不同种类微生物对普洱茶发酵过程的影响

为阐明微生物在普洱茶发酵过程中作用机制,进行了普洱生茶单菌发酵实验,通过跟踪不同菌种对普洱茶发酵过程中感官品质和理化指标的影响,发现不同微生物对普洱茶发酵的作用,并对优势菌种进行混菌发酵实验,以期为工业化微生物发酵普洱茶提供理论和数据支持。结果表明,普洱茶发酵过程中,叶色由黄绿变为猪肝色,茶汤的苦涩感逐渐减弱,汤色红浓明亮,理化成分中茶多酚和水浸出物含量均减少,茶褐素和咖啡碱含量增加,且霉菌对这些成分的影响最大,酵母次之,细菌最小。混菌发酵茶样20d即具有普洱熟茶的品质。结果证明采用合理配比微生物发酵普洱茶可以缩短发酵时间,而且能更好地控制和规范普洱茶的发酵趋势和结果。     

普洱茶机械化生产及数控发酵的品质研究

为研究机械化加工普洱茶的可行性,使用“晒青茶机械化标准化生产线”加工晒青茶,并应用云南普洱茶树良种场开发的数控发酵系统对加工的晒青毛茶进行发酵,在各个加工过程中取样,应用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）结合感官审评的方法,研究机械化生产晒青毛茶及其在数控发酵过程中内含成分和香气物质的变化,为普洱茶机械化加工和产业升级提供一定依据。结果显示,机械化加工的普洱茶审评结果符合普洱茶国家标准,普洱茶机械化生产具有可行性;数控发酵过程中,儿茶素、没食子酸（GA）、水浸出物、茶多酚及氨基酸的含量呈减少趋势,咖啡碱含量增加;GC-MS及电子鼻分析结果表明,第一次翻堆时香气物质与其他出堆样差异显著,随着数控发酵进行,香气物质种类增加而香气物质相对含量总体减少,香气物质种类以醇类、芳香烃类、酮类及醛类为主,检测出芳香烃类香气物质较为丰富。     

不同等级普洱茶的化学成分及抗氧化活性比较

选用高、中、低三类不同等级的普洱茶为研究对象,研究比较了它们的抗氧化活性、香气成分及其主要理化成分含量的差异。结果表明,高、低两类等级的普洱茶相比,总氧化活性、清除羟自由基活性、清除DPPH自由基活性、醇类香气成分总量、杂氧化合物香气成分总量、黄酮总量以及茶色素含量等,一般都存在显著性差异(P<0.05);而中等级的普洱茶与高或低等级的普洱茶相比,除总氧化活性、清除羟自由基活性、茶多酚含量和黄酮总量存在显著性差异外(P<0.05),其他理化成分的含量一般都不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。主成分分析表明,抑制羟自由基活性、总抗氧化活性、黄酮总量、茶褐素含量以及醇类香气成分总量等是区分普洱茶等级的重要理化指标。     

不同等级普洱茶的化学成分及抗氧化活性比较

选用高、中、低三类不同等级的普洱茶为研究对象,研究比较了它们的抗氧化活性、香气成分及其主要理化成分含量的差异.结果表明,高、低两类等级的普洱茶相比,总氧化活性、清除羟自由基活性、清除DPPH自由基活性、醇类香气成分总量、杂氧化合物香气成分总量、黄酮总量以及茶色素含量等,一般都存在显著性差异(P＜0.05);而中等级的普洱茶与高或低等级的普洱茶相比,除总氧化活性、清除羟自由基活性、茶多酚含量和黄酮总量存在显著性差异外(P＜0.05),其他理化成分的含量一般都不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05).主成分分析表明,抑制羟自由基活性、总抗氧化活性、黄酮总量、茶褐素含量以及醇类香气成分总量等是区分普洱茶等级的重要理化指标.     

普洱茶不同储存时间的生化成分变化和抗氧化活性研究

对不同储存年份普洱茶的生茶和熟茶的水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸和可溶性糖含量进行测定和分析,结果表明,四种生化成分含量是：生茶组中,旧茶比新茶呈明显下降,熟茶组中,同样是旧茶比新茶呈明显下降,差异均达极其显著水平。品质感官评审结果表明,随着贮存时间的增长,生茶的汤色由黄浓变为橙黄,香气由嫩香转变为淡淡的陈香,滋味由鲜爽转变为有浓醇感,微苦涩。熟茶的汤色由红褐色变为褐红色,香气清纯持久,滋味转变为醇厚、甘甜。总抗氧化活性（T—AOC）法检测结果,生茶的抗氧化活性高于熟茶,随着存放时间的增加,普洱茶的抗氧化活性明显下降,这与茶多酚的减少密切相关。     

