "Chicano and Native American Scientists Meet" (Science, 7 Nov. 1975, p. 546) should have read "Individual members, most of whom are Ph.D.'s in the natural sciences, are all committed ... to improving the scientific training and counseling that is available to Chicano and Native American students. At the meeting ... members ... planned activities for the coming year that will increase the number of Chicanos and Native Americans entering science and the visibility of their accomplishments."     

ASIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTISTS: Silent No Longer: 'Model Minority' Mobilizes

Angered and emboldened by the Wen Ho Lee case, many Asian-American researchers at national laboratories are decrying their status as "high-tech coolies"--and demanding change. It's a sudden and surprising turn of events for a community that traditionally has avoided political organization, legal recourse, and conflict with authority. And given the growing numerical muscle of Asian Americans in both public and private labs, the budding movement--if sustained--will be felt far beyond the secure fences of the Department of Energy's weapons labs.     

The stability of DNA in human cerebellar neurons

Human tissues have carbon-isotope ratios (13C/12C) that reflect dietary ratios. This observation has been used to determine the extent of metabolic turnover of DNA in cells of the adult human cerebellum (90 percent of which are neuronal). If adult human neuronal DNA were metabolically stable, its 13C/12C would reflect that in the maternal diet during fetal development as nearly all neurons are formed during maturation of the fetal brain and do not undergo cell division thereafter. The 13C/12C ratios in the food chains and body tissues of Europeans differ from corresponding American ratios by about 50 parts per million on the average. Therefore, turnover was studied by comparing 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA of American-born Americans, European-born Americans, and European-born Europeans. The 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Americans were closer to 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Europeans than from American-born Americans, indicating that there was little or no turnover of neuronal DNA.     

Paleo-Eskimo mtDNA genome reveals matrilineal discontinuity in Greenland

The Paleo-Eskimo Saqqaq and Independence I cultures, documented from archaeological remains in Northern Canada and Greenland, represent the earliest human expansion into the New World's northern extremes. However, their origin and genetic relationship to later cultures are unknown. We sequenced a mitochondrial genome from a Paleo-Eskimo human by using 3400-to 4500-year-old frozen hair excavated from an early Greenlandic Saqqaq settlement. The sample is distinct from modern Native Americans and Neo-Eskimos, falling within haplogroup D2a1, a group previously observed among modern Aleuts and Siberian Sireniki Yuit. This result suggests that the earliest migrants into the New World's northern extremes derived from populations in the Bering Sea area and were not directly related to Native Americans or the later Neo-Eskimos that replaced them.     

Victim-induced criminality

In summary, there are certain issues that need to be dealt with if a coherent system of victim compensation is to be created. 1) Is the victim's entitlement to compensation qualified by his behavior in connection with the crime? If a Texas tycoon visits a clip joint, flashes a fat roll of bills, and gets hit on the head and rolled, is he entitled to compensation? If a man enters into a liaison with another's wife and gets shot by the husband, should his dependents be compensated? If a woman goes walking alone in a disreputable neighborhood and is assaulted, is she entitled to compensation? Unless the answer to such questions is a flat "yes," the adjudication of victim compensation as a "right" would be embarkation upon a vast sea of confusion. On the surface it may seem simpler to bypass the issue of "right" and declare for victim compensation as a matter of social policy-a logical extension of the welfare state approach. But the apparent simplicity may quickly prove illusory, in light of the second issue. 2) Is the victim's entitlement to compensation on the basis of indigency to be qualified by the requirement that an offender be apprehended and his guilt determined by a court? There are two levels to this problem. First, if a severely injured man reports to police that he has been mugged and robbed and if the police cannot apprehend a suspect, how is the administrator of compensation to know that the man is in fact the victim of a crime? The administrator of compensation must determine whether the episode was a criminal act or an argument-and who started it, and who precipitated the violence. What shall be the role of the witnesses, and of investigators? More important is the second level of the problem: How will law-enforcement of ficials and the courts evaluate the testimony of the victim if compensation of the victim may be at stake? In the evaluation of proposals for victim compensation, criminologists may need to think very hard about such questions and about the probable effects on the administration of criminal justice. These are pragmatic problems; there is a third problem which may at this time seem speculative, but is, nevertheless, quite important. 3) To what extent will a particular proposal for victim compensation contribute to a temptation-opportunity pattern in victim behavior? In previous studies it has been pointed out that large numbers of our fellow Americans have tended to acquire casual money-handling habits-generically designated "carelessness"-which contribute to the national growth of criminality. How the victim helps the criminal was sketched in reports of those studies (10). It was made abundantly clear that human beings in our affluent society cannot be assumed to be prudent or self-protective against the hazards of crime. Even when the "victim" is not overtly acting to commit a crime-as in the case of the property owner who hires an arsonist-he often tempts the offender. Among the victims of burglary-statistically the most prevalent crime in the United States-are a substantial number of Americans who keep cash, jewelry, and other valuables carelessly at home or in hotel rooms to which the burglar has easy access through door or window. Victims of automobile theft-one of the fastest growing classes of crime-include drivers who leave the vehicle or its contents invitingly accessible to thieves. And so on with other classes of crime. As pointed out in previous studies, when victim behavior follows a temptation-opportunity pattern, it (i) contributes to a "climate of criminal inducements," (ii) adds to the economic resources available to criminal societies, and (iii) detracts from the ability of lawenforcement agencies to suppress the growth of crime.     

