金属网与木单板的复合

本研究着重考察不同胶粘剂种类、不同金属材料和不同规格金属网，在不同组坯条件下压制复合板的电磁屏蔽性能。确定木单板与金属网的复合工艺，结果表明，板材的电磁屏蔽效能在1-1000MHz范围内可达到40dB以上；采用处理剂A处理金属网，可改善金属网与木材的胶合；复合板的胶合强度符合国家标准GB9846.12-88的要求。     

桉木多层复合穿孔吸声板工艺参数对甲醛释放量的影响

利用桉木胶合板制备木质穿孔吸声材料,采用40 L干燥器法测定板材甲醛释放量,通过全因子试验探讨单板层数、孔径、穿孔率等因素对穿孔板甲醛释放量的影响。结果表明:单板层数、穿孔率和孔径对桉木多层复合穿孔板甲醛释放量均有极显著影响,先后次序为单板层数穿孔率孔径;穿孔板的甲醛释放量随着单板层数和穿孔率的增加而增大,随着孔径的增大而降低,在满足桉木多层复合穿孔板吸声系数符合要求的情况下,可适当减少板材层数以降低甲醛释放量;甲醛释放量主要来源于穿孔板向外界释放的总面积,可采用对穿孔内壁进行封闭或使用无甲醛胶黏剂的手段,减少或避免吸声板因穿孔工艺带来的甲醛释放量增大。     

杨木单板顺纹拉伸性能研究

杨木单板是木竹复合层合板的组分材料之一,其力学性能直接影响木竹复合层合板的力学性能.因此,研究其力学性能对木竹复合层合板的结构设计和优化有重要的意义.常态下杨木单板在不同压力下的顺纹拉伸弹性性能试验结果表明:压力相同时,随着板厚的增大,单板拉伸弹性模量呈现增大趋势;随着压力的增大,杨木单板的拉伸弹性模量和抗拉强度增大.     

利用速生杨木单板和高密度板生产多层实木复合地板的质量要求与质量控制

实木地板和强化地板的生产,在国内外已是成熟技术,生产厂家很多,质量已经过关.利用速生杨木单板生产多层实木复合地板,在国内也有一些企业开始试验和生产,但利用速生杨木单板和高密度板生产的多层实木复合地板尚未见报道.利用速生杨木生产高档多层实木复合地板,其研究特色和创新之处在于针对江苏丰富的杨木资源及其速生材固有的材质松脆、纹理粗糙、强度较低的特性,研究其强度、质感的改进方法,扩大杨木的加工利用领域,使其由普通板材半成品向高档多层实木复合地板产品提升,产品和技术开发成功后,会由于其所在地的原料优势、价格优势和劳动力优势,在国内外市场上具有很强的竞争能力.笔者在分别以速生杨木单板为基材、以速生杨木单板和高密度板为基材的两种类型多层实木复合地板的制造技术研究的基础上,对这两类杨木多层实木复合地板产品进行了性能测试和质量分析.     

互花米草碎料板的生产工艺

研究以互花米草为原料,以脲醛树脂为胶黏剂制作碎料板的生产工艺。试验表明:在互花米草各部位中以杆部为原料制作出的碎料板性能最好;由于互花米草的表皮存在较高的硅物质,通过加大互花米草茎秆的粉碎程度,使表皮组织尽可能分散,能够显著提高碎料板的性能;互花米草碎料板存在内结合强度和吸水厚度膨胀率性能较差问题,作者尝试通过增加密度和施胶量对性能进行改善,结果表明增加施胶量效果较为明显;将互花米草与木质刨花混合制作木草复合碎料板,容易解决互花米草碎料板内结合强度低的问题,试验中当互花米草的质量分数为35%时,木草复合碎料板的内结合强度超过木质普通刨花板标准要求。     

浸胶疏解单板含水率对杨木重组木性能的影响

采用不同含水率的浸胶疏解杨木单板制备重组木,探讨浸胶后单板含水率对重组木传热性能、表面性能及物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:在相同密度条件下,随着浸胶单板含水率的增加,试板的表层、芯层最高温度以及表层温度升温速率逐渐降低;在含水率为12%时,试板的表面润湿性能、表面粗糙度、耐水性能以及静曲强度较优。     

厚单板制备木质复合板材的工艺、关键设备和性能

针对木材单板化利用受限于单板厚度的难题,提出采用4~10 mm厚度单板制备木质复合板材的技术方案,介绍厚单板旋切、展平和干燥等关键工序的技术和设备特点,以及采用厚单板制备胶合板、单板层积材和竹木复合板材等3种木质复合板材的制备工艺和主要性能,为厚单板的产业化利用提供技术支撑。     

浸渍塑化杨木单板顺纹弯曲性能研究

本研究以酚醛树脂为浸渍液,杨木单板为木材试样,对经浸渍塑化处理的杨木单板进行三点弯曲试验,探索了木/竹复合层合板的组分材料--塑化杨木单板受不同压力时的顺纹弯曲弹性性能,并分析了其与塑化压力间的关系.结果表明,塑化杨木单板的静曲模量和静曲强度与塑化压力呈非线性关系.通过对杨木单板试验研究,为木材/竹材复合材料制造过程中的结构设计和生产工艺提供一定的理论依据和基本思路,并对产品的设计、组织现场生产和产品质量评估提供一定的参考.     

新型竹质复合板的研究(Ⅱ)

本文对用喷砂处理的竹片作表层材料、芯层用木刨花制成的复合胶合板作了研究,结果表明复合胶合板具有非常高的强度,生产中可采用先将竹片和木单板胶合成一片,再将其和木刨花一次复合成板的工艺。     

金属网/木质材料复合性能的研究

用10日不锈钢金属网与木材(速生杉木板为芯层，杨木单板为表层)进行复合试验，并与相同工艺条件下制作不加金属网的细木工板的物理力学性能进行对比分析，结果表明：在一定的工艺条件下，可以生产出具有优良性能的金属网强化细木工板。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.