屠前停用矿物质添加剂对猪生长性能、胴体品质和粪中矿物质排泄量的影响

屠前停用日粮中矿物质添加剂不影响猪的生长性能、胴体品质,同时还可降低饲料成本,减少粪中矿物质元素的排泄量,降低对环境的污染,是一安全、环保、节本增效的饲养技术。主要综述了这一技术的研究结果,为该技术应用推广提供参考。     

矿物质和维生素对奶牛繁殖的影响

奶牛对矿物质需求的种类很多,起主要作用的有;钙、磷、锰、铜、碘、锌、硒.维生素中对奶牛生长繁殖影响大的是维生素A、维生素E、维生素D、维生素B等.上述矿物质和维生素是维持奶牛正常生长繁殖必不可少的营养成分.如果奶牛缺乏矿物质和维生素,不但影响奶牛的生长发育,最重要的是影响繁殖能力、降低产奶量.因此,在饲喂时,应加强对各类饲草料的合理搭配,保证奶牛对矿物质和维生素的正常需求.     

肉用羔羊矿物质需要量研究进展

矿物质既是动物机体的重要组成部分,也在体内生化过程中发挥着重要作用.提供充足的矿物质对动物健康、发挥最佳生产性能具有重要意义.羔羊阶段是骨骼生长的重要时期,对矿物质需要更为严格,而在羔羊生产中,人们又普遍对矿物质的重要性缺乏认识,这就导致了很多饲养问题的发生.Z I Khan对巴基斯坦地区放牧绵羊研究发现,各个季节都存在矿物质缺乏问题,不同季节缺乏矿物质也不同[1].1986-1990年,我国和澳大利亚合作对内蒙古敖汉羊场进行了矿物质营养状况的检测,比较不同季节血浆和骨骼中矿物质含量变化,发现羊群也表现出了不同程度的矿物质缺乏[2].     

毛中矿物质含量可作为动物矿物质状况的指标

生长的毛在代谢上是有活性的,又是一种可分离的组织。有人建议,从毛的分析来估测动物体内矿物质元素的贮留状况。这样,毛可以反映出毛形成时毛囊内矿物质元素的含量。对矿物质元素的含量来说,毛的分析也可反映出由于尿、粪、汗、饲料和空降物质中矿物质元素的表面污染情况。鉴于营养学家对毛     

矿物质对牛肉品质的影响

本文综述了矿物质钙、铜、镁、锌、铁、硒对牛肉品质的影响.旨在为肉牛生产中应用矿物质提高牛肉品质提供参考依据.     

母猪的矿物质营养

母猪的矿物质需要量变化很大,主要是由于繁殖周期不同阶段的营养需要量不同。母猪的矿物质用于妊娠、胎儿发育,泌乳、生长和维持生命。妊娠后期和泌乳期的矿物质需要增大,可以通过补饲和动用体组织贮存满足其需要。母猪易发生矿物质缺乏,而导致利用年限缩短。缺乏某些矿物质时,母猪产仔数和乳中矿物质含量可能下降,胚胎发育受到影响,繁殖母猪将消耗组织中贮存的矿物质。矿物质不足会导致分娩时间延长,死胎和骨骼疾病发生率增加。组织中矿物质贮存可随着摄入矿物质量的增加而提高,但各组织矿物质的利用率并不同。泌乳期母猪采食量较低,日摄入矿物质量率常低于 NRC(1988)标准。     

矿物质与牛病

一、牛的必需矿物质动物和植物体内含有多种矿物质,但作为动物营养并不都是必要的。目前认为必需的矿物质如表1所示。矿物质根据在     

饮水中添加矿物质元素对蛋壳品质影响的最新研究

澳大利亚悉尼大学畜产系巴罗内布博士研究了关于饮水中矿物质含量对蛋壳的影响,现简介如下。一、蛋壳品质与饮水中矿物质含量的关系据报道,在蛋鸡所产的蛋中,平均有6～8％因蛋壳质量差而降低产品等级。众所周知在摄取饲料中的各种矿物质元素是影响     

饲料维生素矿物质失调对禽类的影响

维生素和矿物质是家禽维持生命、生长发育、进行正常生理机能和新陈代谢所必需的营养物质.家禽对维生素和矿物质的需要量甚微,但在禽体物质代谢中起着极其重要的作用.维生素和矿物质缺乏时会造成禽体新陈代谢紊乱、生长停滞以及发生各种疾病,严重时甚至可引起死亡.综述了维生素和矿物质不足或过量对禽类的影响.     

