2-methyltetrahydrofuran--lithium hexafluoroarsenate: a superior electrolyte for the secondary lithium electrode

Rechargeable, high energy density lithium batteries require an efficient lithium electrode. Earlier work with electrolytes based on propylene carbonate, methyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran yielded poor lithium electrode cycling efficiencies because of electrolyte reduction by lithium. Solutions of lithium hexafluoroarsenate in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran are found to be remarkably stable toward lithium, resulting in cycling efficiencies that approach 98 percent. The ability of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran to resist reduction by lithium is thought to be based on the position of its lowest unfilled molecular orbital relative to that of tetrahydrofuran.     

Lithium blocks a phosphoinositide-mediated cholinergic response in hippocampal slices

The effects of lithium on inositol phosphate metabolism may account for the therapeutic actions of lithium in affective disorder. Muscarinic stimulation of the phosphoinositide system blocks synaptic inhibitory actions of adenosine in the hippocampal slice. At therapeutic concentrations, lithium diminished this muscarinic response, whereas rubidium, which does not affect phosphoinositide metabolism, had no effect. A dampening of phosphoinositide-mediated neurotransmission may explain the normalizing effects of lithium in treating both mania and depression.     

锂元素对雏鸡学习记忆的影响

[目的]研究锂元素在雏鸡学习记忆中的作用。[方法]设定不同浓度锂元素处理鸡胚,待鸡胚孵化后,利用经典的行为学模型,研究不同锂元素浓度对雏鸡学习记忆的影响,通过RT-PCR方法检测学习记忆相关基因jun的表达,分析锂元素是否对jun有影响。[结果]不同浓度锂元素对于雏鸡一次性回避的影响明显,在5 min（短时记忆）、120 min（长时记忆）2个时间点均能够记住这个厌恶反应,与空白对照组相比,注射100 mmol/L氯化锂组的雏鸡在5、120 min 2个时间点均显示有显著或极显著差异（P5m in=0.039〈0.05,P120m in=0.002〈0.01）;jun基因的在训练前和训练后以及不同浓度的锂元素梯度下出现了明显的表达差异。[结论]锂元素在雏鸡的学习记忆中发挥中重要的作用;jun基因是学习记忆环路中的一个重要基因。     

溴化锂处理对大豆幼苗生长的影响

为明确溴化锂对大豆的毒害作用,以濮豆129为供试大豆品种,设置0、10-7、10-6、10-5、10-4、10-3、10-2、10-1 mol/L 8个溴化锂浓度处理进行水培试验,通过测定不同浓度溴化锂浸种后大豆幼苗平均株高、鲜质量、根长、叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量,研究了溴化锂对大豆幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:10-7 mol/L溴化锂处理有效促进了大豆幼苗的生长,其平均株高和平均根长分别为43.18cm和4.97cm,叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量分别为2.34mg/g和368.11μg/g;当溴化锂浓度增加到10-1 mol/L,大豆幼苗受到严重损伤,几乎不能生长。总之,溴化锂对大豆幼苗的生长具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的效应。     

Stable high-order molecular sandwiches: hydrocarbon polyanion pairs with multiple lithium ions inside and out

Stable ten-component sandwich compounds have been characterized in which four lithium ions reside between two tetraanions derived from corannulene or its alkyl-substituted derivatives and four additional lithium ions decorate the exterior. In tetrahydrofuran solution, the four lithium ions inside the sandwich can exchange environments with the four external lithium atoms, but the two tetraanion decks of the sandwich never separate from one another on the time scale of nuclear magnetic resonance. Theoretical calculations point to a "stacked bowl" conformation and a low energy barrier for synchronous double inversion of the tetraanion bowls in the solvated sandwich compounds.     

Lithium increases serotonin release and decreases serotonin receptors in the hippocampus

The effects of long-term lithium administration on pre- and postsynaptic processes involved in serotonergic neurotransmission were measured in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Long-term lithium administration increased both basal and potassium chloride-stimulated release of endogenous serotonin from the hippocampus but not from the cortex. Serotonergic receptor binding was reduced in the hippocampus but not in the cortex. These results suggest a mechanism by which lithium may stabilize serotonin neurotransmission.     

Solid state electrodes for high energy batteries

A new class of electrode materials for high energy density, rechargeable batteries based on topochemical reactions of lithium and transition metal compounds is evolving. The physical and structural properties relevant to the ability of transition metal oxides with framework structures to topochemically incorporate lithium are discussed. Perovskite-related structures are particularly attractive hosts for lithium.     

Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry

The electrochemical reaction of layered titanium disulfide with lithium giving the intercalation compound lithium titanium disulfide is the basis of a new battery system. This reaction occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is one of a new generation of solid cathode materials.     

Lithium-Sodium Beta Alumina: First of a Family of Co-ionic Conductors?

Lithium-sodium beta alumina having a lithium/sodium ratio greater than about I appears to be the first generally useful lithium superionic conductor that has been reported. It exhibits strikingly nonlinear ion exchange properties and may presage the discovery of similar co-ionic interactions in other superionic conductors. The properties of lithium-sodium beta alumina are discussed in relation to current concepts of ionic interaction and distribution in the beta alumina conduction plane.     

A mechanism of lithium storage in disordered carbons

High-resolution electron microscopy and lithium-7 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were carried out for a disordered carbon material, prepared by heat treatment of polyphenylene, in which lithium was stored electrochemically. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum suggests the existence of Li(2) covalent molecules in the carbon material. This extra covalent site of lithium storage promises extraordinarily high energy density for secondary batteries.     

