甜荞产量与农艺性状和生理生化性状的灰色关联度分析

以12个甜荞品种为试验材料,采用灰色关联度分析法,对甜荞的7个农艺性状和6个生理生化性状与产量的关联度进行评价分析,探讨甜荞主要农艺性状和生理生化性状指标对产量影响的主次关系。结果表明,农艺性状与产量的关联度由大到小依次为结实率（0.8666）、单株粒数（0.8221）、株高（0.7720）、茎粗（0.7140）、千粒重（0.7004）、开花总数（0.6975）、干重（0.6243）;生理生化性状与产量的关联度由大到小依次为：叶绿素含量（0.7171）、丙二醛（MDA）含量（0.7035）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量（0.6372）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性（0.6369）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性（0.6191）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性（0.6028）。研究结果表明：选择结实率高、单株粒数多、叶绿素含量和MDA含量高的品种是甜荞生产中获得高产的重要途径。     

苗床落谷密度、施肥量和秧龄对机插稻苗质及大田产量的影响

以迟熟中粳武育粳3号为材料，塑料软盘育秧，进行落谷密度和施肥量二因素试验，并将各处理秧苗分3期插入大田，实收产量，测定其构成。主要结果如下：（1）3试验因素对苗质和产量的影响为秧龄＞施肥量＞落谷密度。（2）秧龄由16 d延至21 d，即使较密的落谷密度、少量施肥（处理编码M1、M2）或较稀的落谷密度、多量施肥（编码X3），均表现减产趋势，故适龄早栽至关重要。（3）秧龄21 d秧苗的发根力和茎鞘淀粉含量等指标均优于秧龄16 d的（差异显著），但因大田苗数和穗数减少，稻谷产量显著下降。可见机插秧的壮苗指标因秧龄而异。（4）各产量构成因素对产量效应的通径分析表明，在本试验条件下，穗数对产量的影响最大（通径系数为1.1112），每穗粒数次之（通径系数为0.6517）。说明机插稻以争穗数为第一要务。     

施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响

为探明施氮量对不同水稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适合江苏省种植的12个中粳稻（含籼/粳杂交稻）品种为材料,大田种植,设置0N（全生育期不施氮）、200N（全生育期施纯氮200kg/hm ²）和360N（全生育期施纯氮360kg/hm²）3个施氮量处理,研究各品种产量、氮肥利用率和一些农艺性状的差异。结果表明：甬优2640在3个施氮水平产量均最高,库容量大是其高产的主要原因。其他品种产量对氮肥响应的表现不一。在较低氮（0N、200N）条件下,淮稻13号和武运粳30的产量较高,宁粳1号和扬粳4038的产量较低。在高氮（360N）条件下,宁粳1号和扬粳4038产量较高。在较低施氮量条件下,产量和氮肥利用率较高的品种具有较高的干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比及群体生长速率,这些指标可作为筛选氮高效品种的农艺性状指标。     

基于灰色关联度分析法和聚类分析法筛选小麦高产优质新品种（系）的研究

为了给筛选和评价高产优质小麦新品种提供多元化的分析方法,以黄淮南片试验中16个小麦新品种（系）为试验材料,用灰色关联度分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对其农艺性状、产量、品质进行评价。结果表明,运用灰色关联度分析法的排序结果和产量排序结果大体上一致;生育期、饱满度、株高等指标与参考数列关联度最大,关系最紧密;相关性分析表明千粒重是关乎产量与品质的一项重要指标;结合灰色关联度分析和聚类分析结果,筛选出产量、品质均较好的3个小麦新品种（系）,分别为‘轮选146’、‘安麦1350’、‘苑丰12’。这两种方法能够准确、全面地分析小麦新品种（系）,为高产优质小麦的选育提供了多元化的分析方法。     

不同木薯品种（系）农艺性状分析及高产品种（系）筛选

为了解影响木薯产量的主要因素,筛选高产木薯品种（系）,通过主成分分析对10个品种（系）的9个主要农艺性状指标进行量化对比分析。结果表明,10个木薯品种（系）的农艺性状除落叶高度和块根粗无显著差异外（P>0.05）,其余农艺性状间均具有显著差异（P<0.05）,品种（系）SC9、SC124和58-7的农艺性状变异较大,农艺性状中又以单株产量、地上鲜重、鲜薯个数和主茎粗的变异系数最大。鲜薯个数、块根长和块根粗是影响单株产量的关键因子。通过主成分分析提取了2个主成分,累积方差贡献率达88.1%,反映了农艺性状指标的基本信息,其中,鲜薯个数是第1主成分的主导变量,块根长是第2主成分的主导变量。10个木薯品种（系）中,SG-9的综合得分最高,GMT和SC9的产量优势明显,可作为种植推广的品种。     

