麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂合成及表征

以麦芽糖、三聚氰胺和甲醛为主要原料在碱性条件下合成麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂(MMF树脂),对MMF树脂合成工艺进行探讨并研究了麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比(M_(mal)/M_(mel))对MMF树脂的储存稳定性、胶合强度、分子结构以及分子量的影响。结果表明:MMF树脂优化合成工艺的缩聚温度为88~90℃、pH值为9.0~9.5、麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比(M_(mal)/M_(mel))为0.1~0.3;MMF树脂的储存期比MF树脂的储存期延长20d左右;当麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比低于0.3时,胶合板强度达到国家标准Ⅰ类胶合板要求;FT-IR表明MMF树脂分子结构连接方式主要以醚键和亚甲基键为主;GPC表明MMF树脂数均分子量为1600~1750。     

麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂合成及表征北大核心

以麦芽糖、三聚氰胺和甲醛为主要原料在碱性条件下合成麦芽糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂（MMF树脂）,对MMF树脂合成工艺进行探讨并研究了麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比（M_（mal）/M_（mel））对MMF树脂的储存稳定性、胶合强度、分子结构以及分子量的影响。结果表明：MMF树脂优化合成工艺的缩聚温度为88~90℃、pH值为9.0~9.5、麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比（M_（mal）/M_（mel））为0.1~0.3;MMF树脂的储存期比MF树脂的储存期延长20d左右;当麦芽糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比低于0.3时,胶合板强度达到国家标准Ⅰ类胶合板要求;FT-IR表明MMF树脂分子结构连接方式主要以醚键和亚甲基键为主;GPC表明MMF树脂数均分子量为1600~1750。     

高醚含量三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶接胶合板性能研究

采用常规和高醚两种工艺合成了脲醛树脂及三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂,研究了合成工艺、三聚氰胺添加、固化剂种类等对低摩尔比树脂胶接胶合板胶合强度和甲醛释放量的影响。结果表明:高醚工艺合成的脲醛树脂固化时间较长,胶接胶合板甲醛释放量较高。三聚氰胺在反应初期加入合成的高醚改性树脂胶接胶合板,胶合强度高,甲醛释放量低;三聚氰胺在树脂合成反应末期加入时主要起降低板的甲醛释放量作用。复合固化剂可有效促进低游离甲醛含量树脂的固化,提高胶合强度,降低甲醛释放量。     

蔗糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛共缩聚树脂胶黏剂的合成研究

以蔗糖、三聚氰胺、甲醛为原料,在碱性条件下合成了外观为黄色、透明、均一、无沉淀且水溶性好的蔗糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛(SMF)共缩聚树脂木材胶黏剂。采用均匀试验设计对合成反应体系的蔗糖、交联剂用量和甲醛与三聚氰胺的摩尔比进行了优化,通过正交试验设计对桉树胶合板热压工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明:最佳合成条件为:蔗糖与三聚氰胺的摩尔比为0.7,甲醛与三聚氰胺的摩尔比为2.7,交联剂用量为树脂的0.33%;桉树胶合板最佳胶合工艺参数为:双面施胶量为340g/m~2、热压压力为0.9MPa、热压温度为150℃、热压时间为60s/mm。     

E1级三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂的制备与性能研究

采用三聚氰胺对脲醛树脂进行改性,探讨了改性脲醛树脂的合成工艺对性能的影响.结果表明:当甲醛与尿素的最终摩尔比达到1.1:1,并且酸性阶段的甲醛与尿素摩尔比低于1.6:1时,胶合板甲醛释放量才符合E1级(≤1.5 mg/L).当三聚氰胺的用量超过3%,胶合板的胶合强度低于Ⅱ类板0.7 MPa的标准.在树脂固化时,加入1 %的异氰酸酯类固化剂可以在提高胶合性能的同时降低甲醛释放量.以三聚氰胺改性脲醛(MUF)树脂压制的胶合板、装饰贴面板、细木工板经检测均符合E1级的标准要求.     

