Effect of UV-B exposure on the concentration of vitamin D2 in sliced shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of UV-B on vitamin D 2 concentration in shiitake mushrooms and in white button mushrooms. After the exposure to UV-B, at a dose of 25 kJ/m(2), the concentration of vitamin D(2) was increased to 36.7 +/- 1.4, 68.6 +/- 4.9, and 106.4 +/- 14.7 microg/g (dry weight) for pileus, middle, and gill parts of shiitake mushroom, respectively. The gill side of whole shiitake mushrooms exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 75 kJ/m(2) increased to 2.8 +/- 0.2, 13.8 +/- 1.9, 40.7 +/- 4.4, and 61.9 +/- 10.6 microg/g (dry weight) at 25 degrees C, respectively. Irradiating slices of white button mushroom was a more efficient way of increasing the vitamin D(2) content than irradiating the gill or pileus of whole mushrooms, due to the larger exposure area. As the irradiation doses increased, the vitamin D(2) concentration also increased for both types of mushrooms. In conclusion, exposure to ultraviolet light offers an effective way of increasing the concentration of vitamin D(2) in mushrooms.     

Influence of electron-beam irradiation on bioactive compounds in grapefruits ( Citrus paradisi Macf.)

Phytochemical levels in fruits and vegetables can be affected by several postharvest factors. In the present study, the effect of electron-beam (E-beam) irradiation was studied on grapefruit bioactive compounds. 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White' grapefruits were irradiated with E-beam at 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 kGy. Changes of various bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, furocoumarins, and limonoids, were measured. The acidity decreased slightly with an increasing E-beam dose, whereas the total soluble solids were increased. Irradiation did not affect the vitamin C content at 1 kGy; however, doses beyond 1 kGy significantly reduced the vitamin C content. Lycopene and beta-carotene did not change significantly from the irradiation. Lycopene levels decreased as the E-beam dose increased, while the beta-carotene content slightly increased. Dihydroxybergamottin levels exhibited a decreasing trend, while the bergamottin content did not change. Naringin, a major flavonoid of grapefruit, showed a significant increase over the control at 10 kGy in both 'Rio Red' and 'Marsh White'. Nomilin continued to decrease with an increasing dose of E-beam irradiation, while limonin levels remained the same at all of the doses. Low-dose E-beam irradiation has very little effect on the bioactive compounds and offers a safe alternative to existing postharvest treatments for the disinfection and decontamination of grapefruits.     

Effects of postharvest pulsed UV light treatment of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on vitamin D2 content and quality attributes

Pulsed UV light (PUV) was investigated as a means to rapidly increase vitamin D(2) (D(2)) content in fresh button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). D(2) was found to increase to over 100% RDA/serving following 3 pulses (1 s). Following 12 pulses, D(2) began to approach a maximum concentration of 27 μg/g DW. The D(2) produced with 3 pulses decreased from 11.9 to 9.05 μg/g DW after 3 days of storage; however, D(2) levels remained nearly constant after this point throughout an 11-day shelf life study. PUV treated sliced mushrooms produced significantly more D(2) than whole mushrooms, and it was also observed that brown buttons generated significantly less D(2) than white buttons. Several quality attributes were assessed, and no significant differences between control and PUV treated mushrooms were observed. These findings suggest that PUV treatment is a viable method for rapidly increasing the D(2) content of fresh mushrooms without adversely affecting quality parameters.     

壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

为研究壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜对甜樱桃贮藏期生理及品质的影响,以新鲜大连甜樱桃为材料,研究4℃条件下3种壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理(0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.2%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.5%壳聚糖、0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖)对甜樱桃的腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C(Vc)含量、呼吸强度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化的影响。结果表明,0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌涂膜处理对甜樱桃果实的保鲜效果优于壳聚糖单膜处理(1.0%壳聚糖)。壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合涂膜处理能够使可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc含量维持在较高水平,降低果实的腐烂率、失重率,有效延缓呼吸强度、MDA含量的上升及CAT活性的下降,抑制POD和SOD活性。在维持甜樱桃贮藏品质和延缓衰老方面,以0.1%纳米氧化锌+0.8%壳聚糖复配的壳聚糖-纳米氧化锌复合膜处理的保鲜效果最好。本研究结果为改性壳聚糖涂膜在甜樱桃贮藏保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Vitamin D mushrooms: comparison of the composition of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) treated postharvest with UVB light or sunlight

