辐射松处理材制备实木家具节点性能研究

为探讨改性辐射松应用于实木家具几种连接方式节点的接合强度,以辐射松树脂材与真空热处理树脂材为基材,采用力学试验方法测定"T"型与"L"型构件节点的破坏弯矩并分析其破坏特征。结果表明:相同条件下,树脂材节点接合强度大于热处理树脂材,贯通直角单榫双圆棒榫普通三合一连接件,"T"型构件节点接合强度大于"L"型构件,改性辐射松节点接合强度在一定条件下接近优质木材的节点接合强度。改性辐射松木材可满足实木家具对节点接合强度的要求,具备制造中高档松木家具的可行性。     

竹集成材用于榫卯家具的CMF评价及力学强度分析北大核心

以竹集成材为载体,通过用户感知觉、设计美学、力学强度3方面评价竹集成材作为榫卯家具用材的适用性。在竹集成材用于榫卯家具的用户感知觉、设计美学评价方面,参考CMF设计方法,将竹集成材色彩特性、材料特性、表面处理加工工艺3方面作为评价内容。以家具腿、扶手等部位常应用的T型榫接合构件为例,通过测试9组不同榫头尺寸配合的竹集成材T型榫接合试件的抗弯强度,计算得到其破坏弯矩,评价榫卯家具的力学强度,探究竹集成材家具榫卯节点力学抗弯强度及榫卯尺寸配合的影响规律。结果表明:竹集成材能够满足用户情感需求,符合榫卯家具设计审美,符合榫卯家具力学强度要求,适用于现代榫卯家具的设计与制造。基于对竹集成材用于榫卯家具的适用性评价,提出线形设计、榫卯减量化设计、可拆装榫卯设计3种符合现代加工生产、设计审美及情感需求的竹集成材榫卯家具设计策略,为榫卯家具的现代化转译设计和缓解木材资源供给压力提供方法。     

基于响应面法与MOGA算法的竹集成材榫接合椅子节点力学分析及优化

竹集成材是符合“双碳”目标的可持续发展绿色材料,具有“以竹代木”的巨大潜力。本研究借助竹集成材优良材料性能,基于榫卯结构特性,以竹集成材榫接合椅子为例,运用有限元法(FEM)进行椅子静载荷及耐久性分析,探究竹集成材榫接合椅子及榫接合节点力学特性,搭建响应面模型求解竹集成材T型椭圆榫接合节点榫卯尺寸与其最大等效应力、总形变和最小安全系数的关系,并运用MOGA多目标遗传算法以形变最小化、安全系数最大化为优化目标,进行榫卯尺寸优化。结果表明：竹集成材榫接合椅子静载荷分析所得椅子最大等效应力为6.818 MPa,位于座面大边与椅后腿榫接合节点;最大等效应变值为4.245×10^-3,位于椅子扶手与椅后腿榫接合节点;椅子发生的最大形变为4.433 mm,分布在椅子靠背位置。椅子耐久性分析所得最大等效应力及最大等效应变均位于椅子扶手与椅后腿榫接合节点,分别为4.999 MPa和3.113×10^-3;椅子整体发生的最大形变为3.251 mm,位于椅子靠背上端。由竹集成材T型榫接合节点响应面分析可知,椭圆榫接合节点的最大等效应力及最大形变随着榫头厚度a及榫头长...     

糙木家具中的榫接合结构设计

糙木家具活泼婉转的形态特点以及多样的结构形式,决定了糙木家具的榫卯接合形式是非传统的精密接合。本文指出了糙木家具榫卯配合的三种形式,归纳了糙木家具方形截面构件与圆形截面构件榫接合的四种基本形式以及两种圆形构件间的榫接合形式,用以指导糙木家具榫结构设计,为相关厂家制作糙木产品提供技术支撑。     