Variant of SCN5A sodium channel implicated in risk of cardiac arrhythmia

Every year, approximately 450,000 individuals in the United States die suddenly of cardiac arrhythmia. We identified a variant of the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A that is associated with arrhythmia in African Americans (P = 0.000028) and linked with arrhythmia risk in an African-American family (P = 0.005). In transfected cells, the variant allele (Y1102) accelerated channel activation, increasing the likelihood of abnormal cardiac repolarization and arrhythmia. About 13.2% of African Americans carry the Y1102 allele. Because Y1102 has a subtle effect on risk, most carriers will never have an arrhythmia. However, Y1102 may be a useful molecular marker for the prediction of arrhythmia susceptibility in the context of additional acquired risk factors such as the use of certain medications.     

美国文化中的性别歧视探源

继承于西方文化的美国文化中的性别歧视是根深蒂固的,本文试从人文传统、宗教、父权制以及美国人两性观等角度来透视美国文化中的性别歧视。并进一步得出结论,传统习俗及意识形态是美国社会依然存在性别歧视的根本原因。     

5TH International Ancient DNA Conference. Divining diet and disease from DNA

Some 110 scientists from a range of disciplines gathered in the overcast British midlands for the 5th International Ancient DNA Conference, held here from 12 to 14 July. Among the attractions were new insights into the diets of early Americans gleaned from ancient human coprolites and intriguing reports of nuclear DNA and ancient viral sequences extracted from mammoth bones.     

黑白之间：论《他们眼望上苍》的种族文化建构

《他们眼望上苍》是佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿的经典之作，近年来一直受到广泛的推崇和关注。本文选用了后殖民主义话语中的术语如双重意识、双合意识、种族、文化建构等来分析乔、茶点和珍妮追寻种族身份的不同历程，从而揭示出处于黑白文化之间的美国黑人的真实身份。     

Fish culture in the United States

The culture of channel catfish, trout, and crayfish is a well-established, profitable enterprise, but aquaculture provides only a fraction of the protein consumed by Americans, who prefer red meat. This situation could change, since pond-raised fish require less energy for protein synthesis than land animals, the supply of ocean food fish no longer appears inexhaustible, and fish culture can utilize resources unsuitable for other agriculture.     

Fantasy and reality: The black farmer's place in American agriculture

The shared hopes of farm ownership in America motivated many Black farmers and educators during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although an independent Black yeomanry was not to be, and a host of factors have combined to remove Black Americans from farming, the quest has not been a vain one. Black land-grant institutions continue to redefine their mission in a changing world and in the process maintain their relevancy.     

ASIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTISTS: Lee Case Births a Reluctant Activist

Until the past year, Alex Chao, a senior physicist at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, tended to keep his views to himself. But the Wen Ho Lee case turned Chao into a reluctant activist who has contributed money for Lee's defense, helped organize rallies in the San Francisco Bay area, and talked to his neighbors about the injustice he believes Lee and other Asian Americans have suffered.     