玉米机械化籽粒收获组合鉴定与主成分分析

玉米机械化籽粒收获是未来玉米发展的方向。以16份玉米杂交组合为材料,测定产量性状（产量、穗长、穗粗、百粒重）、农艺性状（株高、穗位高）、机收性状（籽粒含水率、籽粒破碎率、杂质率）共9个指标,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,产量与穗长、穗粗、百粒重之间呈极显著正相关,株高与穗位高之间呈极显著正相关,籽粒含水率与籽粒破碎率之间呈显著正相关。对产量及产量相关性状、籽粒含水率、籽粒破碎率、杂质率等指标进行主成分分析,通过对16份杂交组合的玉米机械化籽粒收获适宜性综合评价,结合机械籽粒收获与人工收获的产量差异比较,表明新单65、新单58、新单68和新单88均适宜机械化籽粒收获。     

不同基因型小麦新品系主要性状稳定性分析

利用AMMI模型对5个绵阳小麦新品系的生育期、株高、单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、成穗率、千粒重和产量等7个主要性状在四川不同试点的表现及其品种稳定性与适应性进行了研究,以期评选出综合性状优良、丰产性和适应性好的优良小麦新品系。结果表明,小麦生育期、株高、穗粒数、千粒重等性状的基因型效应＞环境效应＞基因型×环境互作效应;对于产量性状则表现为环境＞基因型×环境＞基因型,所占百分比分别为81.9%、12.3%和5.8%;各基因型在7个试点中产量最高的是MY1227-185（6093 kg/hm2）和ML2652（6082 kg/hm2）,极显著高于对照川麦107（5202 kg/hm2）;品种稳定性最高（Di≤0.42）的是ML2652、ML1131-95和MY1227-185,其次是ML1403-84（Di＝0.45）和MY68942（Di＝0.75）,稳定性均优于对照（Di＝0.85）。综合考虑各性状表现、稳定性和产量等因素,MY1227-185和ML2652丰产性和品种稳定性最优,可大面积推广以提高四川冬麦区产量及其稳定性。     

小麦品种抗旱性鉴定产量指标的比较研究

为了筛选适宜于小麦品种抗旱性鉴定的指标,在旱棚鉴定条件下,以国家北部冬麦区旱地组区试抗旱鉴定品种为试材,对抗旱系数、干旱敏感指数、抗旱指数和抗旱指数修订式等抗旱鉴定产量指标进行了比较研究。结果表明小麦品种抗旱鉴定与小麦抗旱种质筛选不同。抗旱系数反映材料的稳产性,对于小麦种质抗旱性筛选更直观。抗旱指数修订式以对照品种的表现为参照,兼顾品种的相对产量（抗旱系数）和绝对产量,便于与品种区试和品种产量比较试验结合,可操作性强,是目前最适用于小麦抗旱育种和区域试验的综合性抗旱鉴定指标。     

不同灌水量下喷施腐植酸对燕麦光合特性及产量的影响

研究旨在明确不同灌水量下喷施腐植酸对燕麦光合特性及产量的影响。在防雨棚池栽条件下,以蒙农大燕1号为试验材料,在3种不同灌水量（60、120和180mm）处理下,于孕穗期和开花期分别在叶面喷施腐植酸（HA）和等量清水（WT）,CK为不喷施处理,分析测定燕麦植株形态、光合参数及产量构成因素等指标。结果表明,在60mm和120mm灌水量下,HA处理的株高、单株叶面积、气孔导度（G_s）、净光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均显著提高（P<0.05）,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）降低,60mm灌水量下各指标增幅高于120mm灌水量;P_n平均分别提高了43.4%和36.3%,单株叶面积平均分别提高了54.3%和34.7%（P<0.05）;与CK相比,喷施HA后籽粒产量显著提高,60mm和120mm灌水量下增产率分别达22.7%和18.0%,穗长和单穗粒数均显著增加（P<0.05）;而WT处理对植株形态、光合参数和产量等指标无显著影响。180mm灌水量,HA处理P_n和单株叶面积较CK和WT显著增加,籽粒产量提高幅度不显著。综上,在较低灌水量下喷施腐植酸可以改善燕麦光合能力,促进籽粒灌浆并提高籽粒产量。     

