Somatic Embryogenesis in Lily Bulb Scale Cultures

Abstract： Somatic embryogenesis from lily bulb scales has not been studied in details, although tissue culture methods have been applied to the propagation for decades. The effects of different kinds and concentration of auxins for oriental lily somatic embryogenesis were investigated （Lilium hybrida var. Sorbonne）. 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2, 4-D）, thidiazuron （TDZ） and α-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） media with benzyladenine（6-BA） and lactalbumin hydrolysate （LH） were used for embryogenic callus in the darkness. The best response on embryogenic callus formation was obtained on MS media supplemented 2, 4-D 2.0 mg·L^-1, 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1 and LH 300 mg·L^-1. Transfer embryogenic callus to the media with TDZ, 6-BA, kinetin （KT） supplemented 2, 4-D. The highest number of somatic embryos has been produced on medium with 0.5 mg·L^-1 2, 4-D and 0.3 mg·L^-1 KT. Germinated embryos with shoot axes were changed to MS media with 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1. The results suggest that in vitro culture of somatic embryogenesis from lily bulb scales can be used for plant regeneration.     

番木瓜胚性愈伤组织的诱导及体胚发生

以番木瓜的幼胚、下胚轴、叶片和子叶作为外植体,研究不同的激素配比、附加物以及培养方式和条件对胚性愈伤组织和体胚的诱导效果.结果表明,幼胚是胚性愈伤组织和体胚发生的好材料.幼胚最佳诱导培养基为:改良MS+10 mg·L-12,4-D+5 mg·L-1NAA+2 mg·L-1KT+0.5 mg·L-1 BA;最适合的增殖培...     

Production of Embryogenic Callus and Plant Regeneration from Elite Guizhou Waxy Maize Inbred Lines

Immature embryos from three elite Guizhou waxy maize inbred lines (W21019, B7, and QCL5036) were evaluated for theirability of forming callus and regeneration into plants. Immature embryos harvested at different physiological stages were used as explants to initiate callus on N6 basal medium with 0-3.5 mg L-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). The concentration of 2,4-D, physiological age of immature embryos and genotype had a significant effect (P＜0.05) on the percentage of embryogenic callus formed. The optimum 2,4-D concentration for the initiation of embryogenic callus was varied among the waxy maize genotypes from 2.0 mg L-1 (B7 and QCL5036) to 3.0 mg L-1 (W21019). The shoots were generated from embryogenic callus which were transferred into the regeneration medium supplemented with 0-2.5 mg L-1of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). 6-BA in the medium significantly promoted the regeneration of embryogenic callus.Embryogenic size was also an important factor that affected regeneration capacity. 0.6-0.7 cm was proved to be the best size for regeneration from embryogenic callus and the mean number of shoots per primary callus in all genotypes achieved the highest number. The ability of the plant regeneration was also affected by genotype. W21019 had the highest number of shoots formed per primary embryogenie callus. With the optimum condition, the highest mean number of shoots per primary callus was up to 12.13, 5.73, and 3.33 in line W21019, B7, and QCL5036, respectively. The successful regeneration of the two inbred lines provides a basis for development of genetic transformation to improve priority traits such as enhanced insects and drought tolerance.     

结缕草成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导及再生体系的研究

以结缕草的成熟胚为外植体,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导进行植株再生。结果表明在MS+2,4-D(2.0mg/L)+VB1(4mg/L)的培养基中,成熟胚可较高频率的诱导产生愈伤组织,诱导率为43.20%,但愈伤组织质量较差。将其在降低2,4-D浓度和添加6-BA,ABA的继代培养基中继代培养,可明显改善愈伤组织质量,增加胚性愈伤。筛选继代的胚性愈伤组织置于分化培养基MS+6-BA(1.0mg/L)+KT(2.0mg/L)+NAA(0.1mg/L)中,分化率45.6%。本研究建立了一套有效的以成熟胚为外植体结缕草组织培养再生体系。     

小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生体系的研究

以小麦的成熟胚为外植体,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导进行植株再生.研究结果表明,在MS+2,4-D(3.0 mg/L)+VB1(1.0 mg/L)的培养基中,成熟胚可较高频率的诱导产生愈伤组织,诱导率为72.3%,但愈伤组织质量较差;在低浓度2,4-D和添加了ABA的继代培养基中,愈伤组织质量明显改善,胚性愈伤组织增加.筛选继代的胚性愈伤组织置于分化培养基MS+6-BA(1.0mg/L)+KT(4.0 mg/L)+NAA(0.3 mg/L)中,分化率达73.18%.该研究建立了一套有效的以成熟胚为外植体的小麦组织培养再生体系.     

