改善产蛋后期鸡蛋蛋壳质量研究进展

蛋壳质量是评价蛋品质的重要指标,和鸡蛋的运输和保存过程中的破损率相关,且直接与种蛋的合格率、孵化率和鸡苗的健康密切相关,是影响蛋鸡生产效益的要素之一。蛋鸡老龄化是导致产蛋后期蛋壳质量下降的主要因素。特别是近年来,商品蛋鸡的产蛋周期大大延长,蛋鸡老龄化程度更高,这导致产蛋后期面临的蛋壳质量下降的问题更为严峻。本文对蛋壳的形成过程和钙代谢过程引起产蛋后期蛋鸡蛋壳质量下降的原因进行了概述,并对提高产蛋后期蛋壳质量的调控措施进行了总结和展望。     

影响蛋壳质量的因素及预防措施

蛋壳质量是衡量饲养种鸡、蛋鸡经济效益的一项重要的指标,它与种鸡的种蛋入孵率、孵化率、鸡苗质量以及商品蛋鸡的鲜蛋产量密切相关。由于蛋壳质量下降,对许多养鸡场造成的经济损失相当严重。现将影响蛋壳质量的因素综述如下。1 品种方面 蛋壳强度、颜色受遗传因素的影响,不同品种、品质之间存在着一定的差异。一般白壳蛋比褐壳蛋的破损率高,产蛋多的鸡比产蛋少的鸡的蛋壳破损率高。通过育种选择可以改善蛋壳质量,且不损害其它生产性能。     

不同钙源对种鸭产蛋后期产蛋率及蛋品质的影响观察

产蛋率是衡量种禽生产性能的主要指标.由于机体生理功能的转变,加上营养、疾病等的综合影响,进入产蛋后期的种鸭,产蛋率明显降低,而且蛋的破损率提高.影响种鸭生产性能以及蛋壳质量的因素主要有非营养因素和营养因素两大类[1-5],其中钙是决定蛋壳质量的主要因素,钙缺乏会导致蛋壳厚度和强度降低,产软壳蛋、沙壳蛋甚至无壳蛋且产蛋率下降.     

影响鸡蛋壳质量的因素

在养鸡生产中,提高蛋壳质量,降低破蛋率一直是广大养殖户关注的问题。蛋壳对人类来说,虽没有食用价值,但其完整与否对蛋的价格影响却很大,给生产者带来巨大的经济损失。影响蛋壳破损率主要有以下几个因素：１．蛋鸡自身因素。蛋鸡本身由于品种不同,其遗传、产蛋季节和时间、健康状况等都对蛋壳质量有直接或间接的影响。现代培育的蛋鸡品种产蛋量逐渐提高,蛋壳的破损率也因而升高。同一品种内,褐壳蛋破损率比白壳蛋略低,粉壳蛋破损率最低。随着鸡年龄的增长,蛋壳厚度和强度均降低,蛋壳质量下降。健康状况较差的蛋鸡,其蛋壳质量也…     

商品蛋鸡蛋壳破损的原因及对策

禽蛋的破损在很大程度上与蛋壳的质量有关,与生产经营各个环节也有密切的联系.减少禽蛋的破损率,要采取全面的综合措施,任何单一的措施都不会取得良好的效果. 1遗传学与生物学因素 不同品种和品系的商品蛋鸡,蛋壳质量是有差异的.一般来讲,褐壳蛋鸡所产鸡蛋的蛋壳质量高于白壳蛋鸡.特别是在产蛋后期,某些品种鸡的蛋壳质量较差,破损率较高.     

生产中影响蛋壳质量的因素及评价方法的比较和改进

1蛋壳质量在生产中的重要作用 1.1蛋壳质量影响蛋的破损率和种蛋合格率 蛋壳质量较好的蛋,蛋壳较厚,强度较大,破损率低,种蛋合格率较高.反之蛋壳质量差的蛋破损率较高,沙壳蛋较多,种蛋合格率较低,也很容易在运输途中破损,给生产带来很大的损失.     