Superconductivity in dense lithium

Superconductivity in compressed lithium is observed by magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity measurements. A superconducting critical temperature (Tc) is found ranging from 9 to 16 kelvin at 23 to 80 gigapascals. The pressure dependence of Tc suggests multiple phase transitions, consistent with theoretical predictions and reported x-ray diffraction results. The observed values for Tc are much lower than those theoretically predicted, indicating that more sophisticated theoretical treatments similar to those proposed for metallic hydrogen may be required to understand superconductivity in dense phases of lithium.     

Coyote predation control by aversive conditioning

Conditioned aversions were induced in coyotes by producing lithium chloride illness in them following a meal, and the effects upon eating and attack behavior were observed. One trial with a given meat and lithium is sufficient to establish a strong aversion which inhibits eating the flesh of that prey. One or two trials with a given flesh (lamb or rabbit) specifically suppresses the attack upon the averted prey but leaves the coyote free to attack the alternative prey. A method of saving both prey and predator is discussed.     

Total synthesis benzene and its derivatives as major gasoline extenders

Synthesized benzene and simple alkylated derivatives are proposed as nonpetrochemical gasoline components. Feasible raw materials include coal, coke, charcoal, and carbonaceous wastes. The basic synthesis consists of the formation of lithium carbide by reaction of the metal with carbon, hydrolysis of the carbide to acetylene, cyclization of acetylene to benzene, and regeneration of lithium metal. Total synthesis benzene is substantially different from other synthetic hydrocarbon fuels in that its hydrogen content is obtained from water so that hydrogen gas is not needed as a major reactant.     

Influence of gravity waves on the internal rotation and Li abundance of solar-type stars

The Sun's rotation profile and lithium content have been difficult to understand in the context of conventional models of stellar evolution. Classical hydrodynamic models predict that the solar interior must rotate highly differentially, in disagreement with observations. It has recently been shown that internal waves produced by convection in solar-type stars produce an asymmetric, shear layer oscillation, similar to Earth's quasi-biennial oscillation, that leads to efficient angular momentum redistribution from the core to the envelope. We present results of a model that successfully reproduces both the rotation profile and the surface abundance of lithium in solar-type stars of various ages.     

Lead exposure during infancy permanently increases lithium-induced polydipsia

Lead (200 milligrams per kilogram) was administered daily by intubation to Long-Evans rats on days 3 through 30 of life. Thirty to 180 days after cessation of lead administration, the lead-treated rats were consistently more polydipsic after lithium administration (2 millimoles per kilogram per day) than were pair-treated controls. Lithium increased the plasma renin activity equally in both the lead treated and the control groups. These data are evidence that there may be permanent neural changes induced by postnatal exposure to lead that are manifested by pharmacological challenge with lithium.     

Evoked release of norepinephrine and serotonin from brain slices: inhibitoon by lithium

Slices of mammalian brain accumulate H(3)-norepinephrine and H(3)-serotonin when incubated in a physiologic medium containing these tritiated monoamines. When these tissues are subjected to mild electrical stimulation of short duration, which is associated with depolarization of nerve membranes, a striking increase in the rate of efflux of the exogenous labeled monoamines occurs. Stimulation-induced release of both labeled monoamines is diminished by the presence of lithium ions in the perfusing medium; related monovalent cations had no such effect. Evoked release from slices of brain from animals treated intraperitoneally with lithium chloride for 3 days was also reduced.     

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm

Animals receiving low-intensity electrical stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala while drinking plain tap water were injected with toxic doses of lithium chloride to examine whether brain stimulation can serve as a conditioned stimulus in a bait-shyness paradigm. Subjects receiving this pairing greatly reduced their water intake in a retention test, in a similar manner to a group in which saccharin was paired with poisoning. Pairing lithium chloride with stimulation of the amygdala had no effect on subsequent water intake in the absence of brain stimulation. This effect appears to be locus specific, as caudate stimulation could not serve as a conditioned stimulus.     

原子吸收光谱法测定浓海水中的微量锂

采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定浓海水中微量金属锂离子时,干扰主要来自浓海水中共存的高浓度的阳离子。探讨了共存的主要阳离子对锂离子测定的影响,并分析了消除高浓度阳离子干扰的方法。结果表明：Ca2＋和Mg2＋是主要干扰元素,可以采用标准加入法消除共存的高浓度阳离子的干扰;锂在0.13～1.92 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.62%。     

Virus-enabled synthesis and assembly of nanowires for lithium ion battery electrodes

The selection and assembly of materials are central issues in the development of smaller, more flexible batteries. Cobalt oxide has shown excellent electrochemical cycling properties and is thus under consideration as an electrode for advanced lithium batteries. We used viruses to synthesize and assemble nanowires of cobalt oxide at room temperature. By incorporating gold-binding peptides into the filament coat, we formed hybrid gold-cobalt oxide wires that improved battery capacity. Combining virus-templated synthesis at the peptide level and methods for controlling two-dimensional assembly of viruses on polyelectrolyte multilayers provides a systematic platform for integrating these nanomaterials to form thin, flexible lithium ion batteries.     

Electrodes with high power and high capacity for rechargeable lithium batteries

New applications such as hybrid electric vehicles and power backup require rechargeable batteries that combine high energy density with high charge and discharge rate capability. Using ab initio computational modeling, we identified useful strategies to design higher rate battery electrodes and tested them on lithium nickel manganese oxide [Li(Ni(0.5)Mn(0.5))O2], a safe, inexpensive material that has been thought to have poor intrinsic rate capability. By modifying its crystal structure, we obtained unexpectedly high rate-capability, considerably better than lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), the current battery electrode material of choice.