Shaping of the continental rise by deep geostrophic contour currents

Geostrophic contour-following bottom currents involved in the deep thermohaline circulation of the world ocean appear to be the principal agents which control the shape of the continental rise and other sediment bodies.     

The assimilation of elements ingested by marine copepods

The efficiency with which a variety of ingested elements (Ag, Am, C, Cd, P, S, Se, and Zn) were assimilated in marine calanoid copepods fed uniformly radiolabeled diatoms ranged from 0.9% for Am to 97.1% for Se. Assimilation efficiencies were directly related to the cytoplasmic content of the diatoms. This relation indicates that the animals obtained nearly all their nutrition from this source. The results suggest that these zooplankton, which have short gut residence times, have developed a gut lining and digestive strategy that provides for assimilation of only soluble material. Because the fraction of total cellular protein in the cytoplasm of the diatoms increased markedly with culture age, copepods feeding on senescent cells should obtain more protein than those feeding on rapidly dividing cells. Elements that are appreciably incorporated into algal cytoplasm and assimilated in zooplankton should be recycled in surface waters and have longer oceanic residence times than elements bound to cell surfaces.     

Perception of environmental signals by a marine diatom

Diatoms are a key component of marine ecosystems and are extremely important for the biogeochemical cycling of silica and as contributors to global fixed carbon. However, the answers to fundamental questions such as what diatoms can sense in their environment, how they respond to external signals, and what factors control their life strategies are largely unknown. We generated transgenic diatom cells containing the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin to determine whether changes in calcium homeostasis are used to respond to relevant environmental stimuli. Our results reveal sensing systems for detecting and responding to fluid motion (shear stress), osmotic stress, and iron, a key nutrient that controls diatom abundance in the ocean.     

油菜含油量性状QTL关联分析及有利等位基因在品种中的构成分析

【目的】验证不同遗传背景下7个含油量QTL的稳定性、通用性和实用性,检测QTL连锁标记辅助选择提高含油量的可行性,发掘可能实质性影响油菜含油量性状的候选基因。【方法】利用已发表的SG群体在11种环境下的QTL结果,在7个主效QTL峰值或置信区间内选择14个油脂形成相关候选基因标记对81份核心种质两年度的含油量数据进行关联分析,并鉴定各QTL位点高油等位基因在不同品种中的分布。【结果】4个QTL（OilA1、OilA5、OilA7和OilC8-1）位点的6个连锁标记在81个品种高、低2种等位基因间平均含油量差异达到显著或极显著;对其中4个标记Ra2E04、ZAAS919、ZAAS828和ZAAS441的跟踪选择和聚合,可相应提高含油量5个以上百分点;根据标记基因型推测,OilA1和OilC8-1位点,超过80%的欧洲春、冬油菜品种中已含Sollux高油等位基因,但中国品种中则80%和60%的品种含低油等位基因;OilA5和OilA7位点上,几乎所有被检欧洲材料均不含Gaoyou高油等位基因,而中国双低和双高品种中也只有约20%-30%含此有利等位基因。【结论】与4个QTL连锁的6个拟南芥油脂相关同源基因（At3g51830、At2g42450、At2g44620、At1g73600、At1g73480和At1g13560）有可能实质性参与油菜种子油分累积;当聚合了包括OilA7在内的3个或3个以上QTL位点高油等位基因时,含油量可相应提高5个百分点;所揭示的4个QTL高油等位基因在中国尚有较大利用空间而OilA5和OilA7的Gaoyou等位基因可能尤为欧洲油菜育种家们关注。     

Inhibition of translational initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in human cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 21-nucleotide-long RNA molecules regulating gene expression in multicellular eukaryotes. In metazoa, miRNAs act by imperfectly base-pairing with the 3' untranslated region of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and repressing protein accumulation by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that endogenous let-7 microribonucleoproteins (miRNPs) or the tethering of Argonaute (Ago) proteins to reporter mRNAs in human cells inhibit translation initiation. M(7)G-cap-independent translation is not subject to repression, suggesting that miRNPs interfere with recognition of the cap. Repressed mRNAs, Ago proteins, and miRNAs were all found to accumulate in processing bodies. We propose that localization of mRNAs to these structures is a consequence of translational repression.     

Stimulation of heterotrophic microplankton production by resuspended marine sediments

Resuspended material experimentally derived from natural marine sediments and added to dark microcosms containing natural seawater stimulated the suspended microheterotrophs (bacteria and protozoa) to attain 2.6 times the biovolume of controls after 32 hours. Free bacteria benefited most from the stimulus, both numerically and volumetrically. Attached suspended bacteria also increased in number during the first 64 hours of the experiment; particles remaining in suspension became more densely packed with bacteria. This increased microbial production may be an important source of high-quality biomass for consumers in the nearshore zone, depending on the frequency, duration, and intensity of resuspension events in a given region.     

