不同林型对林下光照和辐射消减的影响

在中山市长江库区水源林市级保护区内选择4种不同的林分类型,进行每木检尺和冠层影像拍摄,处理得到林下光照因子和辐射消减因子,分析不同林型对林下光照和辐射消减的影响。结果表明:不同林型对林冠结构和林下光照影响显著,针叶林与针阔混交林的林下光照接近,林冠较差,沟谷季雨林与常绿阔叶林接近,林冠较好;辐射消减在不同林型间差异显著,针叶林和针阔混交林辐射消减较差,常绿阔叶林和沟谷季雨林辐射消减较好;林下光照与辐射消减相关性强,特别是两个林冠结构因子与辐射消减关系密切。在进行林分改造时,建议选择叶片较大较厚,冠幅大而优美的常绿阔叶树种进行更新,天然起源的林分与常绿阔叶林的林冠结构较好,有效维持了森林生态系统稳定。     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林及其目标树光环境的影响

为了探讨抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林及其目标树光环境的影响,在登封林场40a生栓皮栎人工林内设置了2块面积为1hm~2固定样地(分别为间伐和对照样地),采用半球面影像技术和植物冠层技术获取了全林及目标树冠层图像,比较分析了间伐和对照样地冠层结构和光环境指标差异规律。结果表明,间伐样地林冠开度和林下光照辐射显著低于对照样地(P0.05),而叶面积指数和光照消减率则显著高于对照样地(P0.05);林冠开度与林下光照呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),叶面积指数与林冠开度、林下光照呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);间伐样地径阶为14,16,18cm的目标树平均叶面积指数均显著低于对照样地相应数值(P0.05),但间伐样地径阶20cm的目标树平均叶倾角和漫射透射系数均显著高于对照样地相应数值(P0.05)。抚育间伐改善了林分的冠层结构,林下光照强度增强,目标树光合有效辐射增加,光合能力得到明显提升。研究结果对于栓皮栎人工林大径材培育和制定人工促进天然更新措施具有一定参考价值。     

城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系

城市森林群落是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,研究城乡梯度下城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系对提高广州城市森林质量、创建珠三角国家森林城市群具有重要意义。采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响,并筛选出对林下光环境影响较强的林冠结构因子。结果表明:1)市区、近郊和远郊森林群落的林冠结构参数没有遵循同一变化模式。3个城市森林群落林冠层的胸径在不同区域间差异不显著(P 0.05),但树高、林冠开度与叶面积指数在不同区域间均呈极显著差异(P 0.001)。2)沿城乡梯度,3个城市森林群落林下直射光、林下散射光和林下总光照的差异性均达到极显著水平(P 0.001),林下散射光与林冠结构的关系更密切。近郊和远郊的冠层林下光环境特征相似,均与市区差异显著。3)沿城乡梯度,城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响不一致。胸径和树高对林下光环境无影响,林冠开度的影响较小,但叶面积指数的影响较大。     

基于粗糙集的林木冠层结构和光分布对净光合速率影响研究

以广东省东莞市大岭山森林公园33个乡土树种为研究对象,使用半球面影像技术和Li-6400光合仪分别获取林木冠层结构、光分布和光合作用指标,用方差分析和粗糙集理论进行评价。结果表明,林冠开度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、林下散射光、透光率和净光合速率均在各树种间存在极显著差异(p<0.0001),各指标在树种间的变化幅度也各不相同,其中林冠开度、林下直射光、林下散射光和透光率的变化幅度均超过了20%,分别为29.95%、20.40%、23.77%和22.56%,而叶面积指数和净光合速率的变化幅度分别为3.24和7.80。林冠结构和光分布均对林木净光合速率有重要贡献,但其影响程度不同。其中林冠开度最大,重要值为1/11,其余几项指标对光合作用的重要性相同,为2/33,略小于林冠开度的重要性。在评价林木冠层结构和光分布对净光合速率的综合影响力中,林冠开度贡献的权重最大,为0.27,林下直射光、林下散射光和透光率贡献的权重均为0.18。冠层结构和光分布对林木净光合速率的综合影响力在一定程度可指示冠层结构和光分布的合理性,与林木净光合速率大小不存在线性正相关关系,它只表明冠层结构和光分布对林木净光合速率的影响程度。     

不同冠层结构下的植物生长型与生活型特征

为了探明森林群落冠层结构、光环境特性与林下植被生长型和生活型的关系,采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了在林下、林隙边缘和林隙中心这3种冠层结构下,植物生长型和生活型的数量特征及其对不同冠层结构参数的响应。结果表明:(1)不同冠层结构下,乔木和灌木的优势地位明显,草本与藤本在林下的生长优势最弱,而蕨类最适于在林隙边缘生长;不同冠层结构下的植物生活型均表现为先增后减,说明林隙边缘的生活环境更适合植物群落的生长。(2)Kruskal-Wallis分析表明,草本和灌木,以及小高位芽、矮高位芽和地上芽植物在不同冠层结构间存在显著差异(P0.05)。(3)CCA排序表明不同生长型和生活型植物对冠层结构参数的响应不一致。在林下和林隙中心,物种分布受到林冠开度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、散射光和总光照这5个冠层结构参数的影响;而在林隙边缘,物种分布只与林冠开度、叶面积指数和林下散射光有关。     

