不同菌株固态生料发酵棉籽粕的研究

试验研究了微生物固态生料发酵对棉籽粕中游离棉酚和蛋白质含量变化的影响。利用12株菌固态生料发酵棉籽粕筛选出高效脱除棉酚菌株和产蛋白酶能力最佳的菌株;在此基础上进行菌种复配发酵棉籽粕。结果表明:单一菌株棉籽粕固态发酵试验中,地衣芽孢杆菌B12脱毒效果最佳,脱毒率为42.7%,水溶性蛋白含量8.2%,小肽含量4.19%;产蛋白酶能力较强菌株为Bsl和Bs3,蛋白酶酶活力分别为43.8U/mL和43.6U/mL;混菌组合发酵中B12+Cul组合脱毒率50.03%,水溶性蛋白含量9.11%,小肽含量6.98%,为最佳菌种组合。结论:混菌发酵效果优于单菌发酵。     

微生物发酵水飞蓟粕最佳条件的优化

为了研究单一菌种和复合菌种对水飞蓟粕发酵的最佳条件,试验采用L9(34)正交试验设计,考虑接种量(A)、水分含量(B)、发酵时间(C)、发酵温度(D)这4个因素,以发酵后水飞蓟粕中的粗蛋白和粗纤维含量为指标,确定最佳发酵条件。结果表明:复合菌种发酵对蛋白质含量的提高高于单一菌种发酵,发酵的最优条件为A3B1C2D2,即接种量为3%,含水量为40%,发酵温度为37℃,发酵时间为48 h。     

高效降解游离棉酚并改善棉籽粕营养品质的菌株筛选

本试验旨在利用枯草芽孢杆菌和植物乳酸菌发酵棉籽粕,研究其对棉籽粕中游离棉酚降解率的影响,并对发酵前后棉籽粕的营养品质指标如活菌数、中性蛋白酶活性、酸溶蛋白质含量、pH、游离棉酚含量等进行比较。结果发现:可高效降解棉籽粕中游离棉酚的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株为BLCC1-0039,可有效改善发酵风味的植物乳酸菌菌株为BLCC2-0092。综合上述2株益生菌的优点,筛选出最优复配发酵方式为植物乳酸菌BLCC2-0092与枯草芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039按照1∶1比例接种,37℃需氧发酵24h再厌氧发酵。与空白对照组相比,最优复配发酵组各发酵阶段发酵棉籽粕的pH显著降低(P0.05),厌氧发酵72h时pH降至5.27;酸溶蛋白质含量显著提高(P0.05),厌氧发酵72h时酸溶蛋白质含量达到23.54%;游离棉酚含量显著降低(P0.05),需氧发酵24h时游离棉酚降解率达到52.12%,厌氧发酵72h时游离棉酚降解率达到61.58%。由此可知,植物乳酸菌BLCC2-0092与枯草芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039复配发酵可有效降低发酵棉籽粕中的游离棉酚含量并改善其营养品质。     

复合益生菌固态发酵改善甘薯渣营养价值的研究

本试验旨在研究采用多种微生物混合固态发酵对甘薯渣营养价值的影响,并探讨其最佳发酵工艺参数。采用单因素试验设计,对4类菌种共12株菌种进行单菌发酵,从中筛选1株发酵效果最优菌株作为混菌发酵的主菌种,与其他3类菌株进行不同组合发酵,筛选最佳菌种组合。采用正交试验设计,考察发酵时间、发酵温度、料水比、接种量及菌种接种比例对甘薯渣营养价值影响。结果表明:1)在发酵温度38℃,发酵时间4.5 d,料水比1∶1.3,接种量1×106个/g,接种比例黑曲霉2∶里氏木霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌1∶酿酒酵母1=1∶1∶2∶1条件下发酵效果最好。2)在混菌发酵后,以干物质为基础,粗蛋白质含量从6.37%提高到9.75%;粗脂肪含量从2.71%提高到4.92%;发酵后还原糖含量达到8.22%,羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和淀粉酶活性分别为4.26、3.29、3.75和5.15 U/g DM。由此可见,农副产品甘薯渣经过微生物混菌固态发酵后可以有效改善其营养品质。     

固态发酵黄酒糟菌种组合筛选的研究

选用黑曲霉、康氏木霉、米曲霉、白地霉、热带假丝酵母、绿色木霉对黄酒糟进行双菌和三菌组合固态发酵试验,以各菌种组合发酵产物的真蛋白含量为指标,拟筛选出最佳菌种组合。结果表明,热带假丝酵母+绿色木霉+米曲霉组合(接种比例1∶1∶1),其发酵产物真蛋白含量(25.8%)极显著高于未发酵黄酒糟的真蛋白含量(19.8%,P<0.01),为最优菌种组合。     

