西蜀园林竹景观的意境营造初探

竹景观是西蜀园林植物造景的重要组成部分,不仅具有秀丽美观的形式美,而且具有丰富的意境美,体现了西蜀园林植物造景的特色。在对西蜀园林进行文献阅读和实地调查的基础上,对西蜀园林竹景观意境进行了分析,从物质建构和精神建构两方面探讨了西蜀园林竹景观意境的营造方法,以期为当代西蜀园林植物意境的营造提供参考。     

四川名人纪念园林与古代公共园林

以四川古代名人纪念园林为例,从园林性质与园林艺术两个方面阐述了古代名人纪念园林公共园林的关系.提出其造园手法对于目前的新农村建设具有一定的传承和借鉴意义.     

千古第一爱情名园——文君井造园艺术分析

文君井是一处以纪念我国汉赋大家、大文豪司马相如与临邛才女卓文君爱情佳话的纪念性园林.它融西蜀园林自然古朴和江南园林精巧玲珑之风格于一体,通过巧妙的空间布局、建筑山石、植物培置、楹联匾额,营造出浪漫的爱情氛围,其造园风格独特,是中国传统园林中唯——座集纪念与爱情主题为一体的园林.     

地域文化在园林小品设计中的表达——以丽水园林小品为例

指出了园林小品既能美化环境、丰富园趣,为市民提供文化休闲和公共活动的需要,又能让人从中获得美的感受和良好的教益,不仅具有实用性和观赏性,更具有地域文化特色。以浙江省丽水市地域园林小品的文化特色及存在问题作为研究方向,实地考察了310个(组)园林小品,通过材料应用、色彩选择、主题表现3方面对丽水地域园林小品进行了研究。开展典型案例分析,阐述了丽水地域园林小品表达的4方面显著的地域文化主题:民间技艺、地域名人、建筑院落、地名标识。论述了丽水地域文化与园林小品的关系,最终得出了应用优势并提出了改进措施。     

浅析古镇园林环境的保护

研究了我国已有的园林现状、特色等方面,对园林环境的保护提出了一些建议和意见：需要对园林进行区域的划分,分区域进行管理;禁止人员随意或是恶意对园林中的建筑或是植被等进行破坏,禁止对林区进行砍伐,提高园林的绿化率;对于古镇园林中的一些名人故居或是历史文物等应加大宣传的力度,可以为其修建一个小型的纪念馆或是博物馆;请一些对民居文化、民族历史文化等有研究的学者来开展讲座等活动。     

明清时期山东境内私家园林地域特征探析

中国古典园林文化博大精深,不同时期和不同地域的私家园林都有其独特性。山东作为早期中国古典园林的发源地之一,不论造园水平、文化内涵还是地域风貌都有其鲜明特色,是中国古典园林文化的重要组成部分。明清时期是私家园林建造的兴盛时期,留下大量的可供考证史迹文献,然而大量传统的山东园林现今都已经荒废,少数幸存的私家园林被北方皇家园林和江南私家园林的声誉所掩,山东地区私家园林渐渐销声在历史的长河,研究工作刻不容缓。本文通过研究明清时期的古籍文献和实地调研,对明清时期山东私家园林进行分析,总结其造园要素、选址布局等特点,挖掘造园艺术上的文化特色、建筑特色、石水特色和植物特色,为保护山东私家园林的地域性特征提供理论依据,对山东园林文化的传承与发展具有重要意义。     

试论乡土树种在海南热带特色园林建设中的重要作用

从文化内涵、生态效益、经济实用等方面论述了乡土树种在海南热带特色园林建设中的重要作用,并推荐一批具有热带区系特色和较高观叶、观花、观果价值的乡土园林树种,建议地方林业、园林、城建、教育等部门积极宣传、引导、培育、推广和应用乡土园林树种,发挥其生态效益,提高其文化品味,形成海南的地方特色园林。     

园林景观与汉字结构的共通性研究

汉字以书法石刻、楹联匾额、景名题咏等形式作为点景艺术融入园林景观,成为园林意境与造园思想重要的传达手段与途径。从汉字与园林景观两者在外在形体、内在布局以及基本的空间构成要素等方面进行比较分析,得出两者在结构上存在相似性,这种相似性成为汉字融入园林景观的一个重要原因。     

浅议小城镇居住区绿化

1 建立特色小游园 居住区一般楼房林立,人口密集,绿地面积相对狭小,一般不适宜建造规模过大的大型广场和公园,可在楼间或周围利用独特的人文景观规划成各具特色的小游园。如纪念园林、文化园林、古树名木园林等。在平面布局上,一般采用综合法布局,     

女诗人薛涛与望江楼公园

以纪念女性为主的园林是中国历史园林的特殊类型,理清其营建的动因和经验,是传承中国园林文化的重要补充。纪念唐代女诗人薛涛的望江楼公园,其兴建、发展、造景等方面与薛涛的人生经历、个性品行紧密结合。基于历史文献梳理和园林空间分析,剖析了望江楼公园的发展变迁历程,归纳了针对薛涛的园林景观的纪念性造景手法,从遗迹、植物、建筑、活动等方面分析了女诗人薛涛与望江楼公园之间相辅相成的关系。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.