复合植物精油改善仔猪饲料养分利用率比较研究

为了证明复合植物精油改善仔猪饲料效率的机理。试验根据2×2析因设计,2个消化能水平(DE:14.27和13.37 MJ/kg DM)对应2个添加剂水平(复合植物精油:添加和不添加),采用内源指示剂-盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法,研究了复合植物精油对仔猪养分和能量表观利用率的影响。选用35 d三元(杜×长×大)猪24头,随机分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头。处理1(高能量)按NRC(2012)仔猪饲养标准配制;处理2在高能量日粮基础上添加复合植物精油600 mg/kg;处理3(低能量)消化能按高能量日粮减少0.84 MJ/kg DM,其他营养水平均同高能量日粮;处理4在低能量日粮基础上添加复合植物精油600 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期4 d。研究结果表明:与高能量水平日粮(DE 14.27 MJ/kg DM)相比,仔猪饲喂低能量日粮(DE 13.37 MJ/kg DM),显著提高了有机物质(P=0.040)、粗脂肪(P<0.000 1)、粗蛋白质(P=0.018)和能量(P=0.018)利用率,有提高干物质(P=0.059)和日粮消化能水平的趋势(P=0.061)。仔猪采食低能量水平日粮,赖氨酸(P=0.001)、甘氨酸(P=0.016)和组氨酸(P=0.082)表现消化率有所降低。添加复合植物精油显著提高了赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸,以及总EAA和总NEAA的表观消化率(P<0.05),组氨酸和丙氨酸差异不显著。复合植物精油可以用于改善仔猪氨基酸利用率,有利于氨基酸吸收。     

复合植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究复合植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能和经济效益的影响,选择28日龄左右健康断奶仔猪96头(杜洛克×长白×约克),按体重相近的原则分成3个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加500 mg/kg复合精油(主要成分为百里香酚、香芹酚、肉桂醛、丁香酚),负对照组饲喂基础日粮添加金霉素70 mg/kg、吉他霉素40 mg/kg、亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽50 mg/kg的抗生素组合,饲养期为28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,抗生素和复合植物精油能提高仔猪日采食量和日增重(P0.05),抗生素组能显著降低仔猪的料肉比(P0.05),精油组有降低料肉比的趋势(P0.05);添加抗生素和复合精油能显著降低断奶仔猪腹泻率(P0.05);添加抗生素和植物精油提高了断奶仔猪的经济效益(P0.05)。试验表明,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加500 mg/kg复合植物精油能显著提高仔猪的生长性能和经济效益,说明复合植物精油在替代抗生素方面具有一定潜力。     

日粮添加植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加植物精油替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响。试验选取健康、体重接近的25日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。5个处理组分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组,CT),添加50 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素的日粮(抗生素组,AT),添加50 mg/kg植物精油的日粮(试验1组),添加100 mg/kg植物精油的日粮(试验2组),添加150 mg/kg植物精油的日粮(试验3组),整个试验为期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加抗生素和植物精油均可显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量(P0.05),150 mg/kg添加量的植物精油已经达到或接近抗生素的添加效果(P0.05);抗生素和植物精油还可以提高仔猪血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、Ig A和Ig G水平(P0.05),增加补体C3和C4含量(P0.05),增强仔猪机体的免疫功能。综上所述,日粮添加抗生素或是植物精油可显著改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和免疫功能,硫酸黏杆菌素的添加效果要优于50、100 mg/kg添加量的植物精油,但150 mg/kg添加量的植物精油已经可以维持与50 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素相当的促生长效果,这表明合适剂量的植物精油具有良好的抗生素替代前景。     

断奶至出栏期生长獭兔营养水平的研究

为研究断奶至出栏(5月龄)期间生长獭兔能量、粗蛋白的营养需要量,选择132只35日龄和45日龄断奶獭兔分两次试验,每次设低能量高蛋白(第1组:DE 10.97MJ/kg、CP 18.98%)、高能量高蛋白(第2组:DE11.31MJ/kg、CP 19.36%)、高能量中蛋白(第3组:DE 11.31MJ/kg、CP 17.37%)和低能量中蛋白(第4组:DE 10.72MJ/kg、CP17.40%)4个组.15～17周生长发育和被毛品质测定结果显示:①4种饲粮对断奶至出栏期獭兔的日增重无显著的影响(P＞0.05).饲粮中消化能高低对獭兔采食量有调节作用,高能量高蛋白有利于饲料利用率的提高.②高蛋白饲粮(低能量或高能量)有利于提高优质獭兔皮的比例,高能量中蛋白不利于被毛质量的提高.③断奶到出栏期獭兔饲粮含DE 10.97MJ/kg、CP 18.98%和DE11.31MJ/kg、CP 19.36%有利于獭兔被毛品质的提高.     

