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1.
Dong Liu Zhiwei Qin Yanju Zhang Xiuyan Zhou Ming Xin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(2):455-461
Erwinia amylovora is the causative agent of fire blight, which is a destructive bacterial disease of rosaceous plants. In Hungary Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. was first detected in 1996. Since the appearance of fire blight, E. amylovora samples have been collected from different host plats from various geographic locations. A motif of eight nucleotides (ATTACAGA) is repeated 3–15 times in the PstI fragment of the pEa29 plasmid in Erwinia amylovora strains, and represents a valuable tool for strain classification. The number of short-sequence DNA repeats in plasmid pEa29 of 30 Hungarian isolates were determined by PCR assays and they ranged from five to ten. The SSR test is suitable for distinguishing the individual strains between the E. amylovora isolates. The examined isolates showed high pathogenicity on immature pear fruits. Several biochemical techniques, such as miniaturized API 20E, were applied on the samples. Differences were also revealed in microbiological assays like levan formation and colony morphology on semi-selective media. Examining the Hungarian Erwinia amylovora population by molecular analysis we can draw the conclusion that the population consists of different strains, which shows great diversity. E. amylovora is a widespread pathogen in Hungary, which is supported by the 30 strains isolated from various host plants from many parts of the country. The phenotypic diversity-evaluation of the E. amylovora strains showed, that they differ metabolically, like other plant pathogenic bacteria as reported by several authors. This is the first report on the diversity of E. amylovora strains isolated from Hungary. 相似文献
2.
Akifumi Mizuno Takanori Tsukamoto Yoshiaki Shimizu Hitoshi Ooya Takayuki Matsuura Norihiko Saito Shigeyoshi Sato Shigemi Kikuchi Tsuneyasu Uzuki Kouji Azegami 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(1):43-51
Black lesions on shoots of European pear trees observed in an orchard in Yamagata Prefecture in May 2007 were suspected to
be caused by a bacterial pathogen. The surface of the colonies isolated on a high sucrose medium did not have the crater morphology
that is characteristic of E. amylovora bvs. 1–3, and a specific DNA fragment was amplified from the isolates in the PCR using the EprpoD primer set. The partial
sequences of the 16S rRNA gene placed the isolates in the genus Erwinia. The isolates differed serologically from E. amylovora biovars and E. pyrifoliae in an Ouchterlony double-diffusion test although their bacterial properties suggested that they are closely related to E. amylovora biovars and E. pyrifoliae. In a DNA–DNA hybridization test, the relatedness between the isolates and E. amylovora biovars or E. pyrifoliae did not exceed 70% level, indicating that they are independent species. Thus, the isolates belongs to the genus Erwnia but are not E. amylovra or E. pyrifoliae. After succulent pear shoots were injected with bacterial suspensions (109, 108, 107 and 106 cfu/ml) of the isolates, lesions formed with 109 and 108 cfu/ml, but the disease incidence with 108 cfu/ml was much lower than with E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae. Virulence of the present isolates is thus thought to be very weak. On the basis of these results, we consider that this
is a new shoot disease of European pear. In the 2007 season, all affected trees were pulled out after harvest. No symptoms
have been observed in field surveys since the fruitlet season in 2007. 相似文献
3.
Martine Maes Kristien Orye Svetoslav Bobev Bart Devreese Jozef Van Beeumen André De Bruyn Roger Busson Piet Herdewijn Kris Morreel Eric Messens 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(8):839-844
The amylovoran structures of five Erwinia amylovora isolates from Malaceae sp. and four isolates from Rubus sp. host plants were fully established, mainly by NMR. The structural data on one E. amylovora isolate from a Malaceae sp. host, which had been previously suggested by mass and NMR (Nimtz et al., 1996), were completed. E. amylovora strains infective on Malaceae sp. host plants had an amylovoran composed of pentasaccharide and 30–40% hexasaccharide repeating-substructures, whereas amylovoran from E. amylovora isolates from Rubus sp. host plants had only the pentasaccharide substructures. On the other hand, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production differed in wild-type E. amylovora strains. Data on in vitro amylovoran production per cell could account for the differences in aggressiveness found in E. amylovora strains, as deduced from a pilot test with highly, moderately, and weakly aggressive strains. This correlation was confirmed with several other wild-type E. amylovora strains from different origin. 相似文献
4.