影响蛋壳破损率的因素及预防措施

1遗传因素蛋壳质量是育种计划中一直受到重视的因素,它具有中等遗传力,与产蛋量、蛋重呈遗传负相关。一般而言,白壳蛋的蛋壳厚于褐壳蛋,而褐壳蛋的蛋壳抗破碎性能好,具有良好的蛋壳强度。蛋壳强度低、破损率高在刚刚开产的青年蛋鸡和老龄蛋鸡中发生较多。后备母鸡在达到性成熟时     

蛋壳质量的决定因素：遗传＋营养

现代养禽业把蛋壳质量归结为蛋壳颜色、蛋壳重、蛋的破损率、蛋壳强度 (豆彩红等， 1999)。随着遗传育种、营养、生理及环境知识的综合运用，蛋壳质量有了显著的提高。然而，蛋壳质量的改进还不能适应迅速发展的养禽业的需要，中心问题是蛋壳破损问题。据各国报道，蛋的破损率约为 5％～ 7％ (Roland et al,1985)。许多复杂因素影响和控制蛋壳质量，如蛋鸡的品种、日龄、环境、疾病、饲养管理、营养水平等等 (杨宁， 1994)。 　　1蛋壳的成分、结构与其质量的评定 1.1蛋壳的成分 　　鸡蛋的平均重约 58 g，其大小受日龄、品种、环境、营养…     

剖析蛋鸡400d后蛋壳质量开始下降的原因

正蛋鸡400日龄后,也就是饲养后期了,俗称"老鸡"。这时蛋壳质量普遍开始下降,蛋壳厚度和强度降低,白壳、软壳、砂壳、薄壳、破壳蛋等增多,破损率增高。此时"老鸡"的生理性繁殖机能减退,生殖器官衰老,若能进行精准营养的调补,则可改善生理机能,提高蛋壳质量,延缓产蛋下降速度,甚至还可以使老母鸡"梅开二度",充分发挥产蛋性能。蛋鸡400日龄后蛋壳质量差的主要原因:(1)后期蛋大,钙的需要增加,蛋壳占蛋的比重变小,而且随着蛋鸡年龄的增加与生殖器官的衰老,产     

影响蛋壳品质的因素

在当前集约化的养禽业中,种蛋或商品蛋,都约有6％～8％甚至更多的蛋因蛋壳破损而影响蛋的质量,给生产经营者造成了很大的经济损失。蛋的破损是一项由来已久的生产问题,努力提高蛋壳品质,是提高禽蛋生产综合效益的重要途径之一,因此,降低蛋的破损已成为生产中的当务之急。蛋壳的形成过程十分复杂,涉及到遗传、营养、激素、环境等因素,只有这些影响因素的状态良好,才会形成优质蛋壳。本文就蛋壳质量,阐述各种影响因素与蛋壳品质的关系。1影响蛋壳品质的主要指标蛋壳质量是蛋的比重、畸形、破损程度、蛋壳重量、密度、厚度等特征的…     

鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋、鹌鹑蛋营养成分的测定比较

禽蛋是人们生活中的重要营养源,是天然食物中最理想的蛋白质。本试验测定了鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋和鹌鹑蛋中的水分、脂肪、蛋白质、磷脂、胆固醇、维生素B2和氨基酸的含量,通过数据对比分析,得到如下结果:乌鸡蛋具有较高的营养价值,鹌鹑蛋由于含有很高的胆固醇,并不适合老年人的食用。鸡蛋的蛋白质、磷脂和氨基酸含量均低于乌鸡蛋和鹌鹑蛋,其营养价值最低。     

The hen's egg: Density of egg shell and egg contents

One hundred eggs were used, from hens of seven widely differing strains: two commercial brown‐egg hybrids (one British, one American), two commercial white‐egg hybrids (one British, one Canadian), one broiler strain, one highly inbred strain of laboratory White Leghorns and one laboratory strain of Brown Leghorns. The volume occupied by the shell of each egg was estimated from its surface area—itself estimated by means of a three‐parameter model (Carter, 1968)— and its mean thickness, measured with an anvil micrometer. The volume occupied by the egg contents was estimated by subtracting the shell volume from the egg volume, which was also estimated by means of the three‐parameter model. Mean overall shell density (counting as “shell” all mineral matter and spaces between the outer surface of the mineral shell and a surface through the tips of the mammillae) was estimated, by regressing shell weight on shell volume, to be 2.241 ±0.004 g./cm.³; covariance analysis showed that the strains were homogeneous in this respect. Mean incremental shell density (i.e. the density of shell distal to the mammillary region) was estimated, by regressing shell weight per unit surface area on shell thickness, to be 2.386±0.004 g./cm.³; the strains were homogeneous in this respect too. The mean depth of the intermammillary spaces was estimated to be 19.9 μ. All the residual deviation from the common regression line can be attributed to measurement error. The estimated density of incremental shell is lower than that of calcite; the packing fraction of the crystals in the shell aggregate and/or the atoms in the crystals was estimated to be 92.8 per cent. The density of the egg contents (at the temperature of the bird) was estimated by regressing weight of contents on volume of contents; covariance analysis revealed significant differences between strains, one of the brown‐egg hybrids having the highest density of egg contents, 1.045 g/cm.³, and the laboratory Brown Leghorns the lowest, 1.033; both commercial white‐egg hybrid strains gave a value of 1.040 g./cm.³.     