中华蜜蜂越冬阶段维生素和矿物质营养需要量

本试验旨在初步探索中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)越冬阶段维生素与矿物质的需要量.根据中华蜜蜂天然饲料--蜂蜜中的维生素和矿物质的含量设计试验饲料(维生素中剂量组、维生素高剂量组、矿物质中剂量组、矿物质高剂量组、维生素中剂量+矿物质高剂量组、维生素高剂量+矿物质中剂量组),测定维生素和矿物质对中华蜜蜂越冬阶段蜂群群势削减率和越冬饲料消耗量2个指标的影响,并以糖水和蜂蜜为对照进行比较,研究中华蜜蜂越冬阶段对维生素和矿物质的需求量.结果表明:在越冬阶段,除了使用天然蜂蜜作为越冬饲料外,也可以在中华蜜蜂常规饲料--糖水中添加复合维生素和矿物质来满足蜜蜂越冬的部分营养需求,复合维生素的最佳添加剂量应低于0.08 mg/kg,复合矿物质的最佳添加剂量应在0.95～1.89 mg/kg.     

饲粮类型和肥育后期不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中矿物元素排泄的影响

本研究共开展两个试验,探讨饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪肥育后期生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中微量矿物元素排泄的影响。在试验1中,选用128头平均体重(78.5±4.6)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复8头猪。四组试验猪的试验处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型)饲粮和添加或不添加维生素/微量矿物元素预混料。在试验2中,选用112头平均体重(90.3±6.3)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复7头猪。试验处理同试验1。结果显示,在79~110kg肥育期中(试验1),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度和采食量显著高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.01或0.05)。在90~105kg肥育期中(试验2),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度仍然高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.05)。但是,维生素和微量矿物元素添加与否对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对胴体和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。粪中微量矿物元素含量不受饲粮类型的影响(P>0.05),但不添加维生素和微量矿物元素时,粪中铜、铁、锰的含量显著降低(P<0.01),粪中锌含量也有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。对于生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质以及微量矿物元素排泄量,饲粮类型×维生素/微量矿物元素预混料的交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在猪的肥育后期(最后约25~40d),在玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型饲粮中可不添加维生素和微量矿物元素,从而可降低饲料成本和减少微量矿物元素的排泄。     

减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质、矿物质元素沉积及排放的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季高温状态下,在减少矿物质(铜、铁、锰、锌)元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对育肥后期猪生长性能、胴体品质、组织矿物质元素沉积和粪便矿物质元素排放的影响。试验共选用360头健康、平均体重为(103.9±0.7)kg的三元(杜×长×大)杂交育肥猪,采用2×2双因素试验设计,分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15头。因素1为饲粮矿物质元素的含量,设计为基础饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰元素含量的100%和80%2个水平;因素2为饲粮包膜半胱胺(半胱胺含量27%)含量,设计为0、1 600 mg/kg(半胱胺含量300 mg/kg)2个水平。试验期30 d。结果表明:1)饲粮减少矿物质元素或补充包膜半胱胺对育肥猪后期的生长性能和胴体品质均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮减少矿物质元素可显著降低育肥猪肝脏中铬元素的含量及肾脏中钠、钙、铅元素的含量(P0.05),显著升高血清钠元素含量(P0.05);减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺显著或极显著降低肝脏中钾元素含量和肾脏中钠、钙、铅、铜元素含量(P0.05或P0.01),并有降低肝脏锰、锌、铬及钙元素和血清中铬和镁元素含量沉积的趋势(0.05≤P0.10),对维持机体各组织中钠元素的稳定有利。3)饲粮中减少矿物质元素或补充包膜半胱胺极显著减少粪便中铅和铜元素的排放量(P0.01);饲粮减少矿物质元素可显著降低粪便中锌元素的排放量(P0.05),极显著升高镁元素的排放量(P0.05);减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对粪便中铬元素的排放量有降低趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。由此可见,夏季高温期,在饲粮的铜、铁、锰、锌4种矿物质元素含量减少20%条件下补充1 600 mg/kg包膜半胱胺,能在不影响育肥猪后期生长性能和胴体品质的同时,降低血清、肝脏和肾脏中矿物质元素的沉积,减少粪便铅、铜和铬元素对环境的排放,维持机体电解质平衡。     

