纸管材料在家具结构中的设计

以探讨纸管家具整体结构及连接节点的设计形式为目的,归纳、总结出不同形式纸质材料的特点,以纸管为主要材料进行家具设计研究;以日本建筑设计师坂茂的建筑作品为切入点,针对其建筑手法进行探究,并将其结构建造方法引用到家具设计中;探讨了纸管家具连接节点的设计原则与方法并得出结论:结构对于纸管家具是至关重要的,纸管家具的整体结构形式可以分为排列式、框架搭建式、组合式等,连接方式可采用嵌套、捆绑、连接件连接等,实现结构的合理化设计。     

有限元法在实木榫接合家具结构设计中的应用

文中从实木榫接合家具节点、构件和整体框架3个层面,总结、分析有限元法在实木榫接合家具结构设计中的应用现状,并对该领域存在的主要问题及未来研究趋势进行了阐释。目前主要存在以下问题:1）未形成系统性的有限元分析方法,不同研究者之间存在较大差异;2）分析准确度不高,大多研究仅为有限元软件的模拟分析,缺乏试验验证;3）未建立合理的榫接合节点有限元模型,通常将榫接合节点视为刚性节点处理。未来研究可围绕以下几方面开展:1）榫接合节点有限元模型的建立方法及简化方法;2）实木榫接合家具疲劳寿命的有限元分析方法;3）基于有限元法的实木榫接合家具结构优化设计方法;4）二次开发,在有限元分析软件的基础上,建立实木榫接合家具结构设计模块;5）实木榫接合家具智能设计与制造系统开发。将有限元法应用于实木榫接合家具的结构设计中,将有助于实木榫接合家具的结构优化设计、智能设计与制造。     

基于合理尺度感的家具设计——评《建筑空间与家具——家具设计思路的演绎》

正家具的陈列和设计与人们对建筑室内居住环境感官体验的不断改变密切相关。由于建筑空间迥异,家居设计在空间尺度上存在较大差异,加之家具种类千变万化、风格丰富多样,在进行建筑空间的测算与家具优选、陈设方面需要充分考虑空间的尺度以及家具的造型、配色、材质等。由于城市化的快速发展,人居空间受到很大程度的限制,     

吉林蛟河阔叶红松林中红松的空间格局分析

本文基于阔叶红松林30hm2(500m×600m)固定监测样地,分析了红松在各林层(主林层、次林层、林下层)的空间分布、各林层之间的关联性。结果显示:(1)红松在各林层都在小尺度上呈聚集性分布,大尺度上呈随机分布;且在低林层聚集性强度高于高林层。(2)红松各林层关联性表现为主林层与次林层在小尺度上呈正相关,大尺度上关联性不显著;主林层与林下层在小尺度上呈负相关,大尺度上关联性不显著;次林层与林下层在所有尺度上呈现显著正相关。说明红松种子扩散和红松个体间竞争对空间分布起着重要作用。     

浑善达克沙地2种生境下榆树种群空间点格局

以浑善达克沙地固定沙丘与丘间低地2种生境下榆树种群为研究对象,采用点格局分析法对不同生长阶段榆树种群的空间分布格局及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:丘间低地种群整体在<10m的小尺度上呈现聚集分布,幼树和中龄树在大尺度上呈随机分布,而成熟树呈现聚集分布;各发育阶段间的空间关联主要表现在小尺度上,随着空间尺度的增加,空间关联性微弱;固定沙丘榆树种群均在小尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度增大种群呈现随机分布趋势;中龄树和成熟树间在小尺度上呈正关联,各个发育阶段间在大尺度上空间关联性很小。     

基于快鸟的多尺度景观模糊分析城市绿地

以25像元和150像元的目标分割值生成小尺度和大尺度的快鸟影像景观目标层,利用知识分类提取出绿地信息,计算分析城市绿地6种景观参数,并利用模糊数学方法构造景观综合指数,研究探讨多尺度城市绿地景观特征。结果表明:多分辨率分割方法能有效产生两种绿地景观尺度;小尺度景观指标大多大于大尺度景观指标,符合景观学规律。     

基于遗产廊道网络构建的景观风貌保护规划探索

近年来,对文化景观遗产的保护呈现从单个遗产节点到小尺度遗产廊道,再到大尺度遗产区域的发展趋势。构建遗产廊道网络是延续地域文脉、保护景观风貌的重要手段。文中在分析遗产廊道网络的构成要素、规模等级和主体功能的基础上形成对遗产廊道网络的整体认知体系,提出以真实性、完整性、连续性和多样性为原则进一步形成构建不同尺度遗产廊道网络保护的理论框架,以期有效整合文化景观遗产资源,并为景观风貌保护规划提供新的思路。     

家具造型特征定量模型的构建研究

针对家具造型中的复杂性和不确定性设计信息,以造型特征空间构建和造型信息层次分析为基础,提取了家具造型中的几何特征;并基于数量化理论Ⅰ的产品意象造型研究方法,分析家具造型语义特征,发掘感性意象与造型要素之间的映射关系,构建了基于造型特征、语义特征及其映射关系的家具造型特征定量化模型。     

胶合竹植筋节点抗拔性能影响因素

胶合竹家具,如落地衣架和落地灯,存在着主杆节点的强度不足和美观度不佳等问题。植筋连接技术被广泛认为可以显著提升竹木构件节点的抗拔性能,而且由于其内置的特性,不会影响外形美观。尽管胶合竹植筋连接技术在建筑领域的方形梁柱节点中得到了广泛应用,但本研究旨在将这一技术应用于产品领域的胶合竹家具圆杆节点。在改变胶合竹植筋节点的形状后,需要通过试验分析来确定各项合理化设计参数,以提升节点的抗拔性能。选取胶合竹植筋圆杆为研究对象,以植筋边距、胶层厚度、植筋长径比等因素为研究变量。采用拉-拉模式进行抗拔性能试验,记录试件破坏模式和节点极限荷载。在试验过程中,出现胶合竹劈裂破坏、植筋拔出破坏和植筋屈服破坏3种破坏模式。研究结果表明：为防止胶合竹劈裂破坏,胶合竹与植筋直径之比应不小于8;节点极限荷载受胶层厚度影响显著,但胶层厚度不宜过大,当植筋直径为4 mm时,胶层厚度可设置为1.0～1.5 mm;节点极限荷载随着植筋长径比增加而提高,对于直径为4和8 mm的植筋杆,屈服破坏的临界植筋长径比均可取为15。基于试验结果,本研究提出了胶合竹植筋节点极限荷载预测方程,计算值与试验值较为接近。     

实木家具斜角接合结构的可拆装设计与评估北大核心

以现代实木家具中常见的45°斜角接合结构为研究对象,以实现斜角接合结构可拆装,提高其接合强度为目的,分析了现有斜角接合结构的特征与不足,提出一种通过五金连接件与分体榫相结合的45°斜角可拆装改良方案;采用有限元分析方法,从应力分布角度对现有节点和改良节点进行对比分析;通过力学试验方法测试了两种结构的抗弯力学性能。结果表明:改良方案的极限承载力平均值比现有方案高18.7%,通过有限元分析方法获得的节点应力云图与试验中试件的破坏形式具有较好的一致性。改良方案实现了斜角接合节点的可拆装,提高了实木家具斜角接合节点的强度,为后续进一步开发实木家具隐藏式五金连接件及榫卯外观下的节点可拆装设计提供了依据及实现方法。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.