固体发酵棉籽粕菌种组合的筛选

本研究采用热带假丝酵母(J)、啤酒酵母(Y)、4株枯草芽孢杆菌(X1、X2、X3X4、)和乳酸茵(Z)对棉籽粕进行单一发酵及菌种组合发酵试验,筛选出最适宜的茵种组合.研究结果表明:较优的菌种组合为Y+J+X+Z.以比较优菌种组合发酵棉籽粕后,其水溶蛋白含量为12.7%,极显著(P<0.01)高于其他菌种组合;游离棉酚(flee gossypol,FG)的脱毒率约为60%,与Y+X3和Y+J两菌种组合处理的结果均无显著性差异(P>0.05);枯草芽孢杆菌X1、X2、X4无论单独发酵还是组合发酵棉籽粕,都提高了棉籽粕中FG的含量,在本试验条件下,其不能用于棉籽粕发酵脱毒之中.     

棉粕发酵前后营养成分变化研究

文章利用复合芽孢杆菌为菌种,通过固态发酵,研究棉粕发酵前后营养成分变化情况,结果表明,发酵最佳条件:棉粕:麦麸为90%:10%(、NH4)2SO4 1%、含水量50%、发酵初始pH值6.0、接种量6%(V/W)、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间6 d、装量为70 g/250 ml三角瓶。棉粕发酵后CP提高6.99个百分点、淀粉酶活力提高766 U/g、脂肪酶活力提高299 U/g,均显著高于未发酵对照组(P<0.05)。     

固态生料发酵棉籽粕菌种筛选及发酵工艺的研究

本研究旨在考察不同菌种组合和不同工艺参数对棉籽粕固态生料发酵后游离棉酚、营养成分和有益代谢产物的影响,以优化出最佳菌种组合和发酵工艺,并获得游离棉酚显著降低、营养价值显著提升的发酵棉籽粕。棉籽粕分别通过单菌发酵、混菌同步发酵和混菌分步发酵,依据发酵后的感官评定、活菌数和pH变化以及发酵棉籽粕的游离棉酚、酸溶蛋白、粗蛋白质和L-乳酸含量为筛选指标,筛选出发酵菌种的最佳组合;通过正交试验确定棉籽粕发酵的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：1）混菌分步发酵效果优于单菌发酵和混菌同步发酵,最佳菌种组合和发酵方式为先接种酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）SC17-1和植物乳杆菌（Labacillus planetarum）LP15-1进行厌氧发酵,再接种枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtils） BS15-3进行好氧发酵。2）正交试验确定的最佳发酵工艺为料水比1.00∶0.80,接种酿酒酵母SC17-1和植物乳杆菌LP15-1厌氧发酵2 d,然后接种枯草芽孢杆菌BS15-3好氧发酵2 d,发酵温度均为30℃,接种比例为酿酒酵母SC17-1∶植物乳杆菌LP15-1∶枯草芽孢杆菌...     

混合菌发酵稻草室温条件的研究

试验采用正交设计的方法,确定了康氏木霉、白腐菌、酵母菌混菌发酵的最佳培养基,然后通过单因素筛选出混菌最优的培养条件,结果表明:康氏木霉和酵母菌组,白腐菌和酵母菌组可以兼容共生,康氏木霉和白腐菌组有一定拮抗作用,但通过混合菌种优化条件的筛选,能降低拮抗。即混合发酵稻草最优培养基组成为稻草:麸皮6:4,尿素2%,营养液60%。混合菌种接种量为2 ml,接种比例1:2:1(康氏木霉:白腐菌:酵母菌)、培养6 d,发酵最终产物中粗蛋白含量从3.49%增加到16.59%,粗纤维含量从44.56%下降到23.17%。     

微生物发酵葡萄籽粕预消化工艺参数研究

试验旨在优化微生物发酵处理葡萄籽粕的工艺条件.试验以酸溶蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮含量、酸性洗涤纤维为考核指标筛选出优势菌种酿酒酵母.在此基础上,以酸溶蛋白含量为指标,对影响酿酒酵母发酵葡萄籽粕相关的4个因素(底物含水量、发酵时间、发酵温度和菌液接种量)进行优化.试验表明,微生物发酵葡萄籽粕的最佳工艺为底物水含量45％、发...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。