The estimation of egg weight from egg gradings

A method is described for the estimation of mean egg weight from data giving the proportions of eggs in different weight grades. Tables are presented in which mean egg weights have been calculated for a range of grading figures, using both the British Egg Marketing Board and the European Economic Community grading systems.     

The hen's egg: Incidence and inheritance of some egg abnormalities

1. More than 9000 eggs, each laid by a known hen, were examined and malformations of six types recorded: double‐yolked, A, B, rough, shell‐less and thin‐shelled.

2. A and B malformations are those seen in, respectively, an egg that is held in the shell gland for an abnormally long period and one that reaches the shell gland while an A‐egg is still there; many of the eggs recorded as rough‐shelled were probably A‐eggs for which the corresponding B‐eggs had been lost.

3. The birds were of three strains: a medium‐body‐weight brown‐egg‐laying strain and a White Leghorn strain, both of commercial origin, and a laboratory strain of Brown Leghorns.

4. The incidences of egg malformation in the three strains were 8.3, 9.2 and 0.5%.

5. A‐, B‐ and rough‐shelled eggs constituted more than two‐thirds of all malformed eggs.

6. Evidence from two generations suggests that these malformations have a high heritability.     

蛋鸡饲喂芽孢杆菌制剂对鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分的影响

本试验旨在研究芽孢杆菌制剂对"京粉一号"蛋鸡蛋品质及蛋营养成分的影响。选择健康、产蛋均匀的259日龄的"京粉一号"蛋鸡3 600只,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复300只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加3%的芽孢杆菌制剂,进行为期40 d的试验。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组蛋壳硬度、哈夫单位以及蛋黄颜色均有不同程度地提高(P>0.05);在反映蛋的物理指标上,试验组蛋黄重和蛋黄相对重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),蛋清相对重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),蛋黄蛋白比有升高的趋势(P>0.05);同时,试验组蛋黄中脂肪和水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05)。试验表明:在蛋鸡日粮中添加芽孢杆菌制剂,对蛋品质具有一定的改善作用;可显著提高蛋黄重、蛋黄相对重,降低蛋清相对重。同时,可减少蛋黄中脂肪和水分含量,增加蛋白的含量。     

Mexican egg producer ranks as world's second largest egg company

PROAN公司是一家综合型现代化禽蛋生产商和动物蛋白食品供应公司. Prote í na动物有限公司(Prote i na Animal SA de CV)饲养了2 520万羽蛋鸡,是全球第二大、墨西哥和拉丁美洲第一大禽蛋生产商.该公司以首写字母缩写PROAN或“San Juan”蛋而被人们熟知.“San Juan”蛋以公司总部所在地圣胡安-德洛斯拉戈斯(San Juan de los Lagos)的名称命名,它地处墨西哥哈利斯科州(State of Jalisco)的洛斯阿尔托斯地区(Los Altos).     

异常蛋辨析

所谓异常蛋,是指禽类所产之蛋的外部形态和内部构造与正常蛋不同者的总称。种禽所产的异常蛋不能做种蛋,非种禽所产的异常蛋有的也不能食用,因而异常蛋会给养禽业带来一定的损失。异常蛋从大的方面可分为外观异常蛋和蛋内异常蛋两种。 1.外观异常蛋 1.1大小异常蛋 1.1.1过大蛋 也称巨形蛋,一般重量比普通蛋重30％～70％,但也有超正常10多倍的特大异常蛋。如湖南省于忠华的鸡产下了一枚重700g的特大异常蛋(正常鸡蛋重54～65g);山东省曲金寿养的鹅曾多次产下375g(正常鹅蛋120～160g)的过大蛋。这种过大蛋多为双黄或     

Partitioning of the response to protein between egg number and egg weight

1. Data from published trials with laying hens were examined to see whether the concentration of dietary protein needed to achieve maximum egg weight was greater than the amount needed to achieve maximum rate of lay. 2. It is concluded that both rate of lay and egg weight continue to show small responses up to the same level of protein (or limiting amino acid) input. 3. When predicting egg output using asymptotic models, a reasonable assumption is that small increments in dietary protein, close to the optimum, will evoke equal proportional responses in egg size and in rate of lay. 4. When protein supply is severely limiting, the major response is a reduction in rate of lay. Egg weight seldom falls below 0.90 of its maximum value, however inadequate the protein intake may be.