香榧体细胞胚发生的初步研究

 以香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’胚为外植体,研究了基本培养基、复合添加物、碳源以及植物生长调节物质对愈合组织形成的影响,筛选出胚性愈合组织诱导和增殖的适宜条件,并初步进行了体细胞胚的诱导与萌发试验。结果表明：Schenk and Hildebrandt （SH）是最佳基本培养基,碳源以蔗糖最好,在SH中添加谷氨酰胺,愈合组织诱导率显著高于其他处理,达50.8%;低浓度的萘乙酸（NAA）或2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）能够促进愈合组织的诱导,NAA的促进作用比2,4-D明显,当NAA的质量浓度为0.1 mg·L^－1时,愈合诱导率显著高于其他处理,达60.1%;SH+0.1 mg·L^－1 NAA+30 g·L^－1蔗糖是愈合组织形成的最佳条件,SH+0.05 mg·L^－1 NAA+30 g·L^－1蔗糖为胚性愈合组织形成和增殖的最适宜培养基;胚性愈合组织在添加有脱落酸（ABA）和聚乙二醇（PEG） 6000的SH培养基上,可形成体胚,以1/2SH作为萌发培养基,体胚在1 200 lx光照下的萌发效果比黑暗条件下好。图3表3参21     

花生体细胞胚发生及植株再生

以花生优良品种四粒红成熟种子胚轴为外植体,诱导体细胞胚发生并获得了再生植株。将胚轴切成小段,接种于附加40 mg/L的MS培养基上诱导胚性愈伤组织,愈伤组织转移至2,4-D 20 mg/L的MS培养基上形成体细胞胚。体细胞胚发生率达到66.67%;体细胞胚在BA浓度逐渐降低的MS培养基上培养,发育成完整植株。     

Plant Regeneration from Immature Inflorescence Culture and Genetic Transformation of Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum × A. Desertorum cv. Hycrest-Mengnong)

The plants of hybrid wheatgrass (A. Cristatum ×A. Desertorum cv. Hycrest-Mengnong) were directly induced from embryogenic callus regenerated from immature inflorescence. Immature inflorescence was cultured on improved MS medium containing 2.0-3.0 mg L-1 2,4-D to regenerate callus. The calli were then transferred to hormone-free MS medium for differentiation and 1/2 MS medium for rooting. Results showed that callus initiation frequency was 83.4% and plant regeneration frequency was 59.6%. Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) gene was transformed into the hybrid wheatgrass by particle bombardment. Resistant callus was obtained using selecting agent, herbicide glufosinate of 0.5 mg L-1, and some transgenic plants were recovered in vitro. The transgenic plants were identified by PCR and Southern blot analysis and these plants developed normally in the glufosinate medium, whereas the nontransgenic plants did not. The results demonstrated that bar cDNA integrated into the genomic DNA of the transgenic plants. The transgenic frequencies of bar gene were 1.1%.     

棉花优良品种中棉所27直接胚胎发生与植株再生

选用我国难培养基因型优良棉花品种中棉所27进行组织培养,研究了该品种体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生能力。该品种体细胞胚胎发生有2种情况:一是由外植体直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织并形成不同发育时期的胚状体;二是先诱导获得非胚性愈伤组织,再经多次继代培养,获得胚胎发生。不同激素及其组合和浓度配比是影响中棉所27直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织及体细胞胚胎发生的直接因素。另外,饥饿培养及继代周期对胚胎发生也有重要影响。0.1mg/LKT和0.1mg/LIAA组合、0.1mg/LKT和0.1mg/LZT组合、0.1mg/LZT单独使用,在饥饿条件下培养,均能直接高效诱导获得大量胚性愈伤组织,并有短期内形成不同发育时期的胚状体。胚状体在不含任何激素的MS B5培养基上培养有利于植株再生,并降低畸形苗形成率。另外,还发现不同培养基对中棉所27胚性愈伤组织增殖、体细胞胚形成和萌发的影响不同。     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in glandless upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.)