The chromosome number and electrophoretic karyotype of Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae were investigated. In a genomic Southern blot analysis of seven isolates probed with a telomere consensus sequence (TTAGGG)5, 12 or 14 bands were observed. Furthermore, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of these isolates revealed five or six
chromosomal bands. A band (approx. 3.5 Mbp) common to all isolates apparently contained more than two chromosomes. From these
results, we concluded that each isolate’s chromosome number is six (an eggplant pathotype isolate) or seven (all isolates
of tomato and sweet pepper pathotypes). Although the chromosome sizes differed among isolates, karyotypes were similar within
tomato and sweet pepper pathotypes. A small chromosome (approx. 1.8 Mbp) was observed only in the sweet pepper pathotype.
Subsequent PFGE-Southern hybridization analyses revealed that the three DNA fragments specific to tomato pathotype are located
on the same chromosome. These results suggest that the tomato-pathotype-specific DNA sequences might coexist on one chromosome. 相似文献
5.
M. Mohammadi E. Moltmann W. Zeller K. Geider 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(2):293-302
Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, carries the common plasmid pEA29 of 29 kb. To screen for occurrence of natural strains
without plasmid pEA29, we applied PCR analysis with primers from the plasmid and the chromosomal ams region. In addition, a described TaqMan probe from pEA29 and newly designed primers from the ams-region were used for identification by real-time PCR. One strain isolated in Iran, one strain from Spain and two strains
from Egypt lacked plasmid pEA29. From a recent screening series in southern Germany, in 123 E. amylovora strains from necrotic fire blight host plants, one strain was found without the common plasmid. The strains without pEA29
were virulent in assays with immature pears and on apple seedlings, but showed a reduced growth level in minimal medium without
amino acids and thiamine. Transposon-labelled pEA29 was transformed into the plasmid-free strains resulting in restoration
of this growth deficiency. The plasmid was stably maintained in these E. amylovora cells. The newly designed chromosomal primers for conventional and for real-time PCR identified E. amylovora strains in field samples lacking pEA29. These variants are apparently rare, but were detected in isolates from different
regions in the world with fire blight. 相似文献
6.
Palmira De Bellis Leonardo Schena Corrado Cariddi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(1):11-22
A specific primer couple (E3–E4) amplifying a single DNA fragment of 111 bp from plasmid pEA29 was designed to identify, detect
and quantify Erwinia amylovora by real-time Scorpion-PCR. Specificity of primers and probe was assessed both by means of BLAST analyses and by using genomic
DNA from a large number of E. amylovora isolates and other bacteria. In Scorpion-PCR, the limit of detection was of 1 pg of total DNA and a high correlation (r = 0.999) was achieved between target DNA quantity and cycle threshold (Ct). Combining two sequential amplifications with
conventional reported primers (PEANT1–PEANT2) and Scorpion primers (E3 Scorpion-E4) the detection limit was of 1 fg (nested
Scorpion-PCR). Using serial dilution of the bacterial suspensions the limit of detection was 3.2 × 104 CFU ml−1 in Scorpion-PCR and 2.8 × 102 CFU ml−1 in nested Scorpion-PCR. Real-time PCR combined with effective procedures for DNA extraction enabled the detection and the
quantification of the epiphytic population of E. amylovora in the washings of flowers and leaves of artificially inoculated pear. A significant correlation (r = 0.92) was achieved between pathogen CFU on semi-selective media and the corresponding target DNA concentration evaluated
by real-time PCR. 相似文献
7.
