Binding of azole fungicides related to diclobutrazol to cytochrome P-450

Fungicides containing the imidazole and triazole groups are known to block the 14α-demethylation reaction in ergosterol biosynthesis, which is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. Fungicides related to diclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol] bind to cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes, whole yeast cells, yeast microsomes and to a partially purified cytochrome P-450 from yeast, with Type II spectral changes. The most fungicidally active isomer (2R, 3R) shows greater binding than the less active (2S, 3S)-enantiomer to yeast microsomes; when the cytochrome P-450 was purified, a preparation was obtained to which binding more closely matched the fungicidal activity. Binding to rat liver microsomes does not reflect the fungicidal activity of the compounds.     

Steric structure–activity relationships of the rice blasticide,S-2900 (diclocymet)

The four diastereomers of 2-cyano-N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-3,3-dimethyl-butyramide were prepared by a direct HPLC separation with chiral columns. The [(S)acid, (R)amine]-isomer (was the most antifungal among the diastereomers tested. Because of the lability of the clinical group in the acid moiety, the (RS)-(R)-isomer is being developed as a rice blasticide. (S-2900, proposed common name diclocymet).     

糠菌唑在大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗和人肝微粒体中的立体选择性代谢

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 手性色谱柱法定量分析肝微粒体中的糠菌唑,通过密度泛函理论计算光谱与振动圆二色光谱 (VCD) 和红外光谱 (IR) 比对,确定了糠菌唑4种对映体的绝对构型;以大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗和人肝微粒体为模型,研究了糠菌唑的立体选择性降解行为。结果表明:在供试肝微粒体中,4种异构体的降解均遵循一级反应动力学方程,且在人和小鼠肝微粒体中的代谢速率相对较慢。(2S, 4R)-和 (2R, 4S)-糠菌唑在5种供试肝微粒体中的立体选择性趋势一致,而 (2R, 4R)- 和 (2S, 4S)-糠菌唑只在兔肝微粒体中的降解有显著的立体选择性差异,在小鼠肝微粒体中几乎没有立体选择性。酶促反应动力学结果也证实了糠菌唑代谢的立体选择性,并显示 (2R, 4R)- 和 (2S, 4S)-糠菌唑在供试肝微粒体中的酶促反应趋势存在种属差异。     

Acidic derivatives of the fungicide fenpiclonil: effect of adding a methyl group to the N-substituted chain on systemicity and fungicidal activity

A new acidic derivative of the fungicide fenpiclonil was synthesized containing a methyl group on the alpha-position of the carboxyl function of N-carboxymethyl-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrrole. The phloem mobility of the resulting N-(1-carboxyethyl)-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrrole was comparable with that of the former compound, but was higher at external pH 5.0. Unlike the derivatives previously synthesized, it was comparable with fenpiclonil in its fungicidal activity against the pathogenic fungus Eutypa lata.     

Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis by the fungicide 1-[2-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole

Inhibition of sporidial multiplication in cultures of Ustilago maydis by 1-[2-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-1, 3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl]-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole^a (CGA-64251), at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 μg ml^?1, increased from about 15% during the first 4 h, to 58–70% during the subsequent 4 to 12-h period. Sporidia became swollen and highly branched in the presence of the fungicide. Total lipid content as a percentage of the dry weight was not affected after exposure of the sporidia to the fungicide at 0.1 or 5 μg ml^?1 for 4 h, but synthesis of ergosterol and other demethyl-sterols was inhibited by 87–92%. Large quantities of methyl-sterol precursors of ergosterol and of free fatty acids accumulated in the treated sporidia. Fungitoxicity of CGA-64251 is attributed to inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of sterol C-14 demethylation.     

