Response of Spikelet Number per Panicle in Rice Cultivars to Three Transplanting Densities

Abstract

Spikelet number per panicle (SPP), differentiated spikelet number per panicle (D-SPP), and preflowering aborted spikelet number per panicle (A-SPP) were examined in five rice cultivars at three planting densities (HD; high, MD; medium, LD; low planting density) in the field condition. Rice plants at LD produced a higher panicle number per plant but lower panicle number per unit area, accompanied by higher D-SPP and SPP, on average. A-SPP and the ratio of A-SPP to D-SPP (%A) showedno consistent trends. There was a broader range of D-SPP values at LD than at HD because of larger D-SPP in higher order panicles (panicles with a higher spikelet number). D-SPP was smaller in lower order panicles in all cultivars and years, whereas %A increased. D-SPP and SPP of each panicle were positively correlated with tiller size (tiller height, leaf area, and neck internode diameter). Spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP or for SPP (spikelet number per leaf area) of each tiller was higher in IR65564-44-51 (NPT65) and Akihikari than in the other cultivars, indicating a greater capacity of tillers to produce spikelets or support spikelet growth. In each cultivar except NPT65, spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP increased as panicle order decreased, whereas spikelet production efficiency for SPP remained constant or decreased. This finding indicates that irrespective of planting density, lower order panicles produce more spikelets than they can afford physiologically, but they were regulated downward to a nearly constant value in four cultivars. In NPT65 different from other cultivars, spikelet production efficiency for D-SPP was lower in lower order panicles.     

Screening for Spikelet Fertility and Validation of Heat Tolerance in a Large Rice Mutant Population

A total of 10 000 M4 individuals in Jao Hom Nil (JHN) mutant population was treated with high temperature (40 ℃ to 45 ℃) during the day time (6 h) from the booting to the harvesting stages, and ambient temperature (33 ℃ to 35℃) was used as the control. The results of screening and yield trials found that the mutant line M9962 had a high spikelet fertility of 78% under heat stress. In addition, the other mutant lines, including M3181 and M7988, had a spikelet fertility of approximately 70%. However, the JHN wild type, Sin Lek, RD15 and RD33 had very low spikelet fertility of 34%, 14%, 9% and 4%, respectively. The lower spikelet fertility at an elevated temperature resulted in a dramatic decrease of filled grain and contributed to a loss in 100-grain weight. M9962 is a potential genetic stock for use in a heat tolerance breeding programme. In addition, spikelet fertility at high temperature was representative of heat tolerance and can be used as a screening trait for heat tolerance during the reproductive phase on a large scale.     

减数分裂期高温对水稻穗粒数影响的定量分析

【目的】穗粒数是水稻产量构成因子之一。为明确减数分裂期高温对水稻穗粒数的可能影响,构建其定量估算模型,【方法】于2014-2015年以两优培九和南粳45为供试材料,于减数分裂期设置不同强度和持续时间的高温处理,以自然无高温环境为对照,分析了减数分裂期不同高温强度和高温持续时间对穗粒数的影响,建立了减数分裂期高温与穗粒数的定量关系,最后根据温度日变化特征,构建了自然环境下的减数分裂期高温对穗粒数的定量影响算法。【结果】减数分裂期高温对穗粒数的影响程度与高温强度、持续时间有关。同样高温条件下,穗粒数随高温持续天数增加呈指数减少;日相对穗粒数随温度增加而减少,可用二次曲线进行描述。穗粒数对高温敏感的终止时间大约为抽穗前5 d。利用2015年试验资料对上述模型进行了检验,两优培九和南粳45穗粒数模拟值的相对均方根差为0.094和0.085,说明模型可很好地模拟减数期高温对穗粒数的影响。【结论】对完善高温对水稻生长过程的定量影响具有重要作用。     

几内亚高原地区温度对水稻结实和粒重的效应

在几内亚国立波尔多农业实验站观察了水稻抽穗后30天当地温度对水稻结实和粒重的影响。表明在西非高原日最低温度10°C可作为影响水稻空粒率的极限温度,日最低温度和日温差的大小对水稻结实期间的灌浆与粒重无不良影响。     

Effects of High Temperature on Growth,Yield and Dry-Matter Production of Rice Grown in the Paddy Field

Abstract

The effect of high temperatures on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field was examined during the whole growth period in a temperature gradient chamber (TGC) from 2002 to 2006. Experimental plots, TG1 (control), TG2, TG3 and TG4, were arranged along the temperature gradient (from low to high temperature) in TGC. The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1. The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1. Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8?16.4% heavier than that in TG1. In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1. The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4. The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1. The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1. The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence. Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6?39.1% lower than that in TG1. This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets. The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC.     