饲粮中添加复合植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加复合植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能及免疫性能的影响。试验选用396头35日龄平均体重为(9.60±0.30)kg的健康"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,根据体重、性别及健康状况等均衡分布原则随机分为3组:抗生素组(基础饲粮+96 mg/kg延胡索酸泰妙菌素+75 mg/kg金霉素+200 mg/kg吉他霉素)、试验A组(基础饲粮+150 mg/kg复合植物精油)、试验B组(基础饲粮+200 mg/kg复合植物精油),每组6个重复,每个重复22头仔猪。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)与抗生素组相比,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg复合植物精油不仅显著提高仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05)、血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),而且还能够显著提高仔猪血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量(P<0.05)。2)与抗生素组相比,饲粮中添加150 mg/kg复合植物精油能显著提高仔猪血清白蛋白含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的复合植物精油具有增强断奶后仔猪健康、促进生长、提高机体抗氧化及免疫力的功效。因此,复合植物精油在断奶仔猪上具有潜在的利用价值。     

不同饲用抗生素替代品对断奶仔猪生长性能及血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油及抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及血液指标的影响。试验选取120头体重相近的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,按体重胎次性别一致原则分为3组,每组4个重复(栏),每个重复10头猪。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加75mg/kg金霉素+240mg/kg土霉素钙(对照组)、400mg/kg植物精油、500mg/kg抗菌肽的试验饲粮,试验为期21天。结果表明:(1)植物精油组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)显著低于对照组及抗菌肽组(P0.05),且料肉比(F/G)显著高于其他两组(P0.05),各组间仔猪平均日采食量无显著差异(P0.05)。此外,抗菌肽组仔猪ADG及F/G与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)植物精油组仔猪腹泻率显著高于对照组及抗菌肽组(P0.05),而抗菌肽组与对照组仔猪腹泻率无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)植物精油组仔猪血清尿素氮水平显著高于对照组及抗菌肽组(P0.05),而抗菌肽组与对照组仔猪血清尿素氮水平无显著差异(P0.05)。(4)各组间血浆内毒素含量无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加抗菌肽可以达到与抗生素相同的促生长抗腹泻效果,抗菌肽可能作为断奶仔猪潜在的抗生素替代品。     

不同能量水平饲粮对肥育猪生长性能、体型和经济效益的研究

试验旨在研究饲粮能量水平对肥育猪生长性能和经济效益的影响。试验选择150头体重70.0 kg左右的健康杜长大三元杂种生长猪,按体重随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪,公母各半。按照等蛋白质等氨基酸配置饲粮,3组分别饲喂不同消化能水平(14.00 MJ/kg、13.80 MJ/kg、13.60 MJ/kg)的饲粮。试验期48 d。试验结果表明:1)生长性能:①在消化能值为13.60 MJ/kg时,肥育猪的日采食量、日增重、料重比最高。②随着饲粮消化能水平的降低,各组间日采食量和日增重差异不显著(P0.05),消化能为14.00 MJ/kg和13.80 MJ/kg组料重比显著低于消化能13.60 MJ/kg组(P0.05)。2)经济效益:消化能为13.60 MJ/kg组,肥育猪单头盈利最高(1 284.66元),经济效益最佳。综上所述,该试验条件下:1)消化能水平13.60 MJ/kg时,肥育猪日采食量和日增重最高,单头盈利最高。2)消化能值为14.00 MJ/kg时,肥育猪体型较好。     

植物精油对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油(PEO)对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻及血液指标的影响。试验选取120头体重相近的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组4个重复(栏),每个重复10头猪。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加75 mg/kg金霉素+240 mg/kg土霉素钙(对照组)、400 mg/kg精油A(精油A组)及400 mg/kg精油B(精油B组)的试验饲粮,试验为期21天。结果表明:1)植物精油A组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)显著高于对照组及精油B组(P0.05),且料肉比(F/G)显著低于其他两组(P0.05),各组间仔猪平均日采食量无显著差异(P0.05)。2)植物精油A组仔猪腹泻率及腹泻指数显著低于对照组及精油B组(P0.05),对照组与精油B组仔猪腹泻率与腹泻指数无显著差异(P0.05)。3)植物精油A组仔猪血清尿素氮水平显著低于对照组及精油B组(P0.05),而对照组与精油B组仔猪血清尿素氮水平无显著差异(P0.05)。4)各组间血浆尿毒素含量无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,植物精油A(含6%百里香酚,4%肉桂醛)在断奶仔猪上具有一定程度替代抗生素的潜力。     

香甜鲜复合诱食剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平香甜鲜复合诱食剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响。选取(43±4)日龄体重相近的健康大白仔猪72头,随机分为3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加1和2 kg/t的香甜鲜复合诱食剂。试验期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2 kg/t香甜鲜复合诱食剂能够显著提高断奶仔猪平均日采食量和平均日增重(P0.05);饲粮中添加香甜鲜复合诱食剂对养分表观消化率、血清生化指标和粪便微生物菌群的影响不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加2 kg/t香甜鲜复合诱食剂能提高断奶仔猪平均日采食量和平均日增重,提高生长性能。本试验条件下推荐断奶仔猪饲粮中添加2 kg/t香甜鲜复合诱食剂为宜。     

植物精油提取物对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究植物精油提取物对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响,并探讨其在断奶仔猪日粮中的适宜添加量。选用体重相近、健康的28日龄断奶杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪144头,采用单因子试验设计,随机分为4个处理,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中分别添加50、100和200g/t的植物精油提取物,对照组饲喂基础日粮,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,试验期30d。试验结果表明:日粮中添加适量植物精油提取物能提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量、血清总蛋白(P0.05);降低料肉比、腹泻率和尿素氮(P0.05);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶与超氧化物歧化酶的活力显著提高(P0.05)。研究表明,断奶仔猪日粮中添加适量的植物精油提取物(100g/t)可提高仔猪的生产性能和抗氧化能力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.