This study compared the compositional changes in mushrooms exposed to sunlight with those occurring after commercial ultraviolet (UV) light processing. Button mushrooms (75 kg) were processed in the presence or absence of UVB light; a third group was exposed to direct sunlight. Mushroom composition was evaluated using chemical analyses. Vitamin D concentrations were 5, 410, and 374 μg/100 g (dw) in control, UVB, and sunlight groups, respectively. On a dry weight basis, no significant changes in vitamin C, folate, vitamins B(6), vitamin B(5), riboflavin, niacin, amino acids, fatty acids, ergosterol, or agaritine were observed following UVB processing. Sunlight exposure resulted in a 26% loss of riboflavin, evidence of folate oxidation, and unexplained increases in ergosterol (9.5%). It was concluded that compositional effects of UVB light are limited to changes in vitamin D and show no detrimental changes relative to natural sunlight exposure and, therefore, provide important information relevant to the suitability and safety of UVB light technology for vitamin D enhanced mushrooms.     

Effect of short-term UVB exposure on vitamin D concentration of eggs and vitamin D status of laying hens

Vitamin D deficiency in humans is widespread, and only a few food items are important natural sources of vitamin D. This study investigated the effect of UVB exposure of laying hens on the vitamin D content in egg yolk. In a two-factorial design, hens fed a vitamin D-deficient (-D) or -adequate (+D) diet were nonexposed or exposed to UVB light over a period of 4 weeks. UVB exposure of the -D group caused nearly normal egg production rate and egg shell quality; exposure of the +D group did not further improve these parameters. UVB exposure tended to improve the concentration of plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D(3)), but had no effect on 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in plasma or on cholecalciferol and 25(OH)D(3) in egg yolk. The present study shows that a short-term exposure of laying hens to UVB light is not an appropriate way to improve the vitamin D content of egg yolk.     

Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds against Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae)

The acaricidal activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) bud oil-derived eugenol and its congeners (acetyleugenol, isoeugenol, and methyleugenol) against adults of Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods and compared with those of benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Responses varied according to compound, dose, and mite species. On the basis of LD(50) values, the compound most toxic to D. farinae adults was methyleugenol (0.94 microg/cm(2)) followed by isoeugenol (5.17 microg/cm(2)), eugenol (5.47 microg/cm(2)), benzyl benzoate (9.22 microg/cm(2)), and acetyleugenol (14.16 microg/cm(2)). Very low activity was observed with DEET (37.59 microg/cm(2)). Against D. pteronyssinus adults, methyleugenol (0.67 microg/cm(2)) was much more effective than isoeugenol (1.55 microg/cm(2)), eugenol (3.71 microg/cm(2)), acetyleugenol (5.41 microg/cm(2)), and benzyl benzoate (6.59 microg/cm(2)). DEET (17.85 microg/cm(2)) was least toxic. These results indicate that the lipophilicity of the four phenylpropenes plays a crucial role in dust mite toxicity. The typical poisoning symptom of eugenol and its congeners was a similar death symptom of the forelegs extended forward together, leading to death without knockdown, whereas benzyl benzoate and DEET caused death following uncoordinated behavior. In a fumigation test with both mite species, all four phenylpropenes were much more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapor phase. Eugenol and its congeners merit further study as potential house dust mite control agents or as lead compounds.     