外源硅减轻高温引起的杂交水稻结实降低

选用硅酸钠(Na2SiO3·9H2O)为硅源,于大田条件下对耐热性不同的2个杂交水稻组合在拔节期连续3次喷施4个浓度水平(T-CK,0mmol/L;T-1.25,1.25mmol/L;T-2.50,2.50mmol/L;T-3.75,3.75mmol/L)的外源硅,研究施硅对花期自然高温和自然常温下杂交水稻柱头授粉性能、花药开裂性能和受精率的影响,并筛选适宜浓度的硅酸钠施用方案。结果表明,在田间高温条件下,与T-CK相比,施硅处理(T-1.25、T-2.50和T-3.75)使热敏感组合金优63和耐热组合汕优63的颖花受精率分别提高10.6和4.7百分点(绝对值);花药基部开裂宽度分别增加19.0%和10.3%(相对值);每柱头花粉萌发数增加16.9%和39.6%;授粉总数分别增加3.4%和30.5%;花粉萌发率上升11.3和7.0百分点;花粉萌发数大于10粒的小花的占比上升9.3和27.6百分点;花粉总数小于20粒的小花占比下降18.8和8.1百分点(相对值)。经对两个组合在常温和高温下施硅的花药发育及授粉特性的解析,初步认为外源硅对水稻授粉性能有综合提高作用,但比较而言,其作用可能主要与提高花粉发育质量有关,而提高授粉总数和改善花药裂药性能也有一定的辅助作用。此外,外源硅施用对高温敏感组合效果更佳,其适宜的喷施浓度为2.50mmol/L。     

Responses of Eighteen Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Temperature Tested Using Two Types of Growth Chambers

Abstract

Genetic variation in the growth response to temperature is a basis for developing adaptation measures to global warming, but evaluation of cultivars for the temperature responses may depend on other environmental factors such as light. In this study, we tested the growth responses of 18 diverse rice cultivars to constant day/night temperature of 25, 28, 31 and 34ºC in artificially-lit growth chambers (ALC) in Wagga Wagga (7.8 MJ m-² d-¹), and in naturally-lit chambers (NLC) in Yanco (25 and 28ºC and 13.4 MJ m-² d-¹; 31 and 34ºC and 11.5 MJ m-² d-¹), both in NSW, Australia. There was a significant interaction between temperature and chamber type for total shoot and panicle biomass; total shoot biomass was largest at 31ºC in ALC, and at 25 and 28ºC in NLC. From the average of all temperatures, the total shoot biomass declined by 29.5% in plants grown in ALC compared with those grown in NLC. Importantly, cultivar performance in ALC was similar to that in NLC at these temperatures, as evidenced by the highly significant correlation in total shoot biomass between ALC and NLC. Among 18 cultivars, IR64, IR72, N22, Vandana, Takanari and Koshihikari commonly produced a larger total shoot biomass under higher temperature conditions. Leaf area at earlier measurement date was highly correlated with the final total shoot biomass at the higher temperature more than specific leaf area.     

外源油菜素内酯缓解水稻穗分化期高温伤害的机理研究

【目的】明确水稻穗分化期高温下喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide, EBR)对穗生长及颖花形成的影响,并探究其生理机制。【方法】以热敏感型水稻IR36为材料,在幼穗分化期设置40℃高温和32℃适温两个处理,并喷施EBR,研究幼穗碳水化合物供应、蔗糖代谢、细胞分裂素代谢及抗氧化能力的变化。【结果】1)高温和适温喷施EBR,水稻每穗粒数分别比不喷施的对照增加13.7%和45.7%,其中以喷施0.15 mg/L效果最好,缓解了高温对水稻幼穗生长的抑制,增加颖花分化数和降低颖花退化率。2)喷施EBR对叶片净光合速率无显著影响,但促进幼穗中干物质和非结构性碳水化合物积累。EBR喷施增加高温下幼穗中蔗糖转运基因OsSUT1、OsSUT2和OsSUT4的表达,并显著提高蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,EBR对高温下碳水化合物利用的促进作用大于适温处理。3)喷施EBR降低高温下细胞分裂素氧化酶基因OsCKX5和OsCKX9的表达量,同时促进细胞分裂素合成和信号调节相关基因的表达,并在适温下也表现出类似的效应。4)喷施EBR降低高温下超氧阴离子含量,增强了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性。【结论】高温下,喷施适宜浓度的EBR促进碳水化合物向幼穗的转运,抑制细胞分裂素分解,同时降低高温引起的过氧化伤害,进而缓解了高温对颖花形成的伤害。适温条件喷施EBR也对颖花形成具有一定的促进作用。     

