水性透明涂料涂饰单板光变色的研究

以涂饰与未涂饰的杨木和樟子松单板为试材,利用氙光衰减仪进行光辐射试验,分析其光变色规律及影响因子,并进行耐光性能评价.结果表明:涂饰与未涂饰的单板受光辐射易发生变色,主要表现为明度指数L*降低,色度指数a*和b*上升,其中涂饰与未涂饰的樟子松单板的色度指数b*变化明显;涂饰水性双组分聚氨酯清漆单板的总色差值明显大于涂饰水性丙烯酸清漆单板,涂饰樟子松单板的总色差值大于涂饰的杨木单板;涂料种类和单板树种对涂饰单板的光变色均有一定的影响,但涂料种类影响较明显;涂饰与未涂饰水性双组分聚氨酯清漆的单板总色差值差异不明显,涂饰水性丙烯酸清漆单板的总色差值小于未涂饰的单板.     

涂饰工艺对木质体育地板表面滑动摩擦系数的影响研究

采用正交试验法,研究涂饰工艺对木质体育地板表面滑动摩擦系数的影响,试验因素为面漆涂饰次数、涂料种类和面板砂光目数,试验测试指标为表面滑动摩擦系数。方差分析结果表明,涂料种类与测试指标呈极为显著的影响关系,水性面漆涂饰的试件表面滑动摩擦系数相对较高;其他2个因素与测试指标之间无显著影响关系。砂光目数极可能对表面滑动摩擦系数有一定影响,但这一影响关系被底漆涂饰工艺所覆盖,因此所有试件的表面滑动摩擦系数全部达到了国家标准的要求。     

基于水性丙烯酸涂料的家具用竹集成材涂饰工艺研究

采用水性丙烯酸(T1)、自交联聚氨酯改性水性丙烯酸(T2)、水性聚氨酯丙烯酸(T3)对家具用竹集成材进行涂饰,探究不同的丙烯酸种类、涂饰方式及涂布量对漆膜性能的影响。结果表明：水性丙烯酸种类对漆膜性能有一定影响,T3底漆和面漆的表干/实干时间较快,底漆为8 min/8.5 min、第一次面漆为7 min/7.5 min、第二次面漆为6 min/6.5 min, T2和T3的硬度略高于T1,均为B级,附着力均为0级。综合比较下,T3的性能较佳。涂饰方式对漆膜性能影响不明显,不同涂饰方式下底漆表干/实干时间为8 min/8.5 min,面漆表干/实干时间为6.5 min/7 min,其硬度和附着力均为B级和0级,一底一面涂饰下漆膜耐磨性较佳,为51.24 mg·100 r^-1。涂布量对漆膜性能影响较大,漆膜表干/实干时间会随着涂布量的增加而增大,涂布量为80 g·m^-2时漆膜的附着力、硬度及耐磨性最佳,分别为0级、B级和51.24 mg·100 r^-1。     

观光木木材涂饰工艺研究

观光木是广西大力发展的珍稀树种之一,具有优良的材性和机械加工性能.本文以观光木木材用的涂饰聚氨酯清漆和水性木器漆为研究对象,研究漆膜理化性能、光泽度和色度学特征的变化规律,为观光木木材高附加值实木制品的开发利用提供理论依据和信息.研究表明：①聚氨酯清漆的最佳涂饰工艺为：砂纸选用400#（表面粗糙度Ra为2.3）,底漆涂布量为50 g/m2,面漆涂布量为70 g/m2,涂饰次数为3底3面;②水性木器漆涂料的最佳涂饰工艺为：砂纸选用320#（表面粗糙度Ra为2.9）,底漆涂布量为100g/m2,面漆涂布量为120g/m2,涂饰次数为3底3面;③从漆膜理化性能、改善观光木表面光泽度和色度学特征以及节约原料看,聚氨酯清漆比水性木器漆有较明显的优势.     