Glandless upland cotton has an important economic value. Embryogenic calli and regenerated plants were obtained from the hypocotyl explants of glandless upland cotton seedlings, cultivar Jisheng1. The results indicated that somatic embryogenesis was significantly influenced by the types of auxin and cytokinin. 2, 4-D was advantageous to induce cotton callus, but embryogenic callus could not be obtained on the 2, 4-D medium. Embryogenic calli were also not obtained on the MSB sold medium with the combination of IBA and BA. However, embryogenic calli were induced when the hypocotyl explants were cultured on the IBA and KT medium. More than 31% of the hypocotyl segments produced embryogenic calli when the MSB medium was supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ KT. Embryogenic calli with somatic embryos could be observed within three months. Somatic embryo germination and maturation occurred on the hormone-free MSB medium with 1.0 g·L⁻¹ Gln and 0.5 g·L⁻¹ Asn. A number of regenerated plants could be obtained in six months. In the present study, a simple and efficient system was established to induce a number of embryogenic calli and regenerate plantlets from hypocotyl explants.     

四川竹根姜胚性愈伤组织诱导和植株再生

选用四川竹根姜的茎尖组织,诱导产生了胚性愈伤组织,建立了高频再生体系。筛选出了适于胚性愈伤诱导及扩增最佳培养基MSN+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L KT+3.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂;胚性愈伤组织分化培养基MS+0.2 mg/L 2,4-D+5.0 mg/L BA+3.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂;根状茎形成培养基MS+3.0 mg/LBA+0.1 mg/L NAA+6.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂。在3.0%~6.0%的范围内蔗糖浓度越高越促进根状茎形成。     

棉花优良新品种泗棉3号高频体细胞胚发生和植株再生的研究

选择我国棉花优良品种泗棉３号进行组织培养，获得了具有高频胚胎发生的愈伤组织、胚状体和小植株。在附加ＺＴ的ＭＳ培养基上，泗棉３号的下胚轴、子叶、根均诱导获得了愈伤组织，但其形成率和形成量不同，其中下胚较易诱导获得愈伤组织，根和子叶较差。ＺＴ对愈伤组织形成和生长影响较大，其在愈伤组织诱导中较适的使用浓度为３．０或５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Two Recalcitrant Genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L.

An improved protocol has been developed for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of recalcitrant cotton cultivars. High callus frequencies and embryogenic tissue were developed in MSB medium supplemented with gradient concentrations of KT and 2,4-D, their concentration decreasing from 0.1 to 0.01 mg L⁻¹. Somatic embryos were successfully incubated in 1/2 macronutrient MSB suspension supplemented with 0.5 g L⁻¹ glutamine and 0.5 g L⁻¹ asparagine. Decrease in macronutrient concentration of MSB significantly alleviated browning and was beneficial to suspension cells. Transformation of somatic embryos into plants was induced in MSB medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.5 g L⁻¹ glutamine, 0.5 g L⁻¹ asparagine, and 6.0 g L⁻¹ agar. The effect of sucrose as carbohydrate was better than that of glucose for plant germination. Using this protocol, regenerated plantlets from the CCRI521 and Zhongzhi86-6 reached to as much as 19.6 and 18.5% somatic embryos, respectively.     

玉米骨干自交系幼胚再生体系的建立

以玉米骨干自交系‘87-1’、‘综3’、‘137’和‘K12’的幼胚为外植体,研究了影响玉米幼胚再生体系建立的相关因素.结果表明:87-1幼胚在附加500 mg.L-1L-Pro5、00 mg.L-1L-Asn和2.5 mg.L-12,4-D的N6B5基本培养基上愈伤组织诱导率最高,平均可高达98.1%;初级愈伤组织在附加500 mg.L-1L-Pro5、00 mg.L-1L-Asn和1.25 mg.L-12,4-D的N6B5继代培养基上胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高,平均可高达65.6%.在相同诱导、继代培养基和相同培养条件下,4个不同基因型玉米骨干自交系的愈伤组织诱导率无显著性差异,而其胚性愈伤组织诱导率具有显著性差异.继代培养次数对绿苗分化率也产生重要影响,具有显著性差异,其中,1次继代分化率最高;1/2MS培养基附加0.2 mg.L-1KT更有利于分化苗生根.     