浅析海洋管理理事会对海洋渔业的认证

世界渔业资源状况持续得不到有效改善,养护问题日益成为全球关注的热点之一。在此背景下,非政府组织通过对渔业认证,引导消费者的购买行为,以鼓励渔业的养护与可持续利用。作为一种非政府组织,海洋管理理事会自成立以来逐步形成了一套相对完善的认证体系。研究分析,近年来海洋管理理事会认证的渔业数量大幅度增加,已达近120个,未来还将继续增加;从数量上看,海洋管理理事会认证在发达国家认可度越来越高;但对已经衰退的渔业以及数据不充分的渔业、底拖网渔业等认证方面,海洋管理理事会仍需改善。对我国而言,国内渔业不可能申请海洋管理理事会认证,但其认证标准可为国内渔业管理提供参考。从事公海生产的远洋渔业企业,如我国金枪鱼公司,则可通过申请海洋管理理事会认证以进一步拓展和巩固发达国家市场。     

ISSR分子标记在入侵植物研究中的应用

\t\t\t\t\t目的 \t\t\t\t\t明确外来入侵植物大薸在云南的潜在适生区,为大薸的防控提供理论依据。 \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t方法 \t\t\t\t\t采用最大熵生态位模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(ArcGIS),结合大薸的地理分布数据、7个环境因子及4个地形因子,对其在云南的潜在分布和适生区等级进行预测。通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线方法进行验证,运用刀切法分析影响大薸分布的环境变量。 \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t结果 \t\t\t\t\t大薸在云南省的适生区面积约13.56万km²,其中以滇中及滇南地区为主;生境主要为营养富集的水域、沼泽、沟渠和水田等。ROC曲线法得到AUC值为0.907,表明预测结果可靠。刀切法分析显示：影响大薸分布的主要环境因子为最冷季度平均温度、海拔和土地利用类型。\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t结论 \t\t\t\t\t大薸在云南的潜在适生区面积较大,占云南国土面积的30%以上。 \t\t\t\t     

棉纤维起始分化期基因枪介导的GhSuSy表达分析

蔗糖合酶(sucrose synthase)通过调节植物糖代谢介导棉纤维的起始和发育。为进一步研究棉纤维起始分化过程中蔗糖合酶的转录调控机制,克隆了GhSuSy基因5′端上游2 000 bp的启动子片段,构建了含LUC荧光报告基因的重组载体,采用基因枪瞬时转化技术,把重组载体DNA分别转化到棉花叶片和花瓣,比较分析了不同载体膜压力、不同轰击距离与孵育时间等条件下的荧光素酶(luciferase, LUC)活性。用优化后的条件检测了棉纤维起始分化期蔗糖合酶基因GhSuSy偶联的LUC在叶片和花瓣中的活性,并与GhSuSy表达、蔗糖合酶活性比较分析。结果显示：-0.09 MPa真空度下,可裂膜压力设为6.80 MPa,载体膜距离叶片7 cm,轰击2次转化效率最高,转化后样品孵育16 h左右LUC荧光信号最强;与叶片中LUC表达相比,花瓣中LUC荧光信号强、活性高,特别是开花当天(0 d)和开花后1 d(1 DPA)差异明显;在纤维起始分化的开花前3 d(-3 DPA)到开花后3 d(3 DPA),叶片和花瓣中LUC活性先升高后降低,在0和1 DPA的LUC活性最高,这一结果与GhSuSy的...     

用辣根过氧化物酶催化降解海水中柴油污染的研究

为深入探索酶催化技术在海洋石油污染处理中的应用,以游离辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)催化降解海水中柴油污染,研究了酶用量、溶液p H值、柴油初始浓度和催化反应时间等因素对酶催化降解海水中柴油污染的影响,确定了HRP催化降解海水中柴油污染的优化工艺条件,同时考察了反应助剂对海水中柴油污染去除率的影响。结果表明:HRP能有效催化降解海水的柴油污染,当海水中柴油的质量浓度为1.2g/L时,在温度为25℃、HRP加入量为1.6 U/m L、H_2O_2为250 mg/L、溶液pH为5的条件下,催化降解3 h,柴油去除率可达90.77%;聚乙二醇(PEG)对HRP催化降解海水中的柴油污染有较显著的影响。     

用辣根过氧化物酶催化降解海水中柴油污染的研究

为深入探索酶催化技术在海洋石油污染处理中的应用,以游离辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)催化降解海水中柴油污染,研究了酶用量、溶液p H值、柴油初始浓度和催化反应时间等因素对酶催化降解海水中柴油污染的影响,确定了HRP催化降解海水中柴油污染的优化工艺条件,同时考察了反应助剂对海水中柴油污染去除率的影响。结果表明:HRP能有效催化降解海水的柴油污染,当海水中柴油的质量浓度为1.2g/L时,在温度为25℃、HRP加入量为1.6 U/m L、H_2O_2为250 mg/L、溶液pH为5的条件下,催化降解3 h,柴油去除率可达90.77%;聚乙二醇(PEG)对HRP催化降解海水中的柴油污染有较显著的影响。     

Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems

Kelps are highly productive seaweeds found along most temperate latitude coastlines, but the fate and importance of kelp production to nearshore ecosystems are largely unknown. The trophic role of kelp-derived carbon in a wide range of marine organisms was assessed by a natural experiment. Growth rates of benthic suspension feeders were greatly increased in the presence of organic detritus (particulate and dissolved) originating from large benthic seaweeds (kelps). Stable carbon isotope analysis confirmed that kelp-derived carbon is found throughout the nearshore food web.     