温敏核不育水稻810s冬季南繁九二○施用效果研究

分析了不同抽穗指标相同九二。用量对810s冬繁产量的影响。发现在育性转换期未遇到异常高温的情况下，在不同的抽穗时期以30g／hm。的剂量喷施九二O，抽穗指标高于25％喷施的各处理，均较对照明显增产，增产幅度达16．5％～24．0％，其中以抽穗50％和80％时喷施产量最高。低喷施指标（5％～25％）卡颈穗率比对照显著高，高喷施指标（50％～80％）卡颈穗率比对照显著低，并且随喷施指标的提高卡颈穗率呈下降趋势。抽穗15％～50％喷施处理的柱头外露率明显比对照高。高的抽穗指标（50％-80％）时喷施九二。增产效果较好。而在育性敏感期遇异常高温时不育系不育特性变强，繁殖产量明显下降。喷施九二。的各处理产量均显著高于对照，各喷施指标间产量无明显差异，但以喷施指标为25％～50％的两处理产量最高。说明在中等抽穗指标（25％-50％）时喷施九二。效果较好。     

Agronomic and quality characteristics of spring wheat lines selected for protein content and protein yield

Summary High protein cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from eight foreign countries and the United States were used in crosses to provide progeny for a recurrent selection program. After two cycles of selection, 40 lines selected for protein yield and 16 lines selected fro protein percentage were evaluated with parents in yield nurseries at Bozeman, Montana.Lines selected for protein pereentage had the highest protein percentages, protein yields similar to the parents, and grain yields lower than the parents. Lines selected for protein yield had protein percentages intermediate between those of the parents and lines selected for protein percentage, but they had the highest protein yields and grain yields. Protein percentage and grain yield were negatively correlated and protein yield and grain yield were positively correlated for both groups of lines. The data tend to suggest that protein yield may a better selection criterion than protein percentage for plant breeders to use in improving protein productivity, although additional testing of this hypothesis is proposed.Milling and baking data showed transgressive improvement over the mean of the patents in many important quality aspects, indicating that good quality lines can be obtained from crosses involving poor to mediocre quality cultivars.Joint contribution of ARS, USDA and the Mont. Agric. Exp. Stn. Published with approval of the Director of the Mont. Agric. Exp. Stn. as Paper No. 1181, Journal Series. Received 19 June 1981.     

Comparative seed yield performance of high-by-high and low-by-high crosses in flax *

Successful identification of a desirable segregant depends partly on the parents chosen to make the crosses. This experiment was conducted to compare performance and genetic variability for seed yield, yield components, agronomic traits and harvest index of lines derived from low- and high-yielding flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) crosses, and to identify important yield components for flax seed yield improvement. The lines chosen as high yielding parents for this experiment were‘Linott’and 'Summit; and the low yielding parents were‘Grant’and Ci2395. The high-yielding lines produced significantly more seeds per boll and had a higher harvest index than the low-yielding lines. Evaluation of 161 F_2:6 lines from four crosses among these lines showed that the greatest genetic variability, highest cross average, and highest F₆ line seed yield occurred in the low x high cross,‘Grant’x‘Linott’. All low X high crosses exhibited higher genetic variances for seed yield than the high x high crosses. The high x high cross 'Summit’x‘Linott’had low genetic variance for seed yield. Number of bolls per area was determined by linear regression, path coefficient analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis to be the most important component of seed yield. This study showed that hybridization of low and high-yielding flax lines may be useful to increase genetic variability and obtain high-yielding flax lines.     

Genetic basis of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) resistance and grain yield in desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under unprotected conditions

A series of half-diallel crosses involving early, medium and late maturity desi and kabuli type chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes with stable resistance to Helicoverpa pod borer, along with the parents, were evaluated at two locations in India to understand the inheritance of pod borer resistance and grain yield. Inheritance of resistance to pod borer and grain yield was different in desi and kabuli types. In desi type chickpea, the additive component of genetic variance was important in early maturity and dominance component was predominant in medium maturity group, while in the late maturity group, additive as well as dominance components were equally important in the inheritance of pod borer resistance. Both dominant and recessive genes conferring pod borer resistance seemed equally frequent in the desi type parental lines of medium maturity group. However, dominant genes were in overall excess in the parents of early and late maturity groups. In the kabuli medium maturity group, parents appeared to be genetically similar, possibly due to dispersion of genes conferring pod borer resistance and susceptibility, while their F₁s were significantly different for pod borer damage. The association of genes conferring pod borer resistance and susceptibility in the parents could be attributed to the similarity of parents as well as their F₁s for pod borer damage in kabuli early and late maturity groups. Grain yield was predominantly under the control of dominant gene action irrespective of the maturity groups in desi chickpea. In all the maturity groups, dominant and recessive genes were in equal frequency among the desi parental lines. Dominant genes, which tend to increase or decrease grain yield are more or less present in equal frequency in parents of the early maturity group, while in medium and late maturity groups, they were comparatively in unequal frequency in desi type. Unlike in desi chickpea, differential patterns of genetic components were observed in kabuli chickpea. While the dominant genetic component was important in early and late maturity group, additive gene action was involved in the inheritance of grain yield in medium duration group in kabuli chickpea. The dominant and recessive genes controlling grain yield are asymmetrically distributed in early and medium maturity groups in kabuli chickpea. The implications of the inheritance pattern of pod borer resistance and grain yield are discussed in the context of strategies to enhance pod borer resistance and grain yield in desi and kabuli chickpea cultivars.     

