油桐异质型乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA亚基全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

为了揭示油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA基因的序列特点和结构功能,从而为该基因的深入研究和开发利用奠定基础,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α亚基全长cDNA序列。测序结果表明:该基因cDNA序列全长2 313 bp,编码770个氨基酸;以其推导出的α亚基氨基酸序列蛋白的等电点pI为8.48,相对分子量为85 902.7 Da,稳定系数为37.33。生物信息学分析结果表明:此蛋白含有4个比较明显的跨膜区,是一个不稳定的非分泌蛋白。模体搜索结果表明:在α亚基上有羧基转移酶域和ACCA功能域;其三级结构中有14个α螺旋,整体呈球型,并有一个向外延伸的结构。该基因已登录到GenBank,命名为VfCTα。     

油茶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶BC亚基全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

以油茶‘湘林1号’品种的近成熟种子为材料,采用简并PCR、RACE、交错PCR等技术,获得了油茶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶BC亚基基因的全长cDNA克隆。该基因cDNA序列全长1 901 bp,含有一个1 599 bp的ORF,编码533个氨基酸残基。BC蛋白的等电点pI为6.88,分子量为58 509.3 u,含两个跨膜结构域,是一个不稳定的非分泌蛋白。模体搜索结果表明在BC上具有N-糖基化位点、蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、ATP结合位点等多个功能结构域。同源建模的模型中发现12个α-螺旋,整个BC蛋白为一个内凹的结构。该基因已登录到GenBank,并被命名为co-bc。     

油桐ALDH22A1和ALDH2C4基因克隆及其序列分析

为给油桐ALDH基因的结构与功能研究提供理论依据,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐ALDH22A1基因和ALDH2C4基因的全长cDNA序列。ALDH22A1的cDNA序列全长1 782 bp,编码593个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为65.60 kDa,理论等电点为6.62,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,具有1个明显的跨膜结构,是稳定的非分泌蛋白。ALDH2C4的cDNA序列全长1 506 bp,编码501个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为54.82 kDa,理论等电点为6.58,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,是不具有跨膜结构的膜外蛋白。BLASTp分析结果表明,这2个基因所编码序列与麻疯树、蓖麻的乙醛脱氢酶一致性最高,高达80%以上,含有醛脱氢酶基因家族的保守结构域。     

油桐LEC1基因的cDNA克隆与序列分析

为了解LEC1(Leafy Cotyledon 1)基因对油桐油脂合成过程的调控机理,以油桐种仁转录组数据库中基因的部分c DNA序列为基础,采用RT-PCR技术从油桐种子中克隆LEC1基因的全长c DNA,并对其进行序列分析。油桐LEC1基因全长c DNA为1 152 bp,编码区为729 bp(142~870),编码243个氨基酸,5′端非编码区和3′端非编码区分别为141 bp和263 bp。该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为27 025.4 Da,理论等电点为6.97;蛋白二级结构以不规则卷曲和α螺旋为主,是不具有跨膜结构的膜外蛋白。经对比发现,油桐LEC1具有典型的HAP3结构特点,在不保守的N端和C端中间有1个十分保守的结构域,与拟南芥、玉米、麻风树、黄连木等的LEC1氨基酸序列高度同源。     

油桐烯脂酰CoA还原酶的克隆与表达模式分析

以葡萄桐近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组数据库中已知部分烯脂酰CoA还原酶(enoyl-CoA reductase,ECR)序列,利用RACE克隆技术,克隆得油桐烯脂酰CoA还原酶的全长c DNA序列,命名为VfECR,并对该基因的核苷酸序列及其相应氨基酸序列的理化性质、疏水性/亲水性、跨膜结构域、蛋白质的二、三级结构、亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明:该基因全长1 154 bp,含有一个933 bp的开放阅读框,编码310个氨基酸,属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,含有6个明显的跨膜结构域,且与陆地棉ECR蛋白的同源性最高,亲缘关系最为接近。同时利用RT-qPCR对VfECR基因的组织特异性和种子发育过程中的表达模式进行了分析,发现油桐Vf ECR基因主要在种仁中表达,在根、茎、叶等组织中表达量较少;在种子发育过程中,近成熟(8月、9月)到成熟种子(10月)中的表达量要明显高于未成熟种子(6月、7月)。     