美国树木城市评选对我国城市林业建设的启示

美国树木城市创建活动始于1976年,迄今已有近4 000个不同规模的城市或社区获此殊荣,近1亿美国人工作和生活在树木城市中。美国树木城市的标准体系相对简单,且以定性指标为主,强调城市林业的法制建设和组织宣传,城市林业长期发展规划,政府部门与民间团体、非政府组织和广大居民的参与及协调;并辅以树木城市发展奖励指标体系促进可持续发展。分析美国树木城市申报的标准、认定过程和城市林业建设的理念,对于我国建立与完善国家森林城市评选指标体系和城市林业建设法规,促进我国城市林业建设生态、高效和可持续发展有一定的借鉴意义。     

In Europe, hooligans are prime subjects for research

CAMBRIDGE, U.K.--One of the few burgeoning areas of violence research here and in Europe is football hooliganism. With lower homicide rates than in the United States and fewer incidences of killing sprees such as the Littleton school shooting, Europeans are less concerned about violence than Americans are--and that translates into less money for research on the topic. Moreover, some scientists argue that strict regulation of animal studies has dealt a severe blow to a once-proud European tradition of behavioral research on animal aggression.     

石墙内外——析尤金?奥尼尔《榆树下的欲望》的悲剧主题

尤金?奥尼尔一生着力于现代心理悲剧的创作，以写实的手法展现了二十世纪美国人民灵魂扭曲的可悲心态和美国现代社会的精神窘困的可忧状况，表达了对人生理想之梦的努力探索和幻灭。木文以《榆树下的欲望》为例，从人物内心欲望困扰、社会批判意义及悲剧的终极价值三方面来探讨其显性的、隐性的及终极的悲剧主题。     

Perceptions of science. The anatomical mission to Burma

Until the 1830s, most Americans were unfamiliar with the images of anatomy. Then a small vanguard of reformers and missionaries began to preach, at home and around the world, that an identification with the images and concepts of anatomy was a crucial part of the civilizing process. In his essay, Sappol charts the changes in the perception of self that resulted from this anatomical evangelism. Today, as anatomical images abound in the arts and the media, we still believe that anatomical images show us our inner reality.     

GREENHOUSE WARMING: Dueling Models: Future U.S. Climate Uncertain

A U.S. national assessment, drawing on the best available climate model predictions, has concluded that the United States will indeed warm, affecting everything from the western snowpacks that supply California with water to New England's fall foliage. But on a more detailed level, the assessment often draws a blank. As much as policy-makers would like to know exactly what's in store for Americans, the rudimentary state of regional climate science will not soon allow it, and the results of this 3-year effort brought the point home.     

A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity

Obesity is a heritable trait and a risk factor for many common diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. We used a dense whole-genome scan of DNA samples from the Framingham Heart Study participants to identify a common genetic variant near the INSIG2 gene associated with obesity. We have replicated the finding in four separate samples composed of individuals of Western European ancestry, African Americans, and children. The obesity-predisposing genotype is present in 10% of individuals. Our study suggests that common genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of obesity.     

ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: The Nature of Evidence

In his essay, U. S. science writer Boyce Rensberger analyzes whether there is any truth behind the assertions that U. S. citizens are particularly ignorant about science and that the press is to blame for the high interest in pseudoscience. He concludes that many Americans are very interested in science, but cannot distinguish between good and bad science because they do not understand the standards that scientific evidence must meet. Rensberger urges scientists and science writers to pay more attention to the communication of the methods by which results have been achieved. See also the related essay by Roger Highfield.     

思维模式差异在英汉语言中的反映

阐释了中国人和美国人思维模式偏向的差异及其在语言现象中的反映。中国人倾向于整体思维 ,从整体到部分 ,强调整体定位 ,整体和部分关系和谐统一 ;美国人倾向于个体思维 ,从部分到整体 ,强调个体的独立性。汉语句子以意统形、结构松散、内容完整 ;英语句子以形统意、形态自足、结构严谨。