食用菊花花瓣组织培养初探

研究了食用菊花花瓣组织培养过程中不同植物生长调节剂和基因型对愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的影响,结果表明:附加2,4-D2.0 mg/L+KT 1.0 mg/L的MS培养基愈伤组织诱导率较高,愈伤组织只在MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L培养基上诱导出不定芽。不定芽转移到无植物生长调节剂的MS培养基上,可以得到再生植株。     

甜瓜品种‘GT-1’基于体细胞胚发生的植株再生体系研究

以甜瓜(Cucumis meloL.)品种‘GT-1’5 d苗龄的子叶为外植体,建立了基于体细胞胚发生的植株再生体系.结果表明:在MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.1 mg/L的培养基上,胚状体发生的频率可达81.7%.以葡萄糖为碳源,子叶块以间接方式发生胚状体;以乳糖为碳源,子叶块则以直接方式发生胚状体.剥离成熟体细胞胚置于MS培养基上可萌发生长出完整植株.     

棉花组织培养中畸形胚产生原因的分析

以陆地棉珂字棉312、河南79、鲁棉6号和泗棉2号的下胚轴为外植体诱导产生胚性愈伤组织,并建立了胚性悬浮系,胚性愈伤组织在培养基MS+B_5+0.1 mg/L ZT上诱导产生体细胞胚状体的频率最高。在胚胎发生过程中形成胚状体的同时,还产生大量的畸形胚,胚性愈伤组织细胞的染色体变异是产生畸形胚的主要原因之一。一些胚状体可产生两个或两个以上的芽,在棉花组织培养中可能存在着器官发生的途径。     

黑莓松散型胚性愈伤组织的诱导

为了诱导出黑莓松散型胚性愈伤组织,试验采用黑莓试管苗叶片、叶柄和茎段为外植体,在含有不同2,4-D及分裂素的MS培养基上进行愈伤组织的初步诱导,从中筛选出松散型愈伤组织的最佳培养基配方;再将诱导出的黑莓松散型愈伤组织转移到含有不同激素种类和浓度的MS培养基上进行松散型胚性愈伤组织的诱导,从中筛选出最佳培养基配方。结果表明,在1/8 MS+3 mg/L 2,4-D+100 mg/L Vc+10 g/L蔗糖的培养基上可以诱导出松散的黑莓愈伤组织;先在MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L KT+100 mg/L Vc+30 g/L蔗糖的培养基上进行胚性愈伤的诱导继代2~3次,然后转移到MS+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+2 mg/L KT+100 mg/L Vc+30 g/L蔗糖的培养基上继续培养并继代3~5次后即可诱导出黑莓的松散型胚性愈伤组织。试验结果将为采用黑莓体细胞诱变育种研究奠定基础。     

花生再生体系的建立

取4 d龄花生(鲁花14)的胚轴、小叶和成熟子叶为外植体,对其进行离体组织培养研究。结果表明:在培养1个月后,胚轴在MS+8.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/LNAA培养基上可以诱导产生丛生芽,诱导率达到80%,平均每个外植体可以产生10~20个芽点;小叶在MS+5.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/LNAA培养基上能诱导出胚性愈伤组织,进一步诱导分化形成芽点并伸长;诱导出的丛生芽接种在MS+5mg/L6-BA+1.0 mg/LNAA+50.0 mg/LAD的培养基上可以扩繁和伸长;花生成熟种子的子叶在MS+20 mg/L 2,4-D+1.0 mg/L KT+1.0mg/LAgNO3培养基上可直接诱导形成颗粒状、表面光滑、干燥的体细胞胚,每个外植体可以诱导出8个左右的体细胞胚。     

枸杞体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的研究

以甘肃农业大学林学院实验基地内“宁杞 2 号”枸杞为材料,幼果用 0.1 % HgCl2进行消毒,在无菌条件下取出未成熟胚进行诱导,在胚成苗后进行继代和生根培养。培养结果表明:以 MS 为基本培养基,附加 6-BA1.0 mg/L和 IBA0.5 mg/L对体细胞胚胎诱导最有效;在 2,4-D为 1.0 mg/L和 1.5 mg/L时的培养基上胚性愈伤组织诱导率较高,分别为 51.0 %和 56.7 %;黑暗低温(10℃)处理 5d 不但可以促进细胞胚胎的发生,而且可以提高其发生的频率(60.0%)。