Aircraft monitoring of surface carbon dioxide exchange

Aircraft-mounted sensors were used to measure the exchange of carbon dioxide above a cornfield, a forest, and a lake under midday conditions. Mean absorption values of 3400, 1200, and 100 milligrams of carbon dioxide per square meter per hour, respectively, are consistent with reported ground-based observations of carbon dioxide flux. Such information, gathered by aircraft, could be used to provide a quantitative evaluation of source and sink distributions of carbon dioxide in the biosphere, to establish a correlation between satellite data and near-surface measurements, and to monitor crop performance.     

生物质炭对关中水稻土有机碳矿化及CO_2释放的影响

通过模拟淹水土壤环境,向水稻土中施加质量分数为0、2%、5%、8%的生物质炭,分析生物质炭的输入及其不同施炭量对淹水土壤有机碳矿化和CO2释放的影响,以期为全面评价中国农田生态系统碳排放和促进温室气体减排提供科学依据。结果表明:生物质炭的输入提高土壤的稳定性碳库,并显著降低土壤有机碳的矿化速率,施炭量为5%、8%的土壤有机碳矿化量相比对照分别降低10%和6%,不同施炭量对土壤有机碳矿化速率的抑制效果各异;淹水土壤CO2的释放明显受到生物质炭的抑制,随着淹水时间的延长,土壤CO2的释放量呈缓慢增长趋势,然而由于受土壤温度、有机质变化的影响,2%、5%、8%不同施炭量处理之间并无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

花生二氧化碳充气包装贮藏技术研究

为了延长花生的贮藏期并使二氧化碳充气包装在花生贮藏中更好地推广使用,以赣花7号为供试花生品种,研究二氧化碳充气包装花生吸附结块的条件及在加速氧化贮藏期间其品质的变化情况。结果表明:花生吸附结块与花生质量呈正相关性,与气体含量呈负相关性,在常温条件下二氧化碳气体量与花生质量的最佳配比为0.11mL/g;而且二氧化碳充气处理结块组花生的贮藏品质劣变速率缓慢,其过氧化值和酸价显著低于未结块处理组和对照组,由此可见,二氧化碳充气处理结块花生更适合贮藏。     

不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的响应。研究结果表明:土壤添加玉米秸秆后,激发了土壤微生物的生长,在培养第1 d各处理SMBC达到了整个培养期的最高峰后迅速下降,90 d以后SMBC的下降趋势趋于平缓。在不同浓度的二氧化碳培养条件下,0～15 d短期培养期间,各处理SMBC间差异不显著。30～270 d长期培养期间,SMBC随着二氧化碳浓度的升高而减少,各处理之间差异显著。通过相关性分析,各处理的SMBC分别与土壤有机碳、腐殖物质、富里酸、胡敏素间均呈显著正相关。二氧化碳浓度为0.03%的SMBC与土壤可溶性有机碳呈显著正相关(r=0.649,P<0.05),表明正常大气条件更有利于土壤微生物的活动。     

二恶英和二氧化碳排放量与GDP关系初探

[目的]探讨二恶英排放量与二氧化碳排放量及GDP的关系。[方法]利用公式“源强=排放因子ב活动率’”估算出二恶英和二氧化碳的排放量,进而研究二恶英排放量与二氧化碳排放量及GDP的关系。[结果]根据二恶英（PCDD／Fs）排放量与二氧化碳排放量做出log（PCDD／Fs）-log（CO2）曲线,log（PCDD／Fs）和log（CO2）呈现出良好的线性关系,说明二恶英排放量和二氧化碳排放量具有正相关关系。根据二恶英排放量与GDP做出log（PCDD／Fs）-log（GDP）曲线,log（PCDD／Fs）和log（GDP）呈现出良好的线性关系。二恶英排放量与二氧化碳排放量及GDP存在相关性。log（PCDD／Fs）-log（CO2）和log（PCDD／Fs）-log（GDP）曲线都显示出良好的相关性。[结论]该研究表明高GDP地区也是二氧化碳和二恶英排放量较高的地区,技术水平的地区差别没有导致二氧化碳和二恶英排放量的明显差异。     

Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set

We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.     

Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral reef water

Coral reefs are considered to be a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of their high calcium carbonate production and low net primary production. This was tested by direct measurement of diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco(co2)) in reef waters during two 3-day periods, one in March 1993 and one in March 1994, on Shiraho reef of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Although the Pco(co2) values in reef waters exhibited large diurnal changes ranging from 160 to 520 microatmospheres, they indicate that the reef flat area is a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. This suggests that the net organic production rate of the reef community exceeded its calcium carbonate production rate during the observation periods.     

