基于景观生态学理论的城市湿地休闲开发

随着城市化进程的深入推进,城市湿地已成为城市生态保障的重要资源条件。依托城市湿地来开发生态休闲对城市品质提升的作用日益明显。景观生态学的斑块-廊道理论在城市休闲的规划开发、网络构建和生态保护中具有重要指导意义。以湿地斑块规划休闲活动聚集地,依托湿地廊道建设休闲旅游线路,通过斑块与廊道有机结合来实现休闲景点与休闲线路的连接,构建良性发展的城市湿地休闲旅游网络。以眉山市城市湿地休闲规划开发为例进行了实地应用研究。结果表明:眉山市城市湿地以河流水系为主体,其休闲开发重点为岷江水上休闲带、通济堰古堰文化休闲走廊以及四大城市湿地休闲公园构成的湿地休闲网络,通过构建"源"、"汇"景观格局和湿地资源监测体系来实现生态保护。     

南京秦淮河湿地公园规划设计的探讨

秦淮河湿地公园为南京"绿色江宁"的重点建设工程,是具有"生命"的城市基础设施;公园设计按照湿地生态保护、生态观光休闲、生态科普教育、湿地研究等多功能的生态型社会公益性主题公园进行规划设计.     

狼渡滩湿地公园建设必要性分析

为了切实保护岷县狼渡滩湿地,在概括总结狼渡滩湿地资源及其开发利用现状基础上,提出建议设立狼渡滩湿地公园,进一步分析了设立狼渡滩湿地公园的社会、生态、经济等方面的必要性。     

阿尔山市哈拉哈河城市绿心湿地公园设计

以哈拉哈河位于阿尔山市的一段河流及附近湿地为例,探讨位于城市绿心的城市湿地公园设计。设计基于场地现状景观和资源,以保护为主、合理开发为原则,营造当地典型的植被和湿地景观,展示地域特色文化,营造完善的游憩体系,将公园打造成为城市的绿色生态中心、地域景观文化风貌的集中展示区和市民休闲游憩的后花园,为城市的市民提供景观、游憩、生态等多样的服务。     

商州丹江源湿地公园建设与保护

商州丹江源湿地公园的建设对于保证“南水北调”中线工程水源水质、改善湿地生态环境、建设生态文明,提高湿地保护意识,探索湿地资源保护途径等具有十分重要作用。论文依据湿地公园的功能定位,明确建设和设计的原则,提出设计内容和规模,使之成为以湿地保育、科学研究、湿地游憩、避暑度假、生活休闲、文化探寻等活动为主的湿地公园。     

城市湿地公园资源评价体系建设研究

指出了建立城市湿地公园资源评价体系,有利于摸清湿地公园及周边湿地资源的家底,使湿地资源得到及时有效的保护、有些濒危湿地资源能得到抢救性处理。在湿地发展新形势下,从影响趋势、评价理论基础、遵循的原则、评价内容与方法几个方面探讨了城市湿地公园资源评价体系的建设。     

南京市城市湿地资源保护与利用现状调查研究

湿地的保护与可持续利用是一个地区生态文明建设水平的最重要的标志之一,了解城市湿地资源的现状特点对城市建设及资源保护都有十分重要的意义。本次研究通过3S技术及实地调查的方法,分析统计出2014年南京市城市湿地资源的保护及利用现状及南京城市湿地类型主要特点。南京市湿地面积达103176hm~2,自然湿地60608hm~2,占比58.75%;人工湿地42568hm~2,占比41.25%。其中,河流湿地面积最多,共计44631hm~2,占湿地总面积的43.26%;依次是湖泊湿地和水田湿地。南京城市湿地保护特点更多关注在大面积湿地的范围控制及大型湿地公园的规划与建设。在湿地利用现状上,除一般水域外,种植业占比最大,达18.99%;其后是旅游休闲及养殖业类型。南京市湿地资源现状保护存在的问题主要包括过度围垦、城市开发建设、水体污染及生物资源利用过度利用、管理制度不健全等四个方面。     

重庆阿蓬江国家湿地公园总体规划构思

通过对重庆阿蓬江国家湿地公园现状调查和湿地资源、风景旅游资源的分析研究,按照景观资源的分类要求对湿地公园的景观资源进行综合评价。简要分析项目实施的优势和劣势,在突出生态保护优先的原则下将湿地公园划分为舟白湿地保育区、官渡峡湿地游赏区、蒲花河湿地体验区、濯水湿地服务区、神龟峡湿地探秘区、两河湿地休闲区等6个功能区和1个外围保护地带,并有针对性地提出保护保育规划、生态旅游规划、植物景观规划、土地利用规划、居民社会调控规划、科研和监测规划等相关规划。     

内蒙古图里河国家湿地公园效益分析

湿地公园要充分利用湿地公园内及其周边的自然资源和景观资源,将湿地公园建设成为湿地资源"保护——利用——提高"的国家示范点,给湿地公园性质定位。文章分别分析了湿地公园的生态效益、社会效益、经济效益。     

城市湿地公园景观营造策略——以小河口镇生态湿地公园为例

城市湿地具有维持水、生态平衡和保护生物多样性的功能。小河口生态湿地公园是长江故道生态绿廊重要组成部分，具有重要的自然保护价值。通过保护动、植物种群源，逐步实现改善城镇生态环境，构建平原水乡特色，使小河口生态湿地公园在小河口镇城市建设中充分发挥生态、经济和社会效益。它将成为城市的自然生态“博物馆”,还将是市民休闲、运动和科普学习的大型公共绿地。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.