Milan Ivanović Aleksa Obadović Katarina Gašić Gerald V. Minsavage Ellen R. Dickstein Jeffrey B. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(3):545-557
Forty Erwinia amylovora strains originating from different host plants and locations in Serbia and one strain from Montenegro were characterized by conventional, automated and molecular techniques. All strains were Gram-negative, nonfluorescent, facultative anaerobes, oxidase negative, levan positive, produced necrotic lesions followed by bacterial exudate on artificially inoculated immature pear fruits and caused HR on tobacco. Based on carbon source utilization, all strains tested with the Biolog system were identified as E. amylovora. Based on fatty acid profiles all tested strains clustered into three groups in which strains from north Serbia differed from strains isolated in central and south parts of the country. Restriction analysis of genomic DNA using XbaI and PFGE resulted in six different patterns differentiating the strains into six groups. Most of the investigated strains clustered in one group having the pattern type similar to Pt2 group described earlier as dominant in East Europe and the Mediterranean region. Two strains showed PFGE pattern similar to the previously described Pt3 pattern and one strain had pattern similar to Pt6. Based on size and number of the bands, new restriction patterns, assigned as Pt7, Pt8 and Pt9 were observed. PFGE results showed that the E. amylovora population in Serbia is not homogenous and was possibly introduced from different directions. This is the first characterization of E. amylovora collection of strains from Serbia using fatty acid analysis and PFGE. 相似文献
8.
Takayuki Matsuura Hirosuke Shinohara Yasuhiro Inoue Koji Azegami Seiya Tsushima Takanori Tsukamoto Akifumi Mizuno 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(1):53-58
The phylogenetic relationships among Erwinia amylovora biovar 4 (the pathogen of bacterial shoot blight of pear in Japan), other biovars of E. amylovora, and Erwinia pyrifoliae were investigated using the sequences of 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoD genes. The tested isolates formed two distinct monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic trees constructed based on the gyrB gene, rpoD gene, or a combination of the three genes: group 1 contained E. amylovora biovars 1, 2, and 3; group 2 contained E. amylovora bv. 4 and E. pyrifoliae. This phylogenetic analysis showed that E. amylovora bv. 4 was more closely related to E. pyrifoliae than to other biovars of E. amylovora.
The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB242876
to AB242925. 相似文献
9.
Joana G. Vicente Steven J. Roberts 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(4):383-392
Bacterial canker is one of the most important diseases of cherry (Prunus avium). This disease can be caused by two pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae: pv. morsprunorum and pv. syringae. Repetitive DNA polymerase chain reaction-based fingerprinting (rep-PCR) was investigated as a method to distinguish pathovars,
races and isolates of P. syringae from sweet and wild cherry. After amplification of total genomic DNA from 87 isolates using the REP (repetitive extragenic
palindromic), ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) and BOX primers, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis,
groups of isolates showed specific patterns of PCR products. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolates were highly variable. The differences amongst the fingerprints of P. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 isolates were small. The patterns of P. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 2 isolates were also very uniform, with one exception, and distinct from the race 1 isolates. rep-PCR is a rapid and
simple method to identify isolates of the two races of P. syringae pv. morsprunorum; this method can also assist in the identification of P. syringae pv. syringae isolates, although it cannot replace inoculation on susceptible hosts such as cherry and lilac. 相似文献
10.
Karen Walters Ali Maroofi Ed Hitchin John Mansfield 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1990,36(6)
A genomic library of Erwinia amylovora isolate T was constructed in the cosmid pLAFR3 and maintained in Escherichia coli. Clones were transferred individually by conjugation into the non-pathogenic isolate P66 of E. amylovora. Transconjugants were screened for restoration of pathogenicity to pear by stab inoculation into sections of immature pear fruits. Three clones complemented P66 restoring pathogenicity and ability to cause the hypersensitive reaction (HR) in Phaseolus vulgaris. Restriction mapping and hybridization experiments showed that the three clones had a common 3·7 kb fragment of E. amylovora DNA. Sub-cloning and insertion mutagenesis with Tn5-lac confirmed that a determinant of pathogenicity and ability to cause the HR (hrp gene) was located on a 2·1 kb HindIII/BamHI fragment within the common DNA. Hybridization experiments using the 2·1 kb HindIII/BamHI fragment as a probe demonstrated that the hrp gene was located in the chromosome of isolate T and that homologous sequences were present in the non-pathogenic isolates P66 and S. Clones which restored hrp function did not affect the growth of isolate P66 in minimal or nutrient-rich media. Transconjugants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola race 1 harbouring the hrp gene(s) cloned from E. amylovora did not cause the HR in susceptible cultivars of bean but symptoms developed more slowly than in the absence of the clones or with pLAFR3 alone. 相似文献
11.