实木家具斜角接合结构的可拆装设计与评估北大核心

以现代实木家具中常见的45°斜角接合结构为研究对象,以实现斜角接合结构可拆装,提高其接合强度为目的,分析了现有斜角接合结构的特征与不足,提出一种通过五金连接件与分体榫相结合的45°斜角可拆装改良方案;采用有限元分析方法,从应力分布角度对现有节点和改良节点进行对比分析;通过力学试验方法测试了两种结构的抗弯力学性能。结果表明:改良方案的极限承载力平均值比现有方案高18.7%,通过有限元分析方法获得的节点应力云图与试验中试件的破坏形式具有较好的一致性。改良方案实现了斜角接合节点的可拆装,提高了实木家具斜角接合节点的强度,为后续进一步开发实木家具隐藏式五金连接件及榫卯外观下的节点可拆装设计提供了依据及实现方法。     

桉木单板层积材家具角部“L型构件”接合强度研究

以速生桉木单板层积材为基材,榫接合连接、螺钉连接的L型构件为研究对象,通过对桉木层积材家具接合构件进行抗拉和抗弯力学性能试验,观察、分析8种不同榫接合方式对"L型构件"接合强度的影响。研究结果表明,榫接合强度与接合面积有关,接合面积大则接合强度高;桉木单板层积材本身强度对榫接合无影响;采用偏心连接件、倒刺螺母螺杆连接件的接合强度较低,接合部位不够牢固,在家具的使用过程中容易产生松动。     

家具构件旋转摩擦焊接接合性能研究

圆棒榫旋转摩擦焊接技术具有加工速度快,胶合强度高,且无需任何石化类胶黏剂的优势。以南方松为基材,以双圆榫旋转摩擦焊接和白乳胶胶合的"T"型、"L"型实木构件为研究对象,通过力学强度测试对比两种不同节点接合方式的接合强度以及不同插人深度对圆榫旋转摩擦焊接强度的影响。结果表明,圆棒榫旋转摩擦焊接技术是一种颇具潜力的家具构件连接方式。     

速生松木家具几种节点接合方式的强度比较研究

以南方速生脱脂马尾松松木为基材,以"L"型和"T"型构件为基本构件形式,采用力学实验方法 ,对理想使用状态——即在外力垂直荷载匀速加载的作用下使构件节点发生破坏或变形,测试构件节点破坏强度值及其破坏或变形形式。实验针对8种不同框架节点接合方式(贯通直角单榫接合、不贯通直角暗榫接合、双圆榫接合、倒刺螺母连接件接合、双圆榫与倒刺螺母共同接合、三件式偏心连接件接合,以及45°双圆榫斜角接合和45°不贯通榫斜角接合)的接合强度进行测定。实验结果表明:(1)对于直角连接构件,采用贯通直角单榫接合时的节点接合强度最大;双圆榫与倒刺螺母共同连接的节点接合强度次之;然后强度值从高到低依次为双圆榫接合、倒刺螺母螺杆连接件接合、不贯通直角单榫接合,接合强度最小的是偏心连接件接合;(2)对于45°斜角连接构件,采用45°不贯通榫斜角接合的节点强度大于45°双圆榫斜角接合的节点强度;(3)在相同条件下,"T"型实木构件的节点接合强度总体上大于"L"型实木构件的节点接合强度。研究表明:节点处的基本构件形式("L"型或"T"型)、角部构件的连接形式(直角构件或斜角构件),以及节点的接合方式等都不同程度地影响着马尾松松木家具框架节点的接合强度。     

非胶合条件下松木直角榫卯接合的抗拉力

通过拉伸试验研究了非胶合状态下,木材直角榫卯构件配合间隙、榫头长度和榫卯纹理方向等参数,对榫卯连接节点抗拉力的影响.结果表明:木材直角榫卯构件在拉伸过程中的抗拉力-行程曲线可分为2段,即快速线性上升和近似直线缓慢下降段;在一定范围内,构件抗拉力随着过盈配合公差的增加、榫头长度的延长而提高;同等条件下,榫卯纹理方向一致时的抗拉力要高于榫卯纹理方向直交时.     

基于拆装式结构的实木家具契合榫接合方式分析

笔者以实木家具中拆装式榫接合结构为研究对象,将榫接合形式分为整体式榫接合、插入式榫接合,并结合对相关结构案例的分析,将现行的拆装榫接合方法归纳为搭接式、插接式、自锁式、挤压式、拼接式、栓锁式6种形式。在此基础上提出榫卯现代化改良设计原则,以期为现代化家具设计与生产提供新的思路。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.