1-[2-苄氧基-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑衍生物的合成及杀菌活性

以抗真菌药物益康唑为先导化合物,设计合成了17个1-((2-取代苄基) 氧基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基) 乙基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑类目标化合物,其中14个为首次报道,其结构均经 1H NMR、13C NMR和HRMS确认。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了目标化合物对7种植物病原菌的抑制效果,并对毒力较高的化合物进行了其对水稻纹枯病和小麦条锈病的盆栽和田间药效试验,而且测定了其对水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇生物合成的抑制作用。结果表明:大多数目标化合物对测试病原菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,尤其对水稻纹枯病菌和番茄早疫病菌的抑制作用最好,其中对水稻纹枯病菌的EC₅₀值均低于3 μmol/L,明显高于对照药剂苯醚甲环唑和益康唑;化合物 4a 、 4b 、 4c 、 4g 、 4i 和 4l 对番茄早疫病菌的EC₅₀值均低于10 μmol/L。在浓度为250 μmol/L时,化合物 4b 和 4i 对小麦条锈病的盆栽防效均超过70%,在有效剂量为240 g/hm2时,化合物 4b 对小麦条锈病的田间防效达到81.93%。而且,化合物 4b 和 4i 在100 μmol/L时可有效抑制水稻纹枯病菌麦角甾醇的生物合成,抑制效果在80%左右。     

Metabolism of a phosphoramidate by Pyricularia oryzae in relation to tolerance and synergism by a phosphorothiolate and isoprothiolane

Metabolism of dibutyl N-methyl-N-phenylphosphoramidate (BPA) by mycelial cells of Pyricularia oryzae was studied to elucidate the mechanism of synergism and negatively correlated cross-resistance in fungicidal action between phosphoramidates and phosphorothiolate derivatives. Rapid metabolism of BPA by a wild-type strain through hydroxylation and N-demethylation was observed. The metabolism was inhibited by diisopropyl S-benzyl phosphorothiolate (IBP; Kitazin P) and by isoprothiolane (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidenemalonate; Fuji-One). This inhibition of BPA metabolism is probably the mechanism of synergistic fungicidal action between the phosphoramidate and the thiol derivatives. The metabolism was, however, not inhibited by S-1358 (S-butyl S′-p-tert-butylbenzyl N-3-pyridyldithiocarbonimidate; Denmert) or triarimol [α-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-α-phenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol; EL-273], both of which are considered to be inhibitors of hydroxylation of a methyl radical in ergosterol biosynthesis. The metabolism of BPA by P. oryzae was much slower when mutants selected for IBP resistance and for isoprothiolane resistance were used. This phenomenon probably explains the differential sensitivity to phosphoramidate of wild-type strains and mutants resistant to the thiol derivatives.     

Molluscicidal and anti-feedant activities of diterpenes from Euphorbia paralias L

Nine known diterpene polyesters of segetanes, jatrophenes and paralianes have been isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias L. The molluscicidal activity of isolated compounds was evaluated on Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg). Paraliane diterpene, (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,8R,12S,13S,14R,15R)-5,8,14-triacetoxy-3-benzoyloxy-15- hydroxy-9-oxo-paraliane, was the most potent compound against the snail. Anti-feedant activity was tested by a conventional leaf disc method against third-instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Jatrophene diterpene, (2R,3R,4S,5R,7S,8R,13R,15R)-2,3,5,7,15-pentaacetoxy-8-angeloyloxy-14,15- dioxojatropha-6(17)-11E-diene, had the highest anti-feedant activity among the compounds tested.     

Guanidinium and amidinium fungicides: A new class of carbocation mimetic ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors

A novel class of chemical has been designed with the aim of inhibiting the Δ¹⁴-reductase and Δ⁸-Δ⁷-isomerase enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in fungi. Use was made of knowledge about the mechanisms of both enzymes and the mode of action of known, fungicidal inhibitors of these enzymes. Pioneer examples have been synthesised and have been demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda, acting in the same manner as the commercial fungicide fenpropimorph. They also showed excellent fungicidal activity against Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. hordei Marchal (powdery mildew of barley) and Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. (wheat leaf rust) in in-vivo glasshouse tests. Using these compounds as a starting point, systematic structural variation has been carried out. Testing of a wide range of analogues at high volume confirms the potential of this class of compound to control mildew and rust pathogens at levels comparable to those of the standards. Correlation of in-vivo and enzymatic data is good and the structure-activity relationship developed for this series of compounds closely parallels that found for the morpholine/piperidine class of fungicides, suggesting a common mode of action.     