Effect of supplemental iron on finishing swine performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality during retail display

Crossbred pigs (n = 185) were used to test the effects of dietary Fe supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing swine. Pigs were blocked by BW, allotted to pens (5 to 6 pigs/pen), and pens (5 pens/block) were allotted randomly to either negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal grower and finisher diets devoid of Fe in the mineral premix, positive control (PC) corn-soybean meal grower and finisher diets with Fe included in the mineral premix, or the PC diets supplemented with 50, 100, or 150 ppm Fe from Availa-Fe (an Fe-AA complex). When the lightest block averaged 118.2 kg, the pigs were slaughtered, and bone-in pork loins were collected during fabrication for pork quality data. During the grower-I phase, there was a tendency for supplemental Fe to reduce ADG linearly (P = 0.10), whereas in the grower-II phase, supplemental Fe tended to increase ADG linearly (P = 0.10). Even though pigs fed NC had greater G:F during the finisher-I phase (P < 0.05) and across the entire trial (P = 0.07), live performance did not (P > or = 0.13) differ among dietary treatments. There were linear increases in 10th-rib fat depth (P = 0.08) and calculated fat-free lean yield (P = 0.06); otherwise, dietary Fe did not (P > 0.19) affect pork carcass muscling or fatness. Moreover, LM concentrations of total, heme, and nonheme Fe were similar (P > 0.23) among treatments. A randomly selected subset of loins from each treatment was further fabricated into 2.5-cm-thick LM chops, placed on styrofoam trays, overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film, and placed in coffin-chest display cases (2.6 degrees C) under continuous fluorescent lighting (1,600 lx) for 7 d. During display, chops from NC-fed pigs and pigs fed the diets supplemented with 100 ppm Fe tended to have a more vivid (higher chroma value; P = 0.07), redder (higher a* value; P = 0.09) color than LM chops of pigs fed 50 ppm of supplemental Fe. Moreover, greater (P < 0.01) redness:yellowness ratios in chops from pigs supplemented with 100 ppm Fe indicated a more red color than chops from PC-fed pigs or pigs fed diets supplemented with 50 ppm Fe. In conclusion, however, increasing dietary Fe had no appreciable effects on performance, carcass, or LM characteristics, suggesting that current dietary Fe recommendations are sufficient for optimal growth performance, pork carcass composition, and pork quality.     

Effects of microbial phytase, low calcium and phosphorus, and removing the dietary trace mineral premix on carcass traits, pork quality, plasma metabolites, and tissue mineral content in growing-finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phytase addition, reduced Ca and available P (aP), and removing the trace mineral premix (TMP) on growth performance, plasma metabolites, carcass traits, pork quality, and tissue mineral content in growing-finishing swine. One hundred twenty cross-bred pigs (initial and final BW of 22 and 109 kg, respectively) were allotted to five dietary treatments on the basis of weight within gender in a randomized complete block design. There were three replications of barrows and three replications of gilts, with four pigs per replicate pen. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) C-SBM with reduced Ca and aP, 3) C-SBM with reduced Ca and aP plus 500 phytase units/kg of diet, 4) Diet 1 without the TMP, and 5) Diet 3 without the TMP. The Ca and aP were reduced by 0.10% in the low Ca and aP diets and the diets with added phytase. Daily gain, hot carcass weight, dressing percent, kilograms of carcass lean, bone ash percent, and bone strength were decreased (P = 0.10), but liver and kidney weight were increased (P = 0.10) in pigs fed diets with reduced Ca and aP; adding phytase reversed these responses (P = 0.10). The Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage L* was decreased (P = 0.09) in pigs fed the low Ca and aP diet plus phytase relative to those fed the control diet. Removing the TMP had no effect on overall growth performance, but it increased (P = 0.03) 10th-rib backfat thickness and fasting glucose and decreased (P = 0.03) carcass length and ham weight. Liver weight and liver weight as a percentage of final BW were not affected when phytase was added to the control diet, but removing the TMP increased liver weight and liver weight as a percentage of final BW; adding phytase reversed these responses (phytase x TMP, P = 0.06). Removing the TMP decreased (P = 0.08) Zn concentrations in the bone, muscle, and liver, and Cu and Fe concentrations in the bile but increased (P = 0.08) Mn concentrations in the bile and liver of pigs. The addition of phytase reversed the negative effects of the reduced Ca and aP diets. These data indicate that removing the TMP in diets for growing-finishing pigs has no negative effects on growth performance or pork quality, but it had negative effects on carcass traits and had variable effects on tissue mineral content.     

Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance,fecal mineral concentration,carcass characteristics,and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork

A study was conducted to determine if supplement withdrawal (omission of dietary vitamin and trace mineral premixes and a two-thirds reduction in dietary inorganic phosphorus) for 28 d preslaughter and the feeding of wheat middlings (dietary concentrations of 5, 15, and 30% from weaning to 16, 16 to 28, and 28 kg to slaughter, respectively) affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral concentrations ofthe pig, as well as the nutrient content and oxidative stability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Crossbred pigs (n = 64) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design (with or without supplement withdrawal, and with or without wheat middlings). Supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion did not influence average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, gain/feed, or carcass traits, except for a decrease (P < 0.01) in the ADG of pigs from 28 to 65 kg when fed wheat middlings. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations. In diets containing full vitamin and mineral supplementation, wheat middling inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations and increased (P < 0.01) fecal Mn. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of riboflavin, niacin, and P in the longissimus dorsi muscle, but did not affect longissimus dorsi thiamin, vitamin E, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ca concentrations. Inclusion of wheat middlings increased (P < 0.04) longissimus dorsi thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin E concentrations and decreased (P < 0.04) Cu concentrations. However, wheat middling inclusion did not affect (P > 0.05) longissimus dorsi Ca, P, Fe, and Zn concentrations. Dietary treatment did not affect either Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity in the longissimus dorsi. The results from this study indicate that supplement withdrawal and dietary wheat middling inclusion alter pork nutrient content and fecal mineral concentration, but not the oxidative stability of pork.     

育肥猪出栏前去掉预混料对猪胴体与肉品质的影响

为探讨育肥猪出栏前不同时间去掉预混料对胴体和肉品质的影响,选用180头体重为80kg左右的杜长大三元杂交育肥猪,随机分成3组(对照组、试验1组、试验2组),每组3个重复(圈),每重复(圈)20头。对照组饲喂含有4%商业预混料的日粮,试验1组宰前2周饲粮中去掉预混料(用沸石粉代替预混料),试验2组宰前4周饲粮中去掉预混料(用沸石粉代替预混料)。屠宰后测定并比较各组猪只的胴体品质和肉品质指标。结果表明:宰前不同时间去掉预混料对猪胴体品质、肉品质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。研究结果为减少生猪养殖过程中的粪污排放对环境的污染以及降低生产成本提供了有益参考。     

Effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles and enzyme premix supplements on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) and enzyme premix (mannanase + phytase) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs. Sixty hybrid pigs (L × LW × D) with initial weight of 63.92 ± 1.50 kg were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design with main effects of DDGS levels (0, 10 and 20%) and enzyme premix levels (0% vs. 0.14%). Average daily gain (ADG, P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < 0.05) were decreased due to an increased level of DDGS additive while the feed conversion ratio was improved (P < 0.05) by adding enzyme premix. The diet cost/gain (won/kg) was saved (P < 0.01) due to an increased level of DDGS additive. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters of Longissimus dorsi muscle by DDGS level and enzyme premix. Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased (P < 0.05) according to DDGS level. The results indicate that DDGS may be used in feeds for finishing pig as a replacement of corn and soybean meal without affecting their carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

饲粮减少矿物元素对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标以及骨骼肌矿物元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中减少铁、锰、锌、镁和铜5种矿物元素添加量对育肥猪后期生长性能、肉品质、血清生化指标以及骨骼肌矿物元素含量的影响。选用体况良好、体重接近[(76.17±1.58)kg]的"杜×长×大"三元杂交育肥猪300头,随机分成3个组,每组10个重复,每个重复10头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮基础上减少30%或60%矿物元素的饲粮。预试期3 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮减少30%和60%矿物元素对育肥猪的生长性能和肉品质无显著影响(P0.05);2)饲粮减少30%和60%矿物元素,育肥猪血清氨含量显著升高(P0.05);减少60%矿物元素显著降低血清中总胆固醇的含量(P0.05),同时有降低血清总蛋白含量的趋势(P0.10);3)饲粮减少30%矿物元素对育肥猪骨骼肌中各矿物元素含量并无显著影响(P0.05),而减少60%矿物元素使得骨骼肌铜、铁和锰元素含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此得知,育肥猪饲粮中铁、锰、锌、镁和铜元素的含量可减少NRC(2012)推荐量的30%,而不会影响育肥猪后期的生长性能和肉品质。     