Akifumi MIZUNO Shigeyoshi SATO Akira KAWAI Koushi NISHIYAMA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(1):48-58
Bacteriological properties and DNA-DNA homology values were compared among the pathogen causing bacterial shoot blight of
pear (BSBP) isolated in 1994–1996, Erwinia amylovora isolated outside of Japan, and other Amylovora group bacteria. Bacteriological properties of BSBP strains were identical
to those of E. amylovora in the majority of tests, but differed distinctively in several tests, including hydrolysis of esculin and acid production
from salicin, etc. BSBP strains differed from the others in the Amylovora group in many other tests. DNA homology among the strains of BSBP
ranged from 85 to 103% and from 83 to 110% among strains of E. amylovora. In contrast, the values between BSBP strains and E. amylovora strains were 55 to 81%, while those between BSBP strains and other Amylovora group strains were 42% or less. We consider,
therefore, that the BSBP pathogen may well be included in E. amylovora at the species level. E. amylovora, including BSBP strains, however, can be classified into four biovars based on differences in nine tests such as growth factor
requirements and crater formation on high sucrose medium. Namely, there are two biovars from Maloideae sources, one from Rubus idaeus, and one from the source of BSBP in Hokkaido. The presence of these biovars suggests a correlation with geographical, serological,
and pathogenic differentiations in the species of E. amylovora. The BSBP pathogen in Hokkaido was identified as E. amylovora bv. 4 which is distinct from E. amylovora bv. 1, 2 and 3 isolated in countries outside of Japan.
Received 29 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 12 October 1999 相似文献
12.
Alternative inoculum sources for fire blight: the potential role of fruit mummies and non‐host plants 下载免费PDF全文
S. Weißhaupt L. Köhl S. Kunz M. Hinze M. Ernst A. Schmid R. T. Voegele 《Plant pathology》2016,65(3):470-483
Fire blight is the most damaging bacterial disease in apple production worldwide. Cankers and symptomless infected shoots are known as sites for the overwintering of Erwinia amylovora, subsequently providing primary inoculum for infection in the spring. In the present work, further potential sources of inoculum were investigated. Real‐time PCR assays covering a 3‐year‐period classified 19·9% of samples taken from fruit mummies as positive. Bacterial abundance in fruit mummies during autumn, winter and spring was up to 109 cells per gram of tissue and correlated well with later infection rates of blossoms. Blossoms of non‐host plants growing close to infected trees were also shown to be colonized by E. amylovora and to enable epiphytic survival and propagation of bacteria. The results indicate a potential role of fruit mummies and buds in overwintering and as a source of primary inoculum for dissemination of the pathogen early in the growing season. Non‐host blossoms may also serve as an inoculum source in the build‐up of the pathogen population. Both aspects may contribute significantly to the epidemiology of E. amylovora. The significance of infected rootstocks as an inoculum source is also discussed. Fruit mummies might be used to determine pathogen pressure in an orchard before the beginning of the blooming period. 相似文献
13.