氨基甲酸-2-氯吡啶-5-甲酯化合物的合成与抑菌活性

以芳香硝基化合物、2-氯-5-吡啶甲醇和一氧化碳为原料,在Pd-Fe/Ti O2催化下进行羰基化反应,合成了11个新型氨基甲酸-2-氯吡啶-5-甲酯化合物,其结构经1H NM R和M S表征。初步抑菌活性测定结果表明:在50 mg/L下,大多数目标化合物对4种供试病原菌具有一定的抑制活性,其中化合物3f(4-甲氧基苯基氨基甲酸-2-氯吡啶-5-甲酯、3h(2,4-二氯苯基氨基甲酸-2-氯吡啶-5-甲酯)和3j(3,4-二氯苯基氨基甲酸-2-氯吡啶-5-甲酯)对小麦赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的抑制率达77.3%以上,3f对苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的抑制率达82.5%,与对照药多菌灵接近;所有化合物在50 mg/L下对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制活性均优于对照药多菌灵。     

Antifungal mode of action of triforine

Rapidly growing mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus treated with 10 μg/ml triforine (N,N′-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine) showed little or no inhibition in dry weight increase prior to 2 h. By 2.5–3 h, triforine inhibited dry weight increase by 85%. The effects of triforine on protein, DNA, and RNA syntheses corresponded to the effect on dry weight increase both in time of onset and magnitude. Neither glucose nor acetate oxidation were inhibited by triforine.Ergosterol synthesis was almost completely inhibited by triforine even in the first hour after treatment. Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis was accompanied by an accumulation of the ergosterol precursors 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol, and 14α-methyl-Δ^{8, 24 (28)}-ergostadienol. Mycelia treated with 5 μg/ml of triarimol (α-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-α-phenyl-5-pyrimidinemethanol) also accumulated the same sterols as well as a fourth sterol believed to be Δ^{5, 7}-ergostadienol.Identification of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ^{8, 24 (28)}-ergostadienol in untreated mycelia indicates that the C-14 methyl group is the first methyl group removed in the biosynthesis of ergosterol by A. fumigatus. The lack of detectable quantities of 4,4-dimethyl-Δ^{8, 24 (28)}-ergostadienol in triforine or triarimol-treated mycelia and the accumulation of C-14 methylated sterols in treated mycelia suggests that both fungicides inhibit sterol C-14 demethylation. The accumulation of Δ^{5, 7}-ergostadienol in triarimol-treated mycelia further implies that triarimol also inhibits the introduction of the sterol C-22(23) double bond.Two strains of Cladosporium cucumerinum tolerant to triforine and triarimol were also tolerant to the fungicide S-1358 (N-3-pyridyl-S-n-butyl-S′-p-t-butylbenzyl imidodithiocarbonate).     

Comparison of symptomatic and neurophysiological activities of enantiomers of the insecticide 3-phenoxybenzyl 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

The insecticidal activities of optical isomers of 3-phenoxybenzyl 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanecarboxylate and related compounds were measured with American cockroaches and their knockdown activities were evaluated with house flies. The activities of the S(?)-isomer of the dichlorocyclopropanecarboxylate were higher than those of the R(+)-isomer. The effects of the compounds on the inward membrane currents induced by a stepdepolarizing pulse in crayfish axonal membranes were examined under voltage clamp conditions by the sucrose gap method. The compounds induced a tail current upon step repolarization of the membrane. The tail current decayed to zero in each record, but developed with time after the start of application of the compound until a steady level was reached. The rate of decay of the tail current observed in axonal membranes treated with the S(?)-isomer was slower than with the R(+)-isomer. The rates of development of the tail current induced by the two isomers were not very different.     

Photolysis of Diniconazole-M under Sunlight

The photodegradation of diniconazole-M [(E)-(R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-pentene-3-ol] was studied as thin film on glass surface under sunlight. Photoproducts were separated and identified by NMR, IR, UV and mass spectroscopy. They were characterised as the (Z)-isomer of diniconazole-M, a cyclic alcohol and its corresponding ketone and an isoquinoline derivative. © 1997 SCI.     