碳钢二氧化碳腐蚀研究现状

二氧化碳腐蚀是油气中的二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）溶解于水后生成碳酸后引起的腐蚀。综述了在二氧化碳环境中,碳钢金属表面有产物膜和无产物膜存在的情况下腐蚀机理。分析了温度、二氧化碳分压、流速、ｐＨ值及腐蚀产物膜对二氧化碳腐蚀的影响。认为碳钢的二氧化碳腐蚀机理因金属是否形成碳酸铁（ＦｅＣＯ３）膜而不同,二氧化碳分压和洗速影响着腐蚀的阴极过程,而温度主要是影响腐蚀产物膜的形成条件。在局部腐蚀领域内开展基础性和应用     

A large terrestrial carbon sink in north america implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models

Atmospheric carbon dioxide increased at a rate of 2.8 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C year-1) during 1988 to 1992 (1 Pg = 10(15) grams). Given estimates of fossil carbon dioxide emissions, and net oceanic uptake, this implies a global terrestrial uptake of 1.0 to 2. 2 Pg C year-1. The spatial distribution of the terrestrial carbon dioxide uptake is estimated by means of the observed spatial patterns of the greatly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide data set available from 1988 onward, together with two atmospheric transport models, two estimates of the sea-air flux, and an estimate of the spatial distribution of fossil carbon dioxide emissions. North America is the best constrained continent, with a mean uptake of 1.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C year-1, mostly south of 51 degrees north. Eurasia-North Africa is relatively weakly constrained, with a mean uptake of 0.1 +/- 0.6 Pg C year-1. The rest of the world's land surface is poorly constrained, with a mean source of 0.2 +/- 0.9 Pg C year-1.     

微生物接种对生活垃圾堆肥生化特性的影响

以生活垃圾为原料,利用静态堆肥反应装置,在通风好氧条件下,研究了接种微生物堆肥过程中温度、耗氧速率、CO2释放率以及几种酶活性变化规律。结果表明,与普通堆肥法(CK)比较,接种微生物菌剂堆肥(CM),可明显加速堆肥升温过程,延长高温阶段(55℃以上)24 h;堆肥中前期CM处理耗氧速率及CO2释放率显著增大,其峰值分别是CK处理的1.25、1.24倍;与CK处理比较,CM处理堆肥过程中纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性峰值分别增加了8.77%、8.30%和22.36%。结果显示,接种微生物可以明显改善生活垃圾堆肥过程中的生化特性。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS结合OPLS-DA分析提取方法对牛油果油挥发性香气化合物的影响

【目的】明确热榨法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法和水代法3种提取方法对牛油果油挥发性香气化合物的影响,为牛油果油的提取及开发利用提供数据支持。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（HS-SPME-GC-MS）结合偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）对热榨法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法和水代法所得牛油果油的挥发性香气化合物进行鉴定、组间区分及总体差异分析。【结果】热榨法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法和水代法3种提取方法所得牛油果油中共鉴定出80种挥发性香气化合物,分别检出40、40和45种挥发性香气化合物,以碳氢类、醛类、酸类和醇类为主。热榨法中碳氢类17种,占比45.68%;醛类5种,占比3.31%;醇类8种,占比9.39%;酸类3种,占比21.65%;水代法中碳氢类13种,占比28.87%;醛类14种,占比26.42%;醇类8种,占比15.92%;酸类2种,占比19.53%。超临界二氧化碳萃取法中碳氢类21种,占比42.99%;醛类9种,占比12.77%;醇类4种,占比7.75%,酸类1种,占比20.23%。基于不同牛油果油样品中挥发性香气化合物的含量进行OPLS-DA分析,实现热榨法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法和水代法所得牛油果油样品的鉴别。3种提取方法所得牛油果油样品的标志差异性化合物有56种,超临界二氧化碳萃取法有癸烷、甲苯等特有香气化合物13种,水代法有2-庚烯-1-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇等特有香气化合物16种,3种提取方法共有己醛、2-庚烯醛等18种香气化合物。【结论】通过HS-SPME-GC-MS结合OPLS-DA找到牛油果油挥发性化合物的差异性,从而筛选出差异性形成的潜在物质,可用于快速鉴别牛油果油的提取方法。     

观音茶不同提取方法香味物质分析及其在卷烟滤嘴中的应用

以铁观音茶为研究对象,采用水提取法、乙醇提取法、超临界萃取法和亚临界萃取法,结合GC MS法比较不同提取方法提取铁观音茶香味物质的差异;并将其提取物添加到卷烟滤棒中,评价其对卷烟烟气的贡献。结果表明,超临界萃取法能较好地将铁观音茶叶的香味物质提取出来,且其提取物与卷烟协调,是一种相对高效、经济的提取方法,较适合作为铁观音茶叶烟用提取物的制备方法。     

不同浓度二氧化碳杀虫效果比较

通过在不同条件下 (包括处理时间、CO2 浓度、粮食水分、粮食温度 )对于米象和赤拟谷盗的成虫进行CO2 气体处理的实验 ,结果表明CO2 能起到好的杀虫效果。玉米象对CO2 的敏感较强。 1 0 0 %浓度的CO2 对玉米象短期的杀虫效果几乎为零     

Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions

Most inverse atmospheric models report considerable uptake of carbon dioxide in Europe's terrestrial biosphere. In contrast, carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems increase at a much smaller rate, with carbon gains in forests and grassland soils almost being offset by carbon losses from cropland and peat soils. Accounting for non-carbon dioxide carbon transfers that are not detected by the atmospheric models and for carbon dioxide fluxes bypassing the ecosystem carbon stocks considerably reduces the gap between the small carbon-stock changes and the larger carbon dioxide uptake estimated by atmospheric models. The remaining difference could be because of missing components in the stock-change approach, as well as the large uncertainty in both methods. With the use of the corrected atmosphere- and land-based estimates as a dual constraint, we estimate a net carbon sink between 135 and 205 teragrams per year in Europe's terrestrial biosphere, the equivalent of 7 to 12% of the 1995 anthropogenic carbon emissions.     

Comment on "Atmospheric PCO₂ perturbations associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province"

Schaller et al. (Research Article, 18 March 2011, p. 1404) proposed that carbon dioxide (CO(2)) released by the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province eruptions over periods of about 20,000 years led to substantial increases of up to 2000 parts per million (ppm) in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (PCO(2)) near the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Use of an atmosphere-ocean model coupled to a carbon-cycle model predicts PCO(2) increases of less than 400 ppm from magmatic volatiles, with only a small climatic impact.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高条件下水稻土生理生化指标及微生物区系特征的研究

利用座落于江都市小纪镇良种场的FACE平台,研究了FACE条件下,不同氮素水平水稻土壤的生理生化指标及微生物区系特征。结果表明,高N水平下,FACE圈土壤微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸作用、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、氨化作用及放线菌数量都比对照高,而低N水平下,除真菌、放线菌数量以及氨化作用外,其他指标均比对照低。FACE条件下,高氮处理与低氮处理相比较,土壤微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸作用、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、氨化作用以及细菌数量分别提高610.57%、56.55%、24.32%、9.43%、1.09%和225%,供氮水平对FACE条件下水稻土生理生化指标以及微生物群落有调节作用。     

Quartzlike carbon dioxide: An optically nonlinear extended solid at high pressures and temperatures

An extended-solid phase, carbon dioxide phase V (CO2-V), was synthesized in a diamond anvil cell by laser heating the molecular orthorhombic phase, carbon dioxide phase III, above 40 gigapascals and 1800 kelvin. This new material can be quenched to ambient temperature above 1 gigapascal. The vibration spectrum of CO2-V is similar to that of the quartz polymorph of silicon dioxide, indicating that it is an extended covalent solid with carbon-oxygen single bonds. This material is also optically nonlinear, generating the second harmonic of a neodymium-yttrium-lithium-fluoride laser at a wavelength of 527 nanometers with a conversion efficiency that is near 0.1 percent.     

Discovery of sodium and potassium vapor in the atmosphere of the moon

Spectra of the region just above the bright limb of the Moon show weak emission features that are attributed to resonant scattering of sunlight from sodium and potassium vapor in the lunar atmosphere. The maximum omnidirectional emission flux above the bright limb is 3.8 +/- 0.4 kilorayleighs for sodium and 1.8 +/- 0.4 kiloray-leighs for potassium. The zenith column densities above the subsolar point are estimated to be 8 +/- 3 x 10(8) atoms cm(-2) for sodium 1.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(8) atoms cm(-2) for potassium. Corresponding surface densities are 67 +/- 12 atoms cm(-3) and 15 +/- 3 atoms cm(-3), respectively. The scale height for the sodium atmosphere is 120 +/- 42 kilometers, and for potassium 90 +/- 20 kilometers, which implies that the effective temperature of the sodium and potassium is close to the lunar surface temperature. The sodium density at the south polar region was found to be similar to that at the subsolar point, indicating wide-spread distribution of sodium vapor over the lunar surface. The ratio of the density of sodium to the density of potassium is (6 +/- 3) to 1, which is close to the sodium to potassium ratio in the lunar surface, suggesting that the atmosphere originates from the vaporization of surface minerals.     

Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the columbia river

Columbia River water is supersaturated with respect to atmospheric carbon dioxide by 200 to 870 parts per million. An equilibrium exists between the carbon dioxide partial pressure and pH, and Henry's law is obeyed in this natural water. The carbon dioxide pressure can be calculated by a determination of the pH, total carbon dioxide, and temperature.     

Oil shales and carbon dioxide

During retorting of oil shales in the western United States, carbonate minerals are calcined, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Residual organic matter in the shales may also be burned, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide produced depends on the retort process and the grade and mineralogy of the shale. Preliminary calculations suggest that retorting of oil shales from the Green River Formation and burning of the product oil could release one and one-half to five times more carbon dioxide than burning of conventional oil to obtain the same amount of usable energy. The largest carbon dioxide releases are associated with retorting processes that operate at temperatures greater than about 600 degrees C.