圆竹家具设计探究

圆竹家具在我国有着悠久的历史,具有丰富的人文内蕴,然而由于圆竹自身特性,造型和生产等方面受到限制,使圆竹家具难以适应现代人多样化的审美需求和工业化生产要求。笔者结合现代设计理念,对圆竹家具的特点和构造形式进行了深入分析,提出现代圆竹设计可以在生产过程上借鉴现代家具标准化统一生产,在外观造型上脱离传统的家具结构,精简家具构件,并且充分利用竹材韧性好等性能优势,突出造型美和材质美以满足现代审美需求;在连接结构上参考新材料或其他材料家具结构,在设计内涵上突出民族文化,引起情感共鸣。旨在为圆竹家具设计与制造提供理论指导,使圆竹家具设计符合现代生产和制造要求,满足消费者对家具外观造型的审美,达到消费者对圆竹家具情感的追求。     

传统圆竹家具创新设计研究

随着家具品类增多,目前具有深厚文化底蕴的传统圆竹家具市场占有率较低,发展缓慢。针对此现象,研究了传统圆竹家具的结构特征,剖析了圆竹家具发展中面临的问题。结合可拆装结构、扁平化设计、材料混搭等方法,从设计的角度提出较为具体的创新设计方法和思路,以提高家具生产中材料利用率和生产效率,降低运输成本,同时更加适应现代审美需求。旨在拓宽圆竹家具市场,促进圆竹家具行业健康快速发展。     

基于批量定制的圆竹家具减量化设计研究

为解决圆竹家具受生产技术的制约而导致产品同质化、附加值低等问题，运用批量定制理念，从优化产品结构、降低制造门槛的角度进行圆竹家具的减量化设计。首先，分析了批量定制对圆竹家具减量化的驱动因素：以定制的柔性化生产实现产品差异化、利用批量的规模化来促进产品的减量化，提出以标准化部件和适应性部件相互配合来实现圆竹家具减量化的思路。其次，展开了设计减量化、工艺减量化和包装减量化的具体策略研究。最后，针对圆竹家具减量化进行设计创新与实践，验证了从批量定制理念出发对圆竹家具进行减量化设计的可行性。     

明清竹家具结构形式的外延与内涵——基于罗兰·巴尔特符号学理论的考察

明清竹家具是中国传统竹家具发展的高峰期,在当前“以竹代塑”背景下,其优秀的造型艺术,尤其是有别于硬木榫卯结构的结构形式为竹家具的创新设计提供了一定的文化源泉。文章依据组成家具的结构部件是否必要的原则,梳理归纳出明清竹家具结构形式可以分为主体结构形式和辅助结构形式2类。同时,从罗兰·巴尔特符号学“外延/内涵”二元理论出发,论述了明清竹家具主体结构形式符号以外延意义为主、辅助结构形式符号以内涵意义为主,进而总结出主体结构形式符号的外延意义是实用功能性的、辅助结构形式符号的内涵意义是审美装饰性的。对于明清竹家具结构形式符号学视角的考察,一方面丰富了明清竹家具研究的理论系统,另一方面可以为当前竹家具的创新设计提供造型意义传达的实践指导。     

竹壁铣削量对竹-木插接结构的力学性能影响研究北大核心

圆竹家具有利于减少生产能耗、提高竹材利用率。针对大多数圆竹家具连接结构接合不便、接合强度低的问题,本文提出了竹-木插接式连接结构,即将竹材内壁铣削为正圆后与实木插接式连接。考察了竹壁铣削量对竹-木胶合性能、插接结构节点抗弯性能的影响。结果表明:竹壁铣削量对竹木胶合剪切强度无显著影响(p>0.05);胶黏剂种类对竹木胶合剪切强度和木破率有显著影响(p<0.05);竹壁铣削量与抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量呈负线性相关;与竹壁铣削量2 mm相比,1 mm和0 mm的抗弯强度分别增加13.60%和37.58%,抗弯弹性模量分别增加13.02%和42.43%。因此,为提高竹-木插接结构的力学性能,建议控制竹壁铣削量,保留更多的圆竹壁厚。研究结果可为竹-木插接结构提供设计依据,并为圆竹家具结构优化提供参考。     

川西民俗竹家具结构及制作工艺研究

川西地区竹资源丰富,竹家具是川西民俗家具的重要组成部分,也是民俗生活的特色代表。通过对川西地区民俗文化、竹资源、竹家具的实地调研,归纳和梳理了川西竹家具中几种常见的结构和制作工艺,论述了川西民俗竹家具发展的主体是以工匠、结构、材料三者之间相互共生而成的价值关系,竹家具外在的形式与工匠手做、结构、工艺等内部因素的相适应形成了川西民俗竹家具的独特征。     

竹集成材家具的造型和生产工艺

自古以来人类就喜欢用木材和竹材来装点室内环境和制作室内家具.因此,实木家具和圆竹家具历史悠久,源远流长,直至现代仍为人们所喜爱.竹集成材家具是近几年开发出来的新生竹家具,因其材料具有大自然赋予的独特美感以及优越的材料特性,并具有生态性和环保性而为国内外,特别为环保意识较强的欧美发达国家所青睐.笔者从家具基材、典型结构、基材天然的造型要素、特殊构件加工及使用场所等几个方面,对竹集成材家具的特点作分析研究.     

基于不同竹单元的家具弯曲构件研究进展

概述了以竹筒、竹条、竹蔑、竹单板等竹单元进行分类的竹制弯曲家具的种类及结构,特别介绍了以此为分类依据的竹制家具中,弯曲形式构件的加工形式和目前弯曲特性的研究进展,指出在家具用竹材的弯曲构件生产中存在的问题及建议。     

圆竹家具新型接合结构设计研究

选择以圆竹家具接合方式作为切入点,从设计开始进行改革,在设计中引入了绿色设计、量产化、可拆装化等概念,并且通过运用借鉴、移植等方法,设计出了4种新型的圆竹家具接合方式,为拆装化的圆竹家具现代化生产提供了新的思路。     

小径级圆竹家具用材力学性能及其设计改良研究

以毛竹、红竹和苦竹为研究对象,对其竹片、圆竹和圆竹不同部位的物理力学性能进行分析对比。研究表明:红竹和苦竹力学性能稍强于毛竹;竹材中部位置力学性能较优,可作为加工圆竹家具用材料。对局部注塑后圆竹力学性能变化的研究表明:注塑可大幅提高圆竹力学性能。根据力学性能变化情况及小径级圆竹特点,分别设计了直角斜接接合、三角并接接合、鱼口接合以及局部注塑后的圆竹丁字榫和偏心连接件连接方式;并将圆棒榫应用于圆竹家具部件接合部,使接合部性能更为优异。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.