基于STIRPAT模型的海南省旅游业碳排放影响因素分析

基于2000～2020年海南省旅游业碳排放相关时间序列数据,借助“旅游消费剥离系数”的概念,运用“自上而下”与“自下而上”相结合的方法对2000年以来海南省旅游业碳排放进行测度,在此基础上,运用STIRPAT模型分析海南省旅游业碳排放的影响因素。结果表明：(1)2000年以来海南省旅游业碳排放的年均增长率为5.718%,呈中低速增长。且旅游交通运输、仓储和邮电业碳排放在旅游业碳排放中所占的比例高达84.093%,是旅游业碳排放的主要来源;(2)选取游客规模、旅游业经济发展水平、旅游能源强度、产业结构和城市化水平作为影响海南省旅游业碳排放的影响因素,各个影响因素对海南省旅游业碳排放的影响程度按降序排列依次为：城市化水平>旅游能源强度>旅游业经济发展水平>游客规模>产业结构,其影响程度分别为1.385、0.419、0.258、0.190和0.172。在此基础上,提出以下建议：(1)合理控制游客规模,宣传低碳旅游观念;(2)转变经济发展方式,促进节能减排;(3)提高技术水平,降低旅游能源强度;(4)推进新型城镇化建设,实现可持续发展。     

我国旅游业碳排放测算方法构建与实证研究——基于投入产出视角

按照旅游业"碳减排"的"测定—减排—补偿"三步走的逻辑主线,旅游业碳排放的计量是旅游业节能减排的第一步,也是关键一步。以生命周期评价理论和投入产出分析方法为基础,结合国民经济核算体系、旅游卫星账户、环境经济综合账户等经济与环境计量技术,构建"自上而下"的旅游业碳排放计量方法体系,并实证计量了2002年我国旅游业碳排放量。研究发现,2002年我国旅游业碳排放总量为135.90 Mt,占我国所有产业碳排放总量的3.95%,占我国碳排放总量(包含生活消费碳排放)的3.50%;其中,旅游业直接碳排放为55.65 Mt,分别为交通42.25 Mt,游览1.08 Mt,住宿2.5 Mt,餐饮2.76 Mt,商品销售4.12 Mt,娱乐0.59 Mt,邮电通讯0.43 Mt,其他服务1.92 Mt;旅游业间接碳排放为80.24 Mt,主要贡献国民经济部门为炼焦、煤气及石油加工业、交通运输及仓储业、机器设备制造业、食品制造及烟草加工业等,约占总贡献率的60%。     

河南鸡公山风景区旅游碳足迹研究

以河南省信阳市鸡公山风景区为研究对象,采用碳足迹分析法,从餐饮、住宿、交通、购物和游览5个模块对该景区2012-2016年旅游产生的碳足迹进行了估算和分析。结果表明,鸡公山风景区每年的旅游碳排放量是56.43×10~5 kg,人均碳排放量为36.644 kg。在旅游碳排放总量中,餐饮和交通两个模块是导致碳排放最主要的碳排放方式,二者共同贡献了93%的碳排放量。因此,采取合理且有效的措施,以降低餐饮和交通产生的旅游碳排放量是鸡公山风景区未来实现绿色低碳旅游的重要途径之一。     

基于投入产出法的贵州省旅游业产业关联及产业波及分析

基于贵州省2017年投入产出表,运用投入产出模型,对旅游业的产业关联及产业波及效应进行了分析.通过后向与前向关联、感应度与影响力的分析,得出以下结论:旅游业对自身的关联性较强,内部关联效应比较明显,应加强旅游企业之间的经济技术联系;贵州省旅游业受交通、景区游览、购物的影响较大,住宿、餐饮与娱乐的影响较小,旅游消费结构不...     