不同日粮蛋白水平对乌金猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

旨在研究日粮不同蛋白水平对乌金猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响及最佳生长性能和胴体品质所需的日粮适宜蛋白水平。选取体重15妇左右的乌金猪90头,随机分为5组,每组18头。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,在15～30、30～60和60～100kg阶段的日粮蛋白水平分别为最高蛋白水平（HHP,18％、16％和14％）、中高蛋白水平（HMP,17％、15％和13％）、中蛋白水平（MMP,16％、14％和12％）、中低蛋白水平（MLP,15％、13％和11％）和最低蛋白水平（LLP,14％、12％和10％）。试验期至体重达100kg,统计日增重及料重比;分别在30、60和100kg体重时屠宰,测定胴体组成指标,采用模糊综合评定系统分析并确定最佳生长性能和胴体品质日粮适宜蛋白水平。结果表明,随日粮蛋白水平的降低,各生长阶段的日增重逐渐降低,料重比逐渐升高,15～30k阶段（除HHP与LLP外）日增重无显著差异（P〉0．05）,30～60和60～100kg阶段日增重差异显著（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,由高到低5个蛋白水平达100kg体重的时间分别为163、168、173、179和185d。胴体品质在30kg体重时,除板油重和眼肌面积外其他性状无明显差异（P〉O．05）。在60和100kg体重时随日粮蛋白水平的降低,瘦肉重、瘦肉率和眼肌面积降低,脂肪重、脂肪率和背膘厚增加,高、中、低蛋白组间差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。以无脂瘦肉重为指标,通过拟合曲线确定15～30、30～60和60～100kg阶段最佳生长性能所需的日粮适宜蛋白水平分别为15．95％、14．30％和11．81％。以瘦肉率、背膘厚、眼肌面积为评定胴体品质的代表指标,通过综合评定确定30、60和100kg体重时最优胴体品质适宜的日粮蛋白水平分别为16．47％、13．71％和10．72％。综合评定无脂瘦肉重和胴体品质,15～30、30～60和60～100kg阶段乌金猪获得最佳无脂瘦肉重和胴体品质的日粮适宜蛋白水平分别为14．98％、11．34％和11．71％。研究结果为乌金猪的合理饲养提供科学依据。     

Effects of omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes and(or) reducing inorganic phosphorus additions on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle quality in finishing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of omitting vitamin and trace mineral premixes and(or) reducing inorganic phosphorus additions to finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle quality in pigs. In Exp. 1, a corn-soybean meal-based diet (.70% lysine, .65% Ca, and .55% P) was used as the control. Pigs (n = 128; average initial BW of 85.7 kg) were fed the control diet or the control diet without 1) the vitamin premix, 2) the trace mineral premix, or 3) both premixes. Omitting the premixes had no effect on ADG (P>.39); gain/feed (P>.17); carcass backfat thickness (P>.42); and marbling, color, and firmness of the longissimus muscle (P>.11). In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 128; average initial BW of 86.2 kg) were fed the control diet (.65% Ca and .53% P) used in Exp. 1 and the control diet without 1/3 (.56% Ca and .46% P), 2/3 (.51% Ca and .40% P), or all (.47% Ca and .31% P) of the added monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Omitting up to 2/3 of the MCP increased ADG (quadratic effect, P<.02) and had no effect on meat quality (P>.12), but backfat thickness increased slightly (quadratic effect, P<.02). In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 160; average initial BW of 86.6 kg) were fed the control diet used in Exp. 1 or the control without 1) the vitamin and trace mineral premixes, 2) 2/3 of the MCP, or 3) the premixes and 2/3 of the MCP. Treatment had no effects on ADG (P>.23), gain/feed (P>.94), stomach lesions (P>.37), or serum gamma globulins (P>.08). In conclusion, vitamin and trace mineral premixes and up to 2/3 of the supplemental MCP can be omitted during late finishing (i.e., approximately the final 30 d) to reduce nutrient excesses that increase cost of feeding and nutrients excreted in waste material.