Acaricidal constituents isolated from Sinapis alba L. seeds and structure-activity relationships

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) were isolated from Sinapis alba L. seeds and their effects against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were evaluated using the impregnated fabric disk method. The LD 50 values of their compounds and derivatives were then compared with those of a commercial acaricide, benzyl benzoate. On the basis of the LD 50 values against D. farinae, PEITC (0.21 microg/cm(2)) was the most toxic, followed by benzyl isothiocyanate (0.55 microg/cm(2)), phenyl isothiocyanate (1.09 microg/cm(2)), butyl isothiocyanate (1.24 microg/cm(2)), and AITC (1.36 microg/cm(2)); acetyl isothiocyanate (195.01 microg/cm(2)) was the least toxic. In addition, the acaricidal effects of AITC and PEITC against D. farinae were 7.4- and 47.8-fold greater than those of benzyl benzoate, respectively. Against D. pteronyssinus, PEITC was the most toxic (0.19 microg/cm(2)), followed by benzyl isothiocyanate (0.77 microg/cm(2)), phenyl isothiocyanate (1.37 microg/cm(2)), butyl isothiocyanate (1.50 microg/cm(2)), and AITC (2.88 microg/cm(2)); acetyl isothiocyanate (168.82 microg/cm(2)) was the least toxic. AITC and PEITC were 3.3- and 50.4-fold more active than benzyl benzoate against D. pteronyssinus, respectively. Taken together, these findings indicate that AITC, PEITC, and partial derivatives may be useful as preventive agents against dust mites. In addition, these results indicate that structure-activity is related to the aromatic structure, the number of carbon atoms, and the compounds hydrophobicity.     

Acaricidal toxicity of 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone isolated from Angelicae koreana roots and structure-activity relationships of its derivatives

The acaricidal activities of 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone derived from Angelica koreana roots and its derivatives against Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae were examined by vapor phase and contact toxicity bioassays. In the vapor phase toxicity bioassay, 2'-methylacetophenone (1.25 μg/cm(2)) was 8.0 times more toxic against D. farinae than benzyl benzoate (10.00 μg/cm(2)), followed by 3'-methylacetophenone (1.26 μg/cm(2)), 4'-methylacetophenone (1.29 μg/cm(2)), 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone (1.75 μg/cm(2)), and 2'-hydroxy-5'-methylacetophenone (1.96 μg/cm(2)). In the contact toxicity bioassay, 3'-methylacetophenone (0.58 μg/cm(2)) was 17.24 times more effective against D. farinae than benzyl benzoate (7.52 μg/cm(2)), followed by 2'-methylacetophenone (0.64 μg/cm(2)), 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone (0.76 μg/cm(2)), 4'-methylacetophenone (0.77 μg/cm(2)), and 2'-hydroxy-5'-methylacetophenone (1.16 μg/cm(2)). The acaricidal activities of 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone derivatives against D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae were similar to those against D. farinae. In terms of structure-activity relationships, acaricidal activity against the three mite species changed with the introduction of hydroxyl and methyl functional groups onto the acetophenone skeleton. Furthermore, some of 2'-hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone derivatives could be useful for natural acaricides against three mite species.     

双孢菇微波冷冻干燥特性及干燥品质

为获得干燥时间短、产品质量高的蘑菇制品,采用微波冷冻干燥技术对双孢菇进行干燥处理,研究其在不同微波比功率(0.25,0.5,0.75 W/g)和系统压强(50,100,150 Pa)下的干燥曲线、有效水分扩散系数、复水比、收缩率、白度、维生素C保存率、能耗及基于模糊数学推理法下感官评定的变化规律;通过非线性拟合建立了适用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的数学模型;基于干燥能耗、干燥时间及部分品质指标对不同条件下双孢菇微波冷冻干燥过程进行加权综合评价。结果表明:微波比功率对干燥速率及干制品物理品质指标影响比对其他指标的影响更显著(P0.05);系统压强对干制品营养含量指标、干燥能耗以及感官评定的影响比对干燥特性的影响显著(P0.05);采用Henderson and Pabis模型能够准确(R20.9)描述干燥过程中水分变化规律;双孢菇有效水分扩散系数在10-10 m2/s数量级且受微波比功率影响更明显(P0.05);微波比功率和系统压强过高会造成双孢菇干制产品不被消费者接受;当微波比功率和系统压强分别为0.25 W/g和100 Pa时双孢菇微波冷冻干燥的综合评分值最高为0.67847,该条件较适合应用于双孢菇微波冷冻干燥中。研究探索了不同微波冷冻干燥条件下双孢菇干燥及品质特性的变化规律,为双孢菇微波冷冻干燥较优工艺参数组合的选择提供了理论依据。     

Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin A in oils and fats

A spectrophotometric method for determining vitamin A based on interaction with 50% trichloroacetic acid solution in dichloromethane was developed. The blue reaction product had a maximum absorption at 620 nm and obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 0.5-5.0 microgram retinol/ml solution. The molar absorptivity of the reaction product was 1.58 X 10(5). As much as 100 microgram vitamin D2, and beta-carotene up to 12 times the vitamin A concentration, did not interfere with the determination. The results obtained from the determination of vitamin A in cod liver oil and butter showed excellent agreement with the Carr-Price method, 43.013(d).     

Effect of Postharvest Sprays of Boron and Urea on Yield and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees

ABSTRACT

The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of postharvest sprays of boron (B) and urea on apple tree yield and fruit quality. The study was conducted during 2002–2003 at a commercial orchard in central Poland on mature ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted on a sandy loam soil with low B status. All experimental trees received soil-applied nitrogen (N) at a rate of 50 kg ha^?1 at bud break. The following spray treatments were performed: (1) postharvest B spray three to four weeks before leaf abscission at a rate of 1.2 kg ha^?1; (2) postharvest urea-N spray at the same time as B spraying at a rate of 18.4 kg ha^?1; and (3) combined B spray with urea at the same time and at the same rates as in the combination of treatments (1) and (2). Trees not sprayed with B and urea served as a control. The results showed that all spray treatments damaged leaves, but only postharvest urea spray and combined B spray with urea caused defoliation. Postharvest B spray with/without urea improved flower B status, fruit set, and tree yield. However, the efficiency of combined B spray with urea in improving reproductive growth was lower than that of foliar B application without the addition of urea. Postharvest sprays of B and urea had no effect o n blushing, flesh firmness, or soluble solids concentration of apple fruit. These results indicated that under B-deficiency conditions, postharvest B sprays are successful in improving reproductive growth and should be recommended without the addition of urea. It is suggested that combined B sprays with urea may be applied in the autumn to apple trees with limited soil B and N availability.     

Impact of postharvest disease control methods and cold storage on volatiles, color development and fruit quality in ripe 'kensington pride' mangoes

Postharvest diseases of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) cause economic losses during storage and can be controlled by chemical, physical, or biological methods. This study investigated the effects of different physical and/or chemical disease control methods on production of volatiles, color development and other quality parameters in ripe 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. Hard mature green mango fruit were harvested from an orchard located at Carnavon, Western Australia. The fruit were heat-conditioned (8 h at 40 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 83.5 +/- 0.5% RH), dipped in hot water (52 degrees C/10 min), dipped in prochloraz (Sportak 0.55 mL x L(-1)/5 min), dipped in hot prochloraz (Sportak 0.55 mL x L(-1) at 52 degrees C/5 min), dipped in carbendazim (Spin Flo 2 mL x L(-1)/5 min), and dipped in hot carbendazim (Spin Flo 2 mL x L(-1) at 52 degrees C/5 min). Nontreated fruit served as control. Following the treatments, the fruit were air-dried and kept in cold storage (13 +/- 0.5 degrees C) for three weeks before being ripened at 21 +/- 1 degrees C. The ripe pulp of the fruit that was treated with hot prochloraz or carbendazim at ambient and high temperatures showed enhanced concentrations of volatiles, while heat conditioning and hot water dipping did not significantly affect the volatile development. Ripening time, and color development were measured daily while disease incidence and severity, weight loss, firmness, and concentrations of soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, and volatiles were determined at the eating soft ripe stage. Hot water dipping or fungicide treatments (at ambient or at a high temperature) reduced postharvest diseases incidence and severity. Fruit quality (soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and total caretonoids) was not substantially affected by any of the treatments.     