黔东南地区气候变化对能源消费碳排放的响应

为了探索黔东南地区气候变化与其工业生产中能源消费碳排放的关系,采用资料文献法、相关性分析等方法对黔东南地区的能源消费碳排放与气候变化特征进行了分析。研究表明:1998~2008年,黔东南地区化石能源消费量及碳排放量呈快速增加趋势,碳排放的主要来源是原煤消费;1998~2008年,其平均气温较1985~1997年前呈明显上升趋势,其年平均降水量变化较小,但年际波动性更显著;1998~2008年期间,年最高气温≥35℃的天数呈明显增加趋势,年最低气温≤0℃的天数则呈降低趋势。通过相关性分析表明:黔东南地区化石能源消费的碳排放对其区域的天气气候带来显著影响,它们之间具有明显相关性;该地区在1998年后工业发展与城市进程快速发展过程中,其天气气候的变化对碳排放量增加作出相关性的响应变化。     

森林旅游将作为海南“十二五”重点产业加快推进

以"走近绿色,回归自然"为特征的森林旅游正在全球广泛兴起,成为旅游发展新的业态,对于保护森林资源、发挥林业综合效益、丰富旅游产品、推动旅游业升级、发展绿色经济、加快发展方式转变都具有十分重要的意义.近年来,海南省委、省政府坚持保护与开发并举,积极探索森林旅游的新模式,先后制定出台了关于加快发展海南热带森林旅游的决定,研究编制了海南热带森林旅游总体规划.特别是国家林业局和国家旅游局分别与海南省签署战略合作协议,明确支持把海南建设成为中国森林旅游示范区和国民示范基地,海南的森林旅游正展现出蓬勃生机和广阔的发展前景.     

临汾市和运城市旅游收入影响因素对比分析

为了加快建设国家旅游示范区、锻造三大旅游板块,以临汾市和运城市为研究对象,对两市2002~2018年旅游收入的变化特征进行了对比研究,在此基础上采用地理探测器,对影响两市旅游总收入的11个因素进行了探究,定量对比了两市的旅游发展情况,结果表明:在2002~2018年间临汾市和运城市的旅游总收入持续增长,旅游业整体发展良好,但两市的入境旅游发展较为薄弱;接待国内旅游人次、A级景区数量、城镇居民可支配收入、旅客客运量是对两市旅游总收入影响力最大的因素。据此,从增加旅游人次数、整合区域旅游资源、增加城镇居民可支配收入、加快和完善交通运输体系及加快入境旅游发展5个方面,提出了促进两市旅游业发展的对策,以供参考。     

碳达峰背景下广西不同土地利用方式碳足迹效应分析

不同土地利用方式的碳足迹效应研究对区域碳循环及影响机制、优化各类用地布局、制定有效的节能减排政策具有重要的意义。在碳达峰背景下基于土地利用的碳排放及碳足迹模型对广西山林地区的碳排放效应进行了分析研究。结果表明:土地利用信息熵和均衡度总体呈缓慢升高的趋势;建设用地是主要的碳源,其净碳排放量从2009年到2016年增长了2231.13×10~4 t,增长率为66%,林地是主要的碳汇;碳排放强度随着广西GDP的增长呈下降的趋势,但其远小于经济增长的速度;化石能源消耗中煤炭类是主要的碳排放能源,生态赤字明显,8年间从932.256×10~4 t增长到1577.807×10~4 t,林地、草地等生态系统的碳吸收不足以承载建设用地人类活动能耗产生的碳排放量;土地利用方式与碳排放的关系密切,相互影响显著。因此,提出了广西应合理调整用地布局,控制建设用地的无序扩张,通过节能减排和固碳增汇途径减少碳排放。     

四川古镇旅游客源市场调研分析

通过对四川古镇旅游客源市场的实地调查,从客源市场结构特征,旅游者的个人特征,旅游者的决策特征和旅游者时旅游资源的偏好等四方面深入了解其发展情况,为分析影响古镇旅游客源市场的基本因素、有效指导古镇旅游的开发规划和营销推广提供依据,以实现古镇旅游业的可持续发展.     

工业行业能源消费碳排放影响因素分析——以合肥市为例

指出了碳排放的主要来源是工业的能源消费,研究城市工业能源消费碳排放特征和影响因素具有很强的实际意义。以合肥市为例,首先从能源消费量、CO_2排放量、能源结构及能源强度等指标分析了2000~2014年合肥市工业碳排放特征。在此基础上,运用LMDI方法构建了合肥市工业能源消费碳排放影响因素分解模型,定量分析了合肥市工业33个行业的经济发展、能源效率、产业结构、能源结构等因素对合肥工业碳排放的影响。研究结果表明:经济发展是合肥市工业CO_2排放量持续增长的主要原因,同时,能源效率、产业结构、能源结构的变动都不同程度地抑制了CO_2排放量增加。针对分析结果,提出了相关的建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。