福建花生品种系谱及其性状演变分析

为了给花生新品种选育和引种工作提供依据,分析了福建省建国以来审定（认定、鉴定）的33个花生品种系谱及其产量等性状的演变。结果表明：福建花生育成品种共涉及45个亲本,其中22个来自福建省,24个亲本是育成品种,‘狮头企’、‘粤油92’、‘汕油523’和‘泉花10号’、‘泉花327’是福建花生品种的骨干亲本,品种的亲缘关系主要来自于广东。系统育种是福建1951-1980年主要的育种方法,1991年以来杂交育种成为花生育种的主要方法。随着花生品种的更换,产量水平不断提高,其中百果重、百仁重逐渐提高对花生产量起了重要作用。脂肪含量有随着时间而略有提高的趋势,蛋白质含量变化与之相反。植株高度逐渐降低,耐肥抗倒能力提高,适于密植。总分枝数略有降低,而结果枝数变化不大。     

黄淮地区大豆重要亲本间产量的杂种优势、配合力及其遗传基础

2003-2005年以选自黄淮地区及美国的8个大豆重要亲本品种(系)及其组配的28个双列杂交组合为材料, 分析大豆亲本间的产量杂种优势及其配合力, 探讨高优势组合的遗传基础, 包括杂种优势与亲本系数、SSR标记遗传距离的相关。结果表明: (1)黄淮地区大豆亲本间存在产量超亲优势, 平均20.39%, 组合间差异甚大, 变幅–5.34%~76.88%, 优选出豫豆22×晋豆27、淮豆4号×晋豆27、诱变30×蒙90-24, 超亲优势分别为76.88%、29.90%和34.42%, 超标率均在25.00%以上, 晋豆27和诱变30为优秀亲本材料。单株荚数及单株粒数的优势和产量优势相对一致;(2) 大豆亲本间产量杂种优势既与双亲一般配合力之和及特殊配合力有关, 又不完全相关。高优势高产组合的亲本产量配合力特点为亲本之一具有较高的一般配合力, 或双亲具有较高的一般配合力之和, 兼有较高的特殊配合力。单株荚数和单株粒数的情况和产量一致;(3) 按亲本系数聚类和按SSR标记遗传相似系数聚类揭示的8个亲本间的遗传关系相对一致, 均分为两组, 一组包含6个黄淮中、南部品种(系), 另一组包含1个山西和1个美国品种。要获得高优势高产组合, 亲本间必须具有一定的遗传距离, 但遗传距离大并不一定都高产高优势, 还有其他因素决定杂种优势。     

大豆荚粒相关性状的QTL分析

利用Harosoy和Clark导入到红丰11为背景的初级回交导入系定位了大豆荚粒相关性状的QTL。在两套导入系群体中,对13个荚粒性状共检测到37个相关的QTL位点,分布在18个连锁群上。根据不同群体QTL检测情况,可将其分为3类：第1类为在两套群体同时检测到的QTL,共有23个,分布在13个连锁群上;第2类为只在Clark为供体亲本的群体中检测到的QTL,共有7个,分布在4个连锁群上;第3类为只在Harosoy为供体亲本的群体中被检测到的QTL,共有7个,分布在7个连锁群上。两套群体均检测到的23个QTL,并且有7个QTL与前人研究结果较一致,这些QTL位点为稳定主效的QTL,对荚粒性状贡献较大。本研究所构建的两套大豆回交导入系群体都是以红丰11作为轮回亲本,由于遗传背景较为一致,减小了其对QTL定位的干扰,排除了由于基因累赘所造成的偏差。因此QTL一致性较高,为标记辅助选择培育高产品种奠定了基础。     

Breeding behavior of yield components and hollow heart in tetraploid-diploid vs. conventionally derived potato hybrids