Contents of vitamins, mineral elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated mushrooms

The aim of the study was to determine the contents of mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Se), vitamins (B(1), B(2), B(12), C, D, folates, and niacin), and certain phenolic compounds (flavonoids, lignans, and phenolic acids) in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. Selenium, toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb), and other mineral elements were analyzed by ETAAS, ICP-MS, and ICP methods, respectively; vitamins were detected by microbiological methods (folates, niacin, and vitamin B(12)) or HPLC methods (other vitamins), and phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC (flavonoids) or GC--MS methods (lignans and phenolic acids). Cultivated mushrooms were found to be good sources of vitamin B(2), niacin, and folates, with contents varying in the ranges 1.8--5.1, 31--65, and 0.30--0.64 mg/100 g dry weight (dw), respectively. Compared with vegetables, mushrooms proved to be a good source of many mineral elements, e.g., the contents of K, P, Zn, and Cu varied in the ranges 26.7--47.3 g/kg, 8.7--13.9 g/kg, 47--92 mg/kg, and 5.2--35 mg/kg dw, respectively. A. bisporus/brown contained large amounts of Se (3.2 mg/kg dw) and the levels of Cd were quite high in L. edodes (1.2 mg/kg dw). No flavonoids or lignans were found in the mushrooms analyzed. In addition, the phenolic acid contents were very low.     

Elicitation of resveratrol in peanut kernels by application of abiotic stresses

Application of no postharvest stress or by size reduction, grinding, chopping, or slicing and exposure to UV light or ultrasound were investigated for the elicitation of trans-resveratrol, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity (AOA) in peanut kernels. AOA and total phenolic compounds did not increase in stressed peanuts over incubation times 0-48 h at 25 degrees C; however, an increase in trans-resveratrol concentration over time occurred. Slicing (2 mm), ultrasound exposure for 4 min at 25 degrees C, and incubation for 36 h produced the highest level of trans-resveratrol synthesis in peanuts, increasing concentrations from 0.48 +/- 0.08 microg/g in untreated peanuts to 3.96 +/- 0.96 microg/g. AOA in stressed peanuts was negatively correlated with trans-resveratrol concentration, indicating that as AOA decreased trans-resveratrol concentration increased.     

Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea

A study was conducted to determine the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidative activity of five edible and five medicinal mushrooms commonly cultivated in Korea. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were detected in the mushrooms studied. The average total concentration of phenolic compounds was 326 microg/g, the average being of 174 microg/g in edible mushrooms and 477 microg/g in medicinal mushrooms. The average total flavonoids concentration was 49 microg/g, with averages of 22 and 76 microg/g in edible and medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged between 15 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 70% (Ganoderma lucidum) when reaction time was for 1 min. When reaction time was 30 min, the values ranged between 5 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 78% (Agaricus bisporus). The SOD activity averaged 28% among the 10 mushroom species, averages for edible and medicinal mushrooms being comparable. DPPH activities was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total content of phenolic compounds in edible mushrooms, while in medicinal mushrooms there was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between SOD activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds. Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds detected and antioxidative potential.     

伞形花内酯处理对采后徐香猕猴桃果实灰霉病抗的影响

为探讨伞形花内酯处理对猕猴桃果实采后灰霉病的控制效应,本试验研究了伞形花内酯对灰霉菌孢子和生长的影响,以及对美味猕猴桃徐香损伤接种灰霉菌后果实病害发展、抗病相关酶活性和抗性物质的影响。结果表明,离体条件下,0.5和1.0 mg·mL^-1伞形花内酯能够显著抑制灰霉菌孢子的萌发和生长;0.5 和1.0 mg·mL^-1伞形花内酯处理能够抑制损伤接种灰霉菌猕猴桃果实病斑的扩张,显著提高果肉几丁质酶(CHT)、β-1,3 葡聚糖酶(GLU)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,提高果实贮藏后期总酚、类黄酮和木质素的含量,因而诱导了猕猴桃采后果实对灰霉病的抗性。本研究为应用外源伞形花内酯控制猕猴桃采后果实灰霉病害提供了理论依据。     