Substrate-controlled succession of marine bacterioplankton populations induced by a phytoplankton bloom

Phytoplankton blooms characterize temperate ocean margin zones in spring. We investigated the bacterioplankton response to a diatom bloom in the North Sea and observed a dynamic succession of populations at genus-level resolution. Taxonomically distinct expressions of carbohydrate-active enzymes (transporters; in particular, TonB-dependent transporters) and phosphate acquisition strategies were found, indicating that distinct populations of Bacteroidetes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria are specialized for successive decomposition of algal-derived organic matter. Our results suggest that algal substrate availability provided a series of ecological niches in which specialized populations could bloom. This reveals how planktonic species, despite their seemingly homogeneous habitat, can evade extinction by direct competition.     

Geologic youth of galapagos islands confirmed by marine stratigraphy and paleontology

Six distinctive types of fossiliferous marine deposits occur on the Galádpagos Islands that provide evidence for the age of emergence of the islands above sea level and hence a maximum age for the islands' terrestrial biota. These subtidal to supratidal deposits include (i) volcanic tuffs with fossils, (ii) limestones and sandstones interbedded with basalt, (iii) terrace deposits, (iv) beach rock, (v) supratidal talus deposits, and (vi) recently uplifted tidal and subtidal rocks and sand. With the exception of (vi), the deposits were previously assigned ages varying from Miocene to Pleistocene, but all are less than about 2 million years old. This age, together with independently determined geologic ages, indicate that the islands emerged from the sea relatively recently and that all evolution of the islands' unique terrestrial biota occurred within the past 3 to 4 million years.     

溶栓候选药物双吲哚海洋生物碱FGFC1的转化特性

研究新型海洋纤溶化合物FGFC1体外药物代谢动力学特征及其转化产物。从Wistar大鼠获得肝微粒体,lowry法检测肝微粒体蛋白浓度,HPLC方法检测FGFC1及其转化产物的增减,LC-MS/MS方法分析和鉴定FGFC1的转化产物,4-苯基-1,2,3-噻二唑、去乙酰环丙氯地孕酮、苯妥英钠和酮康唑为CYP450酶系亚型的选择性抑制剂。结果显示,FGFC1的体外代谢半衰期T_(1/2)=(96.25±2.3) min,固有清除率CL_(int)=(0.072 0±0.001 4)mL/(min·mg)。FGFC1的唯一转化产物是((2S,3S)-2-((E)-7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylnon-3-en-1-yl)-3,5,8-trihydroxy-2-methyl-3,4,8,9-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-e]isoindol-7 (2H)-one)(PIO),其分子质谱和片段峰(m/z)分别为463.20[M+C_2H_3N+H]~+和m/z 110.90[C_7H_8O+H~+H]~+、215.70[C_(13)H_(26)O_2+H]~+、337.00[C_(18)H_(27)NO_5]~+、337.00[C_(25)H_(31)NO_2]~+。苯妥英钠显著抑制肝微粒体酶系CYP3A4亚型,FGFC1的转化产物PIO被减少49.11%。研究表明,肝微粒体CYP3A4亚型酶系通过N-脱烷基反应、N-氧化反应和水解反应转化FGFC1为PIO。     

Dissipation of marine stratiform clouds and collapse of the marine boundary layer due to the depletion of cloud condensation nuclei by clouds

When the production of cloud condensation nuclei in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer is low enough, droplet collisions can reduce concentrations of cloud droplet numbers to extremely low values. At low droplet concentrations a cloud layer can become so optically thin that cloud-top radiative cooling cannot drive vertical mixing. Under these conditions, model simulations indicate that the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer collapses to a shallow fog layer. Through this mechanism, marine stratiform clouds may limit their own lifetimes.     

Thorium-uranium fractionation by garnet: evidence for a deep source and rapid rise of oceanic basalts

Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (QIBs) are derived by partial melting of the upper mantle and are marked by systematic excesses of thorium-230 activity relative to the activity of its parent, uranium-238. Experimental measurements of the distribution of thorium and uranium between the melt and solid residue show that, of the major phases in the upper mantle, only garnet will retain uranium over thorium. This sense of fractionation, which is opposite to that caused by clinopyroxene-melt partitioning, is consistent with the thorium-230 excesses observed in young oceanic basalts. Thus, both MORBs and QIBs must begin partial melting in the garnet stability field or below about 70 kilometers. A calculation shows that the thorium-230-uranium-238 disequilibrium in MORBs can be attributed to dynamic partial melting beginning at 80 kilometers with a melt porosity of 0.2 percent or more. This result requires that melting beneath ridges occurs in a wide region and that the magma rises to the surface at a velocity of at least 0.9 meter per year.     

DDT tissue retention: sudden rise induced by the addition of aldrin to a fixed DDT intake

The oral administration of aldrin to male and female beagles, whose diet already included a fixed, regular oral dosage of DDT, resulted in a dramatic rise in the concentrations of DDT, DDE, and DDD in blood and fat.