含1,3,4-噻(噁)二唑吩嗪-1-甲酰胺类衍生物的合成与杀菌活性

对广泛存在于链霉菌和铜绿假单胞菌中的一种天然活性物质——申嗪霉素进行了结构修饰,合成了一系列高活性的含1,3,4-噻(噁)二唑的申嗪霉素衍生物 I ₁ ~ I ₂₈ 。杀菌活性测定结果表明:所有目标化合物对禾谷镰刀菌具有较好的杀菌活性,均明显优于母体申嗪霉素。离体杀菌活性测定结果显示,化合物 I ₈ (EC₅₀ = 33.25 μg/mL)和化合物 I ₂₂ (EC₅₀ = 46.52 μg/mL)对禾谷镰刀菌的杀菌活性是申嗪霉素 (EC₅₀ = 128.54 μg/mL)的3~4倍。活体杀菌活性显示,在500 μg/mL质量浓度下,化合物 I ₈ (58.69%)和化合物 I ₂₂ (55.37%)对禾谷镰刀菌的抑制率是申嗪霉素 (25.14%) 的两倍。构效关系分析结果表明,在苯环上引入吸电子基团对化合物的活性不利;而引入给电子基团则有利于提高其杀菌活性。同时,同一取代基在苯环上的取代位置依据活性的高低排列顺序为:邻位>对位>间位。这些结果可用于指导该类化合物的进一步结构改造。     

1(R)-(2,6-cis-dimethylmorpholino)- 3(S)-(p-tert-butylphenyl)cyclopentane: A representative of a novel,potent class of bio-rationally designed fungicides

Inhibition of the Δ⁸-Δ⁷ sterol isomerase in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway is known to lead to fungistatic or even fungicidal effects. Our approach to the rational design of new putative inhibitors of the enzyme was based on the assumed mechanism of the enzymic transformation and in particular on the structure of the unstable carbocationic intermediate, i.e. the ‘transition-state-analogue’ principle. The synthesis and the biological properties of 1(R)-(2,6-cis- dimethylmorpholino)-3(S)-(p-tert-butylphenyl)cyclopentane, a representative of a novel, potent class of rationally designed fungicides, as well as the synthesis and biological activities of several other related compounds are described and discussed.     

含取代吡啶基的不对称硫代磷(膦)酸酯的合成及杀菌活性研究

从二硫代磷酸二乙酯钠盐或O,O-二乙基硫代磷酰氯出发 ,经酯化、去烷基化反应得到相应的硫代或二硫代铵盐 ,分别与 2 -氯 - 5 -氯甲基吡啶反应得产物 2 a～ 2 c。从 O-乙基硫代磷酰二氯或苯基硫代膦酰二氯出发 ,先与取代苯酚或甲胺反应 ,然后与 2 -氯 - 5 -羟甲基吡啶反应得到产物 2 d～ 2 k和 2 m～ 2 u。O-乙基 - S-丙基二硫代磷酰氯、O-乙基硫代磷酰二氯和苯基硫代膦酰二氯与 2 -氯 - 5 -羟甲基吡啶反应分别得产物 2 l、2 v和 2 w。所合成的 2 3个新化合物对9种植物病菌的离体及活体杀菌活性测试表明 ,其中一些化合物对水稻稻瘟病和水稻纹枯病有一定活性 ,个别化合物活性很好 ,但对其它病菌的活性均较低     

Synthesis and characterization of synthetic analogs of cinnacidin, a novel phytotoxin from Nectria sp

BACKGROUND: The novel natural product cinnacidin was isolated from a fungal fermentation extract of Nectria sp. DA060097. The compound was found to contain a cyclopentalenone ring system with an isoleucine subunit linked through an amide bond. Initial biological characterization of cinnacidin suggested promising herbicidal activity. RESULTS: Two synthetic analogs, (2S,3S)-2-[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydropentalen-1-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methylvaleric acid and benzyl (2S,3S)-2-[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)-3-methoxy-4-oxo-3,3a,4, 5,6,6a-hexahydropentalen-1-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methylvalerate, were prepared for further characterization, and their herbicidal activities were compared with that of cinnacidin. CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic compounds were highly phytotoxic on a range of weeds. Based on the symptoms in treated plants, the mode of action of these compounds is suggested to be similar to that of coronatine and jasmonic acid. Coronatine was more active against warm-season grasses, while the cinnacidin benzyl ester analog was more effective on cool-season grasses. In a seedling growth bioassay conducted on bentgrass, the cinnacidin analog was equivalent in activity to coronatine.     