基于UFC和葡萄糖改性脲醛树脂的合成与性能

在碱性条件下用尿素和甲醛合成脲醛预缩液(UFC),然后用UFC与尿素制备脲醛树脂(UFC/U),并添加葡萄糖对UFC/U改性得到G/UFC/U树脂,采用DSC和FT-IR等对树脂进行分析。结果表明:与普通脲醛树脂(UF)相比,UFC/U树脂胶合强度提高5.83%,游离甲醛含量降低3.70%,G/UFC/U树脂贮存期大于30 d,综合性能较好,G_1-25/UFC/U树脂游离甲醛含量降低44.44%,胶合板湿胶合强度为1.11 MPa,优于国家II类胶合板标准;DSC结果表明:UFC/U、G_1-25/UFC/U比UF树脂的固化特征温度高;FT-IR分析表明:G_1-25/UFC/U和UF树脂相比,羟基及亚甲基醚键的峰强度增强,改性树脂的羟甲基优先和葡萄糖分子C(6)的羟基发生反应生成亚甲基醚键。     

低毒环保型脲醛树脂的研制

以UF树脂压制多层胶合板的甲醛释放量和湿胶合强度为指标,通过正交试验确定合成工艺的主要参数:F/U的终摩尔比、缩聚阶段pH值、加成阶段三聚氰胺(M1)的质量分数,探讨了它们与甲醛释放量以及湿胶合强度的关系,优化出最优方案。压制出七层杨木胶合板性能达到GB/T9846—2004中Ⅱ类指标要求,同时甲醛释放量达到E_0级要求。     

基于淀粉液化改性氨基树脂的合成及表征

以淀粉经α-淀粉酶液化得到的产物(AS)、甲醛(F)、三聚氰胺(M)为主要原料,在弱碱性条件下合成液化淀粉改性氨基树脂(ASMF)。对ASMF树脂的合成工艺、性能及分子结构进行探讨,并对淀粉液化产物进行SEM及FT-IR分析。结果表明:ASMF树脂理想的合成工艺为pH值9.0、合成反应温度区间为88～90℃、甲醛与三聚氰胺摩尔比为2.0:1,淀粉液化产物与三聚氰胺的质量比为0.4:1。在此条件下,ASMF树脂的胶合强度可达1.52 MPa,贮存期可达27 d(25℃)。SEM结果表明:糊化后的淀粉,结构比较疏松,易受到α-淀粉酶的攻击,随着时间的延长,颗粒被破裂成大小不一的碎片;FT-IR结果表明:淀粉液化后N-OKI值下降,结晶度降低;ASMF树脂分子结构主要以亚甲基键和亚甲基醚键相连接。     

纳米氧化镁催化合成木素-酚醛树脂的工艺及性能

以纳米氧化镁(MgO)为催化剂,合成酶解木质素含量为50%的木素-酚醛(LPF)树脂,探究甲醛/苯酚(F/P)量比、MgO添加量、NaOH/P量比等参数对树脂凝胶时间、储存期及试件胶合强度的影响规律。结果表明,LPF树脂的优化合成工艺是:F/P量比为1.9,MgO添加量为1.5%,NaOH/P量比为0.9,制备树脂的凝胶速度较普通树脂提高30%以上,试件胶合强度满足GB/T 9846-2015中I类胶合板要求。     

木薯淀粉基环保型木材胶粘剂的合成研究(Ⅲ)——AMF树脂的合成及其近红外光谱表征

在碱性条件下合成淀粉水解糖-三聚氰胺-甲醛(AMF)共聚树脂胶粘剂,对AMF树脂的合成工艺进行了研究。通过收集NIR近红外光谱图,再利用标准实验方法测得AMF树脂的粘度(25℃)值,生成AMF树脂近红外光谱数据库。采用平滑法-归一法-导数法对光谱数据进行预处理,再运用PLS方法定量校正模型,对AMF树脂粘度进行快速的检测与分析。实验结果表明,AMF树脂合成工艺为:淀粉水解糖与三聚氰胺的质量分数为60%,恒温88℃反应2.5 h,pH值为9.5,甲醛与三聚氰胺摩尔比(M_f/M_m)为1.6、1.8、2.0、2.2;AMF树脂室温下的储存期可长达30 d。光谱数据预处理后,载荷的波数值为7 500~4 000 cm~(-1),PLS矢量数字越低,其维数也就越小。运用PLS方法,通过交互验证,确定维数为3,模型R~2=92.27,RMSECV=4.92,Bias=5.671,回归曲线:y=0.9187 x+5.6726,模型通过验证。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.