壳聚糖及UV-C处理对长山药冷害和品质的影响

为探讨壳聚糖及UV-C处理对贮藏过程中长山药冷害和品质的影响,以长山药为试验材料,采用不同浓度的壳聚糖及不同剂量的UV-C照射处理长山药块茎,对比分析长山药的冷害指数、可溶性固形物、丙二醛(MDA)、相对电导率、抗氧化酶类活性等指标的变化。结果表明,维持长山药块茎品质的壳聚糖最佳浓度为1.0%,UV-C最佳照射剂量为6 KJ·m^-2。此条件下,壳聚糖、UV-C、壳聚糖+UV-C处理都能有效降低长山药块茎的冷害指数,抑制其MDA含量和相对电导率的升高,保护膜结构的完整性,显著降低了多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,还可以保持较高的可溶性固形物含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,说明这3种处理均可控制长山药冷害的发生,延长块茎的贮藏期,其中以壳聚糖+UV-C处理效果最佳。本研究结果为减缓采后长山药冷害提供了一定的理论依据。     

纳滤膜孔径对沼液超滤透过液养分富集与膜污染行为的影响

超滤（ultrafiltration，UF）能有效浓缩沼液，但透过液中仍含有大量养分，可进一步采用纳滤（nanofiltration，NF）等精密膜浓缩利用。NF膜的孔径会直接影响膜的截留特性和通量，从而影响浓缩性能。为了探究NF膜孔径对沼液浓缩过程养分富集效果和膜污染行为的影响，该研究以鸡粪沼液的UF透过液为研究对象，分别采用800 D、500 D、100 D的NF膜（平均膜孔径分别为2.0、1.0、0.5 nm）进行浓缩，重点分析养分截留效果和膜污染特征。结果表明：不同孔径的NF膜均能高效截留化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand，COD）和总磷（total phosphorus，TP），截留率可达68%以上，但对总氮（total nitrogen，TN）和总钾（total potassium，TK）的截留较低，仅为19%～35%。随着膜孔径降低，NF对COD、TN、TP、TK的截留效果略有提高，但整体差异不明显。不同孔径NF膜在沼液浓缩过程均出现了明显的水通量降低。与1.0 nm的NF膜相比，0.5 nm膜较小的孔径和2.0 nm膜较大的初始通量均会导致膜表面有机-无机致密污染层的形成，从而造成水通量快速降低；而1.0 nm膜表面形成的以无机晶体为主的污染层较为疏松，通量下降较为缓慢。综合养分截留效果和水通量变化规律，确定孔径为1.0 nm的NF膜更适用于浓缩沼液的UF透过液，研究结果可为推动沼液膜浓缩的发展与工程应用提供理论与技术支撑。     

应用臭氧浓度精准控制熏蒸装置提高树莓贮藏品质

为了明确不同浓度臭氧气体处理对树莓低温贮藏品质的影响,促进臭氧精准控制装置在果蔬采后贮藏保鲜中的应用,采用国家农产品保鲜工程技术研究中心(天津)研制的精准浓度臭氧冷藏熏蒸装置对树莓(品种:海尔特兹Heritage)进行短时臭氧熏蒸处理(4℃,1 h,相对湿度95%),臭氧质量浓度为0.21、0.54、1.07 mg/L,熏蒸后树莓置于0℃冷库中贮藏,定期测试不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:臭氧精准控制装置能够在较短时间内达到设定浓度,0.21、0.54、1.07 mg/L的臭氧分别在96、168、240 s时达到,并且臭氧浓度控制精准,精度为0.05 mg/L。不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理均可以显著抑制树莓微生物繁殖(P0.05),1.07 mg/L可使树莓微生物菌落总数降低1.62个数量级。0.21、0.54 mg/L熏蒸处理过的树莓感官品质显著好于对照组(P0.05),能够有效延缓树莓果实维生素C降解,维持可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量,抑制硬度下降,0.54 mg/L熏蒸处理对树莓的保鲜效果较佳,1.07 mg/L熏蒸处理对树莓表面造成轻微伤害,反而促进树莓贮藏中的腐烂,降低了营养品质,不利于树莓保鲜。精准控制臭氧浓度,对于明确臭氧处理保鲜效果、调控树莓采后贮藏品质方面具有应用潜力。