Summary A factorial mating design with six 4x cultivars as stylar parents mated to three groups of pollen parents (4x cultivars, 4x high protein selections, and 2x S. phureja) was used to study breeding behavior of yield, tuber set, marketable yield and hollow heart in potatoes. Mean yield for the 4x-2x hybrids was equivalent to that of their cultivar parents although yield components, tuber set and average tuber size, were greater and less, respectively, than the cultivar parents. High estimates of general combining ability were found in both pollen and stylar parents for yield, tuber set, marketable yield, number of marketable tubers and hollow heart in all three hybrid populations. Specific combining ability estimates were significant only for yield and hollow heart. Frequency of white-fleshed 4x-2x progeny of five heterozygous yellow-fleshed 2x phureja genotypes was used to confirm cytological identification of a first division restitution mechanism operative in the 2x parents. Although three of these phureja genotypes generated high-yielding progeny, two others produced 4x-2x progeny with mean yield similar to that of hybrids among 4x cultivars.Scientific journal series article 11,601 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

中国不同年代玉米亲本自交系的灌浆特性与氮素运转

大田试验条件下,选择我国1960s、1980s、2000s三个年代在生产中大面积应用的玉米亲本自交系为试验材料,比较分析了遗传改良过程中玉米骨干自交系灌浆特性及氮素运转的演变特征。结果表明,当代玉米品种及其亲本自交系的产量显著高于其他年代品系(P<0.05),且不同年代品种产量提高与其亲本产量密切相关(P<0.05),亲本自交系产量提高与其穗粒数相关性不显著,而与粒重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。对粒重变化研究表明,当代亲本自交系的灌浆速率呈先慢后快的趋势,籽粒灌浆的积累起始势(R₀)较高,灌浆最大速率出现时间(T_max)延迟,灌浆速率最大时生长量(W_max)和最大灌浆速率(G_max)明显较高。当代亲本自交系具有较高的干物质积累和日增干重,其茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质贡献率均高于1960s自交系,且在高密度条件下优势更为明显。当代亲本自交系具有较高的氮素积累总量(P<0.05),氮素输出率、贡献率的优势不明显(P>0.05),而氮素利用效率及氮收获指数显著高于1960s自交系(P<0.05)。表明遗传改良过程中玉米骨干自交系籽粒产量及氮效率得到同步提高,这与其自身较高的籽粒灌浆能力和物质运转效率密切相关。     

Combining ability analysis and association of yield and yield components among selected cowpea lines

The study was carried out to determine combining ability and association of yield and yield components among crosses derived from seven selected cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) parents. Twenty-one hybrids were generated from diallel crosses excluding reciprocals. Hybrids along with seven parents were studied for combining ability and phenotypic correlations for seed yield and eight yield components. The result indicated that the general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) were significant for most characters indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive genetic components. Additive gene action was important for eight characters except pod number, whereas non-additive gene action was not important for nodule number and grain yield. Parental lines IT86D-716 and IT81D-985 were found to be good general combiners for grain yield and other traits. The most promising specific combiners for yield and yield components were from crosses including IT87D-697-2 × IT86D-716, IT88D-867-11 × IT86D-716, IT93K-624 × IT87D-697-2, and IT87D-697-2 × IT92KD-405-1. Significant positive phenotypic correlations were observed between seed yield with pod length (POL), number of pods per plant (PON), and number of seeds per pod (SPD). POL, pod number per plant, SPD, and grain yield were identified as the best selection criteria that could be used in cowpea breeding programs.     

Genetic analysis of rapeseed self-incompatibility lines reveals significant heterosis of different patterns for yield and oil content traits

Self‐incompatibility is one of the most effective approaches to utilizing heterosis in oilseed rape around the world. To evaluate the heterosis of double low self‐incompatibility, the possibility of combining seed yield and oil content, and the genetic effects of parents on their hybrid progenies, a 2‐year field trial using a 3 × 22 NC II mating design was conducted during the 1999‐2001 growing seasons in Wuhan, China. Significant differences in seed yield per plant and seed oil content were observed among the F1 hybrids and between F1 progenies and their parents. However, the heterosis for seed yield per plant was much greater than that for seed oil content. Mid‐parent heterosis and high‐parent heterosis of seed yield per plant ranged from 5.50 to 64.11% and from –2.81 to 46.02%, while those of seed oil content ranged from –1.55 to 7.44% and –3.61 to 6.55%, respectively. Non‐additive genetic effects were a major mechanism that accounted for the yield heterosis in addition to additive effects. In contrast, seed oil content heterosis was mainly dependent on an additive genetic effect. General combining ability (GCA) determined the stability of hybrid cultivars. In hybrid breeding, parental materials might be selected by the sum of GCAs and variances of special combining abilities (SCAs) of female and male parents for traits affected by both additive and non‐additive effects, and by the sum of GCAs of two parents for traits controlled mainly by additive effects. Primary branches and their siliques were the most important yield traits.