Modification of a multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for typing isolates of Erwinia amylovora 下载免费PDF全文
Y. Alnaasan F. Valentini G. M. Balestra A. Mazzaglia A. M. D'Onghia L. Varvaro 《Plant pathology》2017,66(7):1075-1080
Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight that affects economically important rosaceous plants, is reported among the most important plant pathogenic bacteria. The low genetic diversity within E. amylovora and the lack of simple and high‐resolution genotyping techniques make epidemiology and evolutionary studies challenging for this pathogen. A multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on a set of nine variable number tandem repeat loci was successfully used to type 46 E. amylovora isolates collected from different host plants in 16 countries, mainly Mediterranean. The nine polymorphic loci proved to have high discriminatory power and to increase the resolution of the MLVA. Thirty‐eight haplotypes clustered in seven clonal complexes. The results identified potentially useful genetic markers among the Mediterranean strains, particularly from the Balkan Peninsula and the Eastern Mediterranean countries. Different MLVA types were observed amongst Italian strains only, indicating the possibility of multiple introductions of the disease. MLVA can be used effectively as a fast, cheap, and simple tool to track E. amylovora infection sources, to gain insight into geographic diversity, and to understand the dynamic evolution of the pathogen. 相似文献
14.
Isolates of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, the causal agent of corky root rot on tomato plants, were assessed for physiological and genetic characteristics using conventional
and molecular techniques. All isolates were able to produce necrosis on tomato roots and classified into temperature group
according to the optimal growth temperatures. Specific-PCR assays and DNA sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal
transcribed spacer region confirmed the existence of both types (Type 1 and Type 2) of the pathogen among the isolates tested.
All isolates were identified as Type 2 except for isolate Pl-4, which was classified as Type 1. Restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with six enzymes resulted in three distinct banding patterns among the isolates depending on
the length and restriction profiles of the rDNA intergenic spacer region. Inter-simple sequence-repeat analysis revealed a
high level of genetic diversity among the isolates in agreement with the data of RFLP analysis. These results indicated that
there were three different intraspecific groups among Turkish isolates of P. lycopersici. The presented study is the first attempting to characterize Turkish isolates of P. lycopersici. The results obtained will be useful in screening of tomato seedlings for resistance to P. lycopersici. 相似文献
15.
Shulamit Manulis D. Zutra Frida Kleitman Orit Dror I. David Miriam Zilberstaine E. Shabi 《Phytoparasitica》1998,26(3):223-230
Following failure in control of fire blight with streptomycin, the distribution of streptomycin-resistant strains ofErwinia amylovora in Israel was surveyed. During 1994–1997 109 pear, apple, loquat and quince orchards were monitored. Streptomycin-resistant
strains ofE. amylovora were recovered from flowers and from infected branches collected at 18 locations in the Sharon, Galilee and Golan Heights
regions. In the Sharon region all the isolated strains ofE. amylovora were streptomycin-resistant, whereas in the Galilee and Golan Heights, resistant as well as sensitiveE. amylovora strains were recovered at different locations. In the southern coastal plain no resistance could be detected. Streptomycin-resistant
strains ofE. amylovora did not hybridize with the DNA probe SMP3, and resistance could not be transferred by mating to a sensitive strain, suggesting
that streptomycin resistance in Israel is not plasmid-mediated. Fire blight symptoms were observed, for the first time, on
pear blossoms during the autumn of 1994. A high population of 2x 106-6x 107 CFU/flower in the autumn of 1995 and of 1996 was correlated with the appearance of blossom blight symptoms. 相似文献
16.
Takanori Tsukamoto Koji Azegami Takayuki Matsuura Tatsuji Ohara Yasuhiro Inoue Akifumi Mizuno Kouji Yoshida Hideo Bessho Shigeru Kimura Masao Goto 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2005,71(4):296-301
The infection frequency of mature apple fruit by Erwinia amylovora and the survival of E. amylovora in the fruit stored at low temperature were investigated. The fruit stems (pedicels) of 460 mature apple fruit were inoculated with 105 or 104 cfu of bioluminescent E. amylovora, tagged with lux genes. Nine days after inoculation, 43% and 27% of the fruit inoculated with 105 and 104 cfu, respectively, were infected. All infected fruit looked healthy. After 6 months of storage at 5°C, almost all of the 142 infected fruit had viable E. amylovora. Of the fruit containing E. amylovora internally, 19.5% had latent infections and the rest had blight symptoms. E. amylovora was not uniformly distributed in the fruit flesh, and internal brown lesions were observed where E. amylovora was densely distributed. These findings showed that mature apple fruit may be infected with E. amylovora, especially as latent infections, and act as a source for long-range dissemination. 相似文献
17.
