环氧树脂/木质碎料复合材料力学性能

以环氧树脂为胶结材料、不同类型的砂和木质碎料作为集料,利用平板振捣器,采用振实法制备了树脂基木质碎料复合材料.分析环氧树脂用量、木质碎料用量以及砂类型对树脂基木质碎料复合材料的抗折、抗压强度的影响规律.结果表明:试件的最大抗压、抗折强度分别可达5.74和17.16 MPa;在相同胶集比下,试件强度随着木质碎料掺入量的增...     

CMC-g-PMMA改性稻壳碎料-水泥复合材料的性能

采用羧甲基纤维素与甲基丙烯酸甲酯的接枝共聚物(CMC-g-PMMA)作为改性剂对稻壳碎料进行表面处理,制成不同稻壳碎料含量的稻壳碎料-水泥复合材料(RHPC).对RHPC复合材料的密度、抗折性能、断面表面形貌、吸声性能、保温性能和燃烧性能进行测试和分析.结果表明:添加CMC-g-PMMA可大幅度提高RHPC复合材料的抗折强度和模量,当稻壳碎料含量为20%,CMC-g-PMMA添加量为1%时,抗折强度和模量分别为未添加助剂试样的2.27和2.71倍;声波频率为2 000 Hz以下,提高稻壳碎料含量后,水泥复合材料的吸声系数明显提高,1 000 Hz时,稻壳碎料含量为40%的试样的吸声系数高达0.67;制备的稻壳碎料-水泥复合材料为不燃性材料,具有良好的保温性能.     

水泥基木质复合材料力学性能研究

以水泥、砂、废弃木屑为原材料,采用马歇尔击实成型及静压成型法,制备用于道路铺装的水泥基木质复合材料,研究其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗压回弹模量、耐水性等性能。结果表明:在28 d养护条件下,水灰比为0.8、集灰比为0.5时,复合材料试件最大抗压强度可达6.78 MPa,最大劈裂抗拉强度可达1.33 MPa;经过15次干湿循环后,该材料的抗压和劈裂抗拉强度仍可达到原始强度的90%以上;由此说明水泥基木质复合材料总体性能满足人行步道使用要求。     

外加剂混凝土耐久性的试验研究

本文针对掺加不同外加剂的混凝土的含气量、抗冻性能、抗压强度、抗折强度等方面的试验研究，提出掺入外加剂是提高水泥混凝土路面耐久性的必要措施。     

道路钢纤维混凝土性能的探讨

本文论述了掺钢纤维对混凝土抗压强度、抗折强度及磨耗性能的影响，分析了钢纤维复合材料抗压强度、抗折强度及耐磨耗。试验证明，混凝土掺钢纤维可显著减少混凝土的磨耗和提高混凝土的抗折强度，使用在路面工程中是效果最好的。     

水泥基木质碎料复合材料热物理特性试验研究

利用DSC法对试验用原材料进行了比热容测试获得了水泥、木屑以及砂的比热容分别为0.76、1.12、0.64J/(g·K),并根据热工原理推算了一种配合比水泥基木质碎料复合材料的比热容。与普通C30混凝土进行室外温度变化规律对比试验,试验结果表明:水泥基木质碎料复合材料具有较为显著的"热阻效应",作为道路铺装材料能够缓解城市"热岛效应"。     

互花米草碎料板的生产工艺

研究以互花米草为原料,以脲醛树脂为胶黏剂制作碎料板的生产工艺。试验表明:在互花米草各部位中以杆部为原料制作出的碎料板性能最好;由于互花米草的表皮存在较高的硅物质,通过加大互花米草茎秆的粉碎程度,使表皮组织尽可能分散,能够显著提高碎料板的性能;互花米草碎料板存在内结合强度和吸水厚度膨胀率性能较差问题,作者尝试通过增加密度和施胶量对性能进行改善,结果表明增加施胶量效果较为明显;将互花米草与木质刨花混合制作木草复合碎料板,容易解决互花米草碎料板内结合强度低的问题,试验中当互花米草的质量分数为35%时,木草复合碎料板的内结合强度超过木质普通刨花板标准要求。     

落叶松胶合木构件横纹受压性能试验研究

为研究落叶松胶合木构件横纹受压性能,选取落叶松为原材料制作胶合木试件,测定落叶松胶合木试件密度、含水率,进行横纹受压性能试验,探讨其破坏模式,并计算横纹抗压强度与横纹抗压弹性模量.试验结果表明:落叶松横纹受压破坏为塑性破坏;密度为0.64 g/cm3的落叶松胶合木构件横纹受压比例极限强度为60.78 MPa;试件含水率为11.3％与12％时的横纹抗压弹性模量分别为:254.8 MPa,245.0 MPa.     

粉煤灰钢纤维混凝土路用性能的研究

文章研究了粉煤灰钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度，分析了掺钢纤维及粉煤灰对混凝土抗压强度、抗折强度的影响，试验结果表明，混凝土掺钢纤维和粉煤灰能提高混凝土的抗折强度与折压比，可应用于路面工程中。     

正交胶合木抗压承载力试验研究

为获得正交胶合木（CLT）截面的综合抗压性能，对由云杉-松-冷杉（SPF）制成的CLT试件进行抗压试验，并基于复合层板理论计算CLT的抗压强度、泊松比及弹性模量等，旨在为CLT力学性能测试提供参考。制作了9个尺寸相同的CLT试件进行轴心受压试验，分析其极限承载力、纵向应变、横向应变、泊松比等的变化规律；依据《木结构设计标准》预测试件的理论承载力并辅以有限元验证。结果表明：荷载-轴向位移试验曲线呈典型的二折线特征，轴压力下试件分别经历了弹性和弹塑性阶段直至试件破坏；经换算得到的SPF等效弹性模量为10 011.57 MPa，抗压强度为35.16 MPa，泊松比为0.39，理论计算值与试验值较为吻合；弹性段有限元模拟结果与试验值吻合良好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.