高级家具透明涂饰工艺

随着家具涂饰工艺技术的发展和人民生活水平的提高 ,高档家具以其精湛的工艺与华丽的外观 ,深受广大消费者的青睐。高级家具除材料、结构与做工质量较为讲究外 ,表面装饰也是一项重要的指标。本文介绍一种高级家具的透明涂饰工艺 ,整个涂饰工艺过程包括木材表面处理、涂饰涂料、涂层干燥、涂膜修整及涂层固化五大部分。1　木材表面处理家具白坯表面是否光洁 ,色彩是否协调 ,直接影响到后期的涂饰质量 ,所以涂饰之前必需进行表面处理 ,以满足后续工艺的要求。木材表面处理主要包括脱脂、脱色、除木毛、嵌补洞眼和裂缝等工序。2　涂饰涂料涂饰…     

玉眼木纹涂饰技术在木制品装饰中的应用

涂饰,是在制品的表面涂饰一层涂料,固化后将制品的表面与空气、阳光、水分、酸碱等外界物质隔开,以防止外界物质的侵蚀与污染,从而达到保护与美化制品的目的.在我国,传统涂饰技术有5 000多年的历史,随着涂料工业的发展,家具的涂饰也发生了根本性的变化,由传统的简单油漆而变得丰富多彩.     

儿茶素改性水性UV木器涂料的抗菌抗病毒及漆膜性能研究

选用一种适合与水性UV木器涂料混合的儿茶素类生物功能材料作为抗菌抗病毒助剂,制备具有抗菌抗病毒功能的环保木器涂料（标记为AWU涂料）,并与未添加助剂的水性UV木器涂料（标记为WU涂料）对比分析,探究儿茶素改性水性UV木器涂料的抗菌抗病毒活性及漆膜理化性能。结果表明：AUV涂料漆膜的抗菌率及抗病毒活性率均大于99.99%,实现了抗菌抗病毒的效果;抗菌抗病毒助剂加入未对漆膜的微观形貌造成不利影响,同时改善了漆膜的铅笔硬度、光泽度,还优化了涂饰后木器表面的色度,为抗菌抗病毒木器涂料的研发与应用提供了理论依据。     

纳米TiO_2改性涂料涂饰染色单板的光变色

利用纳米TiO2改性水性双组份聚氨脂清漆和丙烯酸清漆,将改性涂料直接涂饰染色单板并进行氙光辐射试验,探讨了纳米TiO2对染色单板光变色的抑制作用以及纳米TiO2加入量对光变色性的影响。结果表明,聚氨酯和丙烯酸清漆中纳米TiO2加入量分别为3%和5%时对染色单板光变色的抑制效果最佳。光辐射前后,涂饰改性与未改性聚氨酯清漆杨木染色单板的色差ΔEa*b分别为18.75、22.98,丙烯酸清漆的分别为11.75和16.98。改性涂料涂饰染色单板的光变色度小于未改性涂料染色单板,主要在于改性涂料能显著抑制染色单板红绿色品指数a*的变化。     

家具表面涂饰质量评估

涂饰也称涂装或油漆装饰,是指用涂料(旧称油漆)涂饰家具(或其零部件)在其表面形成具有一系列装饰保护性能的漆膜(或涂膜).     

耐磨高硬度水性涂料实木复合地板通过鉴定

2019年1月,圣象集团有限公司研发的“耐磨高硬度水性涂料实木复合地板”通过了中国林产工业协会组织的新产品鉴定。该产品使用快干高性能水性光固化(UV)木器涂料进行表面涂饰,采用20~60HS硬度的胶辊辊涂,底漆涂布量15~50g/m^2,面漆涂布量4~10g/m^2,通过微波、红外、热风组合干燥,实现了快干高性能水性光固化(UV)木器涂料在木地板工业化生产的成功应用。现已制备出了具备耐磨、高硬度的水性涂料实木复合地板,并制订了《水性光固化(UV)漆木地板》(Q/SXHB01-2019)企业标准。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.