Fire blight outbreaks in Korea were first reported in 2015. Regular outbreaks have occurred since, indicating a continuous cycle of the fire blight pathogen in Korea. We determined the role of Apis mellifera (honeybee) as a vector of Erwinia amylovora by verifying the following: (a) E. amylovora longevity in/on honeybees; (b) the most common body parts that carry the bacteria; (c) the rate of bacterial spread to healthy host organs; and (d) the relationship between dispersal of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) and virulent bacterial cells. E. amylovora survived for 15 days on the exterior of honeybee bodies and was most abundant on the abdomen in comparison to other areas such as the labellum, wings, and hind legs. In the digestive system of honeybees, E. amylovora survived for 7 days, and bacteria were found in faeces for 3 days after exposure. The bacteria are likely to be VBNC on honeybees. Honeybees that were contaminated with bacteria transferred E. amylovora to healthy immature apple fruit, shoots, and flowers for 10 days after exposure. E. amylovora was also transferred from inoculated plant parts to uncontaminated honeybees. In addition, bacteria moved from inoculated plant tissues to unexposed honeybees and then from these honeybees to healthy plant tissues. Therefore, E. amylovora can survive in/on honeybees for extended amounts of time, which contradicts previous reports. The bacteria moved to host tissues via honeybees, suggesting that honeybees are the vectors of E. amylovora and play a role in the development of new outbreaks of fire blight disease in the central regions of Korea. 相似文献
18.
19.
Malgorzata Waleron Krzysztof Waleron Klaus Geider Ewa Lojkowska 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(2):161-172
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR amplified fragments of recA, gyrA and rpoS genes was applied for the characterization of Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia strains, which cause fire blight and Asian pear blight in orchards. Primers, constructed on the basis of the published recA, gyrA and rpoS gene sequences of Erwinia carotovora, allowed us to amplify DNA fragments for RFLP differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae and finally to distinguish strains within these species and relate them to pear pathogens from Japan. Three to seven restriction
endonucleases were applied for RFLP analysis of each gene fragment. The electrophoretic patterns generated after PCR–RFLP
for each of the tested genes, were characteristic and specific for each species and allowed their differentiation. The data
show that PCR–RFLP analysis of the recA, gyrA and rpoS gene fragments may be considered as a useful tool for the identification and differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae. Almost identical restriction patterns of the analyzed gene fragments indicated a high relationship of E. pyrifoliae strains from Korea and pear pathogens from Japan and a divergence to E. amylovora. For quick and effective differentiation of E. amylovora strains from Erwinia strains from Asia without nucleotide sequencing we recommend the amplification of recA and rpoS gene fragments and digestion of each of them with restriction endonuclease Hin6I. 相似文献
20.
Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Erwinia amylovora based on chromosomal DNA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aboubakr Moradi Jaber Nasiri Hamid Abdollahi Mohammadamin Almasi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(3):609-620
A reliable and rapid pathogen detection protocol that utilizes loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed for detection of Erwinia amylovora, the casual agent of fire blight. The six LAMP primers applied were derived from the highly conserved fragment of the chromosomally amsH gene. Despite the proposed LAMP as well as nested PCR presenting equal values of sensitivity (2?×?101?CFU/ml or more) for pure cultures, as compared with conventional PCR (2?×?103?CFU/ml), both methods were together superior. The specificity assay also showed that the LAMP protocol is species-specific for detection of E. amylovora even in inter-species analysis. Meanwhile, when all 208 naturally infected samples were examined, the specificity value of LAMP was 84%, while conventional and nested PCR could detect only 59% and 73% of the whole collection. Significantly, an independent behaviour versus host plant as well as each strain origin was also observed regarding the current LAMP method as well as other two PCR-based methods. All the results, overall, indicated that the LAMP offers an interesting novel and convenient assay format for the quick and specific chromosomal detection and diagnostic tool of recognition of E. amylovora and therefore presents an alternative to PCR-based assays. 相似文献