油桐油体蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

油桐油体蛋白与油桐脂肪酸储藏密切相关。通过构建油桐cDNA文库和EST文库,用分子生物学手段分离克隆出两个油桐油体蛋白基因的全长cDNA序列。通过分析表明,两个油体蛋白基因的全长cDNA分别为738 bp、838 bp,各包含1个完整的CDS,分别编码137个、154个氨基酸。分别命名为VF_oleⅠ,VF_oleⅡ。通过与其它物种的19条油体蛋白氨基酸序列比对,油桐油体蛋白基因分别与麻疯树oleosin 3和麻疯树oleosin 2的相似性最高,分别为84%、82%。通过软件预测表明,油桐油体蛋白等电点分别为10.315、10.335,都存在跨膜结构域,且存在信号肽剪切位点,中部都存在一个较长的疏水区,C末端都是以α-螺旋为主。     

杜仲MVA途径相关基因全长cDNA序列特征研究

杜仲幼果和成熟果转录组测序的基础上,分离鉴定了幼果和成熟果MVA途径ACOT、HMGS、HMGR基因全长cDNA序列,并对基因的核苷酸序列及其相应氨基酸序列的组成成分、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质二、三级结构、分子系统进化等进行分析。EuACOT基因全长cDNA为1 248 bp,编码416个氨基酸,属于稳定疏水性蛋白,无明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与烟草和番茄的ACOT蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;EuHMGS基因全长cDNA为1 356 bp,编码452个氨基酸,属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,无明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与茶树的HMGS蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;EuHMGR基因全长cDNA为1 770 bp,编码590个氨基酸,属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,有两个较明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与杜仲的HMGR蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;以上三个蛋白的二级结构均是以α-螺旋和螺环结构为主的混合型结构。     

月月桂AACT基因的cDNA全长克隆及生物信息学分析

为了克隆分离月月桂AACT(乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶)全长基因,并研究其基因特征和蛋白结构,以月月桂花瓣RNA为模板,通过反转录PCR及RACCE技术分离克隆AACT全长。再利用NCBI网站及生物信息学软件对其碱基分布、氨基酸组成、亲疏水性、二级结构、保守区及三级结构进行预测和分析,并对10个物种的AACT氨基酸进行多重比对,对基因进行进化分析。分离克隆出AACT基因的cDNA序列长为1580bp,编码405个氨基酸,该蛋白质相对分子质量为41347.89D,等电点为5.66,其中Ala含量最高为14.53%,平均疏水值为0.215,属Cond-enzymes超家族。氨基酸序列比对中,胡黄连、假马齿苋氨基酸序列同源性最高。OsAACT基因稳定,编码的蛋白为疏水性蛋白,其在进化过程中相对保守。试验获得的基因信息为萜类物质合成途径进一步研究奠定基础。     

油桐delta 8脱饱和酶基因的全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

桐油是制备生物柴油的优势原料。delta 8脱饱和酶基因与植物膜脂、鞘磷脂的生物合成及细胞信号传递途径有关。通过简并PCR扩增、3’RACE、5’RACE及编码区扩增获得了油桐delta 8脱饱和酶的全长c DNA序列。该基因全长1 787 bp,ORF的长度为1 344 bp,编码447个氨基酸。经过网上比对分析,发现油桐delta 8脱饱和酶与其它植物的此基因具有较高同源性,其中与蓖麻脂肪酸去饱和酶相似度达83%。研究结果为揭示油桐油脂合成途径及分子定向育种奠定基础。     

油桐尺蛾核型多角体病毒lef-8基因结构及系统进化分析

lef-8基因作为杆状病毒重要的早期表达基因,编码病毒RNA聚合酶的最大亚基。本文通过对油桐尺蛾核型多角体病毒lef-8基因进行测序,对其基因结构及其在杆状病毒中的系统进化进行了分析。发现lef-8基因在油桐尺蛾核型多角体病毒中编码区长2 634 bp,编码877个氨基酸。在5’-UTR区具有可能为其启动子及转录起始位点的信号序列,在3’-UTR区具有加尾信号序列,但这些序列的具体功能还有待进一步研究。其蛋白序列与常见的模式NPV同源性较低,但具有共同的签名序列。通过对杆状病毒lef-8基因的系统进化分析,发现颗粒体病毒和核型多角体病毒明显分为两支,而核型多角体病毒中又明显分为4个分支,其进化关系在很大程度上与其寄主的进化关系相关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.