Residues and fate of endosulfan on field-grown pepper and tomato

Endosulfan (Thiodan 3 EC), a mixture of α- and β-isomers, was sprayed on 92-day-old field-grown pepper and tomato at the recommended rate of 0·61 kg AI ha^-1. Plant tissue samples were collected at 1 h to 14 days after application and analysed to determine the content and dissipation rate of endosulfan isomers (α- and β-endosulfan) and the major metabolite, endosulfan sulfate. Analysis of samples was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD). The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as a residue component on the plant tissues and also the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomer as compared to the α-isomer on pepper fruits. The initial total residues (α- and β-endosulfan isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster than the less toxic β-isomer. Total residues (α- and β-endosulfan isomers plus the sulfate metabolite) on tomato leaves revealed longer persistence (t_1/2 4·6 days) compared to the total residues detected on pepper leaves (t_1/2 2·0 days) 3–14 days following spraying. Persistence of the β-isomer on pepper fruits was high 3–14 days following spraying compared to on tomato fruits. This long persistence increases risk of exposure of the consumer. In addition, the longer persistence of the total residues on tomato foliage should be considered of importance for timing the safe entry of tomato harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Joint action of root-absorbed mixtures of DPX-4189* and linuron in Sinapis alba L. and barley

The joint action of DPX-4189* (2 chloro-N-[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)-aminocarbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) and linuron (N-[3, 4-dichlorophenyl]-N-methoxy-N-methylurea) mixtures, applied in fixed ratios of 1:15 and 1:30, was assessed using water culture experiments in growth chambers. The dose-response curves of DPX-4189 were fiat compared with these of linuron. At Gr₅₀-level (the dose required to reduce dry matter by 50% relative to the untreated control), DPX-4189 was 12-fold more potent in Sinapis alba than was linuron, whereas the potencies of the two compounds were almost similar in barley. The selectivity indices (Gr₈₀[barley]/Gr₂₀[S. alba]) of DPX-4189 and linuron were 3.1 and 1.8. In both species the mixtures were less active than expected from an additive dose model, and the detracted efficacy of the mixtures was of almost similar magnitude. The results indicated that if S. alba is regarded a weed, the loss of bioactivity of the mixtures may be compensated by some increase in dose rate without injuring the barley crop.     

Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by triadimenol in Ustilago avenae

In Ustilago avenae sporidia, following the first doubling period of about 4 h, triadimenol (2 μg ml^?1) affected sporidial multiplication more severely than other growth processes; daughter cells failed to separate from the parent sporidia resulting in chains of interconnected cells. Triadimenol incubated with the fungus for 8 h interfered neither with respiration nor with protein and nucleic acid synthesis but after 6 h the toxicant had induced a higher content of free fatty acids. Triadimenol markedly altered, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the sterols in sporidia of U. avenae. Incorporation of [¹⁴C]acetate (in the form of sodium acetate) into lipid fractions for a period of 2 h revealed that the toxicant powerfully inhibited the synthesis of the 4-demethyl sterol fraction (predominantly ergosterol), whilst the 4,4-dimethyl sterol fraction rapidly accumulated. This was confirmed by g.1.c. analysis of the sterols after 6 and 8 h incubation which showed that the amount of ergosterol, the major sterol in untreated sporidia, was diminished while simultaneously 4,4-dimethyl, 4-methyl and 14-methyl sterols increased. The accumulation of 14-methyl sterols suggests that triadimenol acts as a potent inhibitor of one of the metabolic steps involved in the demethylation at the 14-position during ergosterol biosynthesis.