普洱茶与茯砖茶风味轮的构建及应用

风味轮是一种简单易懂的描述词系统，方便消费者交流普洱茶与茯砖茶的感官风味属性。通过建立感官审评小组，对普洱茶和茯砖茶的风味进行感官审评，从香气和滋味两个维度绘制了普洱茶和茯砖茶的风味轮。在此基础上，对23个典型感官描述词设置不同强度的参比样品，建立了普洱茶和茯砖茶感官定量描述词汇表。进一步运用M值法结合方差分析及多元统计学分析，筛选出能够较好描述普洱茶和茯砖茶的感官主要描述语，普洱茶中筛选出7个香气描述词（木香、甜香、药香、酵气、糯香、枣香和陈香）和5个滋味描述词（甜味、苦味、涩味、酸味和醇厚）；茯砖茶筛选出5个香气描述词（木香、甜香、药香、陈香和菌花香）和5个滋味描述词（甜味、苦味、涩味、酸味和醇厚），这些描述词均可较好地评价普洱茶和茯砖茶样品的感官品质特征。研究结果对区分、评价普洱茶和茯砖茶感官风味特征及其产品的开发提供应用价值。     

普洱茶香气成分研究进展

普洱茶具有独特的陈香香味,其香气成分复杂,以醇类和杂氧化合物为主,还有碳氢化合物、醛类、酮类和酯类。本文综述了普洱茶的香气成分及普洱茶原料、干燥方式、发酵程度、茶叶等级、外源氨基酸、外源酶、贮藏时间、茶树品种、臭氧和超高压处理、冲泡条件以及检测手段等因素对其香气质和量的影响,并对普洱茶香气研究进行了展望。     

人工接种真菌发酵普洱茶的化学成分变化研究

在传统普洱茶自然渥堆发酵的基础上,研究了人工接入黑曲霉、青霉和酵母3种真菌后普洱茶化学成分的变化。结果表明,茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素、水溶性果胶、水溶性糖、水浸出物、咖啡碱、氨基酸和灰分这些化学成分的变化趋势均与自然渥堆发酵相一致,呈增加趋势的有茶黄素。茶褐素、咖啡碱、水溶性果胶和灰分,呈减少趋势的有茶多酚、儿茶素、茶红素、水溶性糖、水浸出物和氨基酸。由于人为增加了普洱茶渥堆发酵所需的优势菌种,从而在一定程度上导致了以上这些化学成分的变化幅度与自然渥堆发酵的存在着量上的差异性,人工接种真菌后,更有利于茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物、水溶性糖、茶红素的保留,有利于茶黄素、咖啡碱的积累,并生成适量的茶褐素。人工接种真菌渥堆发酵普洱茶．在方法上是可行的．但有关相应的技术参数还需进一步研究。     

百年藏普洱传承茶文化

中国是茶的故乡,普洱茶是云南和中国的历史名茶,有上千年的发展历史。在不同的历史时期,普洱茶又不断得到丰富和深化。普洱茶称之为“驮在马背上的茶”。悠悠茶马古道上的长期贩运,加上一段时间的贮存,普洱茶经历了自然发酵,茶的品质发生了很大变化。汤色变红,气味变香,苦涩味减之,入口醇厚、爽滑、回甘香甜、香气迷人,又十分耐泡。茶马古道见证了这样一个过程:满载着普洱茶的竹筐或牛皮包,在到达目的地之前;平均要被上下搬卸四百余次,马背的颠簸、烘热有助于茶叶的自然发酵,晚上大地上的滋润熏蒸更增添了茶叶的天然清香,古道、山风、马背、…     

陈年普洱茶特征风味成分分析

采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法测定陈年普洱茶中挥发性组分,其中烷烃类化合物含量较高,但它对茶叶香气几乎没有贡献,为此陈年普洱茶香气以芳烃类及其衍生物和萜烯类化合物为主,以酯类及其衍生物为辅。芳烃类及其衍生物以2,2',5,5'-四甲基联苯和1,2,3-三甲基-4-丙烯基-萘为主,萜烯类化合物以α-雪松烯和长叶烯两种异构体为主,并以α-雪松烯含量作为陈年普洱茶的检测指标。陈香味关联成分1,2,3-三甲氧基苯的含量随着萃取温度的提高而增加,最高约1.73%。同时采用比色法测得普洱茶的茶多酚、总黄酮、可溶性总糖及游离氨基酸含量分别为50.87、11.7、5.09、1.69 mg·g^-1。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。