南岭山地森林群落冠层结构与立木多度的关系

林冠是森林与外部环境相互作用最直接与最活跃的界面层,影响着森林的物理环境和生物环境。采用半球面摄影技术(Hemispherical Photography)、典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)和Kruskal-Wallis分析定量研究了森林群落冠层结构与立木分布及多度的关系。结果表明:(1)基于10 000 m2调查样地,南岭山地森林群落共有立木47科81属143种,枯立木多来源于林冠上层大树;(2)CCA排序结果显示,冠层结构各参数与立木分布均有一定相关性,叶面积指数、林冠开度与立木分布的关系尤为密切;(3)立木多度与活立木多度在林下散射光分组变量间差异显著(P<0.05),枯立木多度在林冠开度分组变量间的差异性显著(P<0.05),立木多度随林下直射光增强而减少。叶面积指数和林冠开度通过影响林下光照条件进而影响立木,尤其是枯立木的形成和多度。     

林下的幼树为啥生长慢?

阳光照射于森林,经林冠反射和阻留,到达林地的阳光数量只有空旷地的5—40％,并使得林冠下的直射光少,而散射光多。散射光中,有利于林木光合作用的红黄光波数量大为减少,而对光合作用不大的绿光却相对增多。据有关资料介绍,林内散射光含有利植物生长发育的生理辐射量只有空旷地的1/5。林内某一固定点上的光照时间,只有空旷地的一半。总之,林下的阳光是数量少,直射光少,散射光多,含生理辐射少,光照时间短。处在这样     

模拟林冠损伤对藜蒴栲群落林下植被生物多样性的影响

以2008年冰雪灾害对森林生态系统的破坏为背景,通过人工去除林冠层保留树干模拟森林的机械损伤,研究粤北小坑流域藜蒴栲群落林下植被的变化.结果表明:(1)试验1.5年后,去除林冠层、林下添加枯枝落叶的处理,林下灌木、草本科、种及乔木幼苗种的数量显著增加(P＜0.05);去除林冠层且地表枯落物层保持不变的处理,林下草本科、种数量增加显著,乔木幼苗及灌木科、种差异不显著(P＞0.05);林下添加枯枝落叶,林冠层不做处理,林下植被各生活型物种数有所减少,但差异不显著.(2)去除林冠层后,一些阳生种如野桐、山乌桕、山苍子、红紫珠、蕨状苔草、广东蛇葡萄等大量入侵并占据优势地位,林下植被盖度显著提高.(3)去除林冠层在短期内可显著增加林下植被生物多样性,添加枯落物对林下植被生物多样性影响不显著.     

冠层结构对林下经济植物的影响

应用美国Co-operatively公司生产的DELTA-T冠层分析仪及软件,对辽东地区5种林下经济植物生长区域林下光环境特性和冠层结构指标光合光量子通量密度(PPFD)、总空隙度(gap fraction)、叶面积指数(LAI)、平均叶倾角(MLA)等的研究结果表明,大叶芹和五味子更喜欢林下直射光,而移山参、穿龙薯蓣和细辛更适应林下散射光。     

不同干扰背景下森林地表植被分布的多元分析

在4个不同干扰条件下的林分分别设置1 hm2样地(100 m×100 m)进行野外取样,对东莞市不同干扰背景下森林地表植被组成及其影响因子进行研究。结果表明,除趋势对应分析(DCA)可以明显地把4大类型分开,而典范对应分析(CCA)显示总光照立地因子、林冠开度、土壤pH值和土壤电导率对该地区地表植物群落及物种分布有着重要影响,在总光照立地因子较高、林冠开度较大、土壤pH值较高以及土壤电导率较低的地段,地表植物的多度也相对较高。土壤有机质对该地区地表植被的分布格局也有着重要影响。MRPP分析表明,地表植被物种组成与林分类型、林冠开度(OCO)、直射光立地因子(FDSF)、散射光立地因子(FISF)、叶面积指数(ILAI)、总光照立地因子(FTSF)、土壤pH值、土壤电导率(REC)、土壤有机质(mSOM)、土壤速效氮(mAvN)以及土壤速效钾(mAVK)等环境因子密切相关(p0.05)。指示种分析(ISA)表明,叶面积指数、林冠开度、林下光照因子的潜在指示种共有6种,2种为蕨类植物,1种为非禾本科草本植物,1种为禾本科草本,1种为草质藤本植物,1种为灌木。土壤因子共有15种潜在指示种,4种为蕨类植物,2种为非禾本科草本植物,1种为禾本科草本,4种为木质藤本植物,1种为草质藤本,2种为灌木。本研究探讨了影响地表植被组成和分布的多种因素及地表植被对这些环境因子的响应,找出了作为特定环境指示信号的指示植物,并提出了森林经营管理、生物多样性保育、退化生境恢复重建的对策。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.