Effect of High Temperature at Ripening Stage on the Reserve Accumulation in Seed in Some Rice Cultivars

Abstract

The resistance to high-temperature stress and the structural appearance of the imperfect grains caused by a high temperature at the ripening stage were studied using 13 selected cultivars of rice. High temperature treatment (daily maximum temperature range, 32-40°C) given from the 4th day after heading caused the decrease in panicle weight in all of the cultivars examined. The number of empty grains in the upper and lower parts of a panicle was increased by the high temperature in 10 cultivars. Cultivars KRN, Citanduy, Belle patna and BPB were tolerant to the high-temperature treatment at the ripening stage, and cvs. Koshihikari, Sanlicun, Tainung 67, Yamada-nishiki and Lady Wright were sensitive. Light microscopic observation showed that, the whole endosperm was covered with a nucellar epidermis (NE) under both high and natural temperature (26-31°C) conditions at the first week after heading (WAH). Under high-temperature conditions the NE degenerated earlier than under natural temperature conditions. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that, the endosperm cells of the seeds with a specific gravity (s.g.) of higher than 1.06 had large amyloplasts filled with starch granules. However, the endosperm cells of seeds with a s.g. of 1.00-1.06 had many small amyloplasts containing small single starch granules and had numerous spaces among the amyloplasts. In the endosperm cells at the dorsal side of imperfect grain, layered structures showing progressive decomposition of starch granules were observed.     

外源油菜素内酯缓解水稻穗分化期高温伤害的机理研究

【目的】明确水稻穗分化期高温下喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide, EBR)对穗生长及颖花形成的影响，并探究其生理机制。【方法】以热敏感型水稻IR36为材料，在幼穗分化期设置40℃高温和32℃适温两个处理，并喷施EBR，研究幼穗碳水化合物供应、蔗糖代谢、细胞分裂素代谢及抗氧化能力的变化。【结果】1)高温和适温喷施EBR，水稻每穗粒数分别比不喷施的对照增加13.7% 和45.7%，其中以喷施0.15 mg/L效果最好，缓解了高温对水稻幼穗生长的抑制，增加颖花分化数和降低颖花退化率。2)喷施EBR对叶片净光合速率无显著影响，但促进幼穗中干物质和非结构性碳水化合物积累。EBR喷施增加高温下幼穗中蔗糖转运基因OsSUT1、OsSUT2和OsSUT4的表达，并显著提高蔗糖代谢相关酶活性，EBR对高温下碳水化合物利用的促进作用大于适温处理。3)喷施EBR降低高温下细胞分裂素氧化酶基因OsCKX5和OsCKX9的表达量，同时促进细胞分裂素合成和信号调节相关基因的表达，并在适温下也表现出类似的效应。4)喷施EBR降低高温下超氧阴离子含量，增强了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性。【结论】高温下，喷施适宜浓度的EBR促进碳水化合物向幼穗的转运，抑制细胞分裂素分解，同时降低高温引起的过氧化伤害，进而缓解了高温对颖花形成的伤害。适温条件喷施EBR也对颖花形成具有一定的促进作用。     

灌浆期高温对冬小麦叶源与粒库生理特征的影响

为研究灌浆期高温对冬小麦灌浆和产量的影响,以耐热型品种淮麦33和高温敏感型品种华成3366为材料,于灌浆期(花后14～20 d)进行高温处理,以田间自然温度生长的小麦为对照,研究高温对旗叶叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和糖含量以及籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,并对小麦粒重、产量等指标进行测定。结果表明,高温处理显著降低了淮麦33和华成3366旗叶的叶绿素含量,降幅分别为5.88%和9.86%;降低了两品种旗叶的抗氧化酶活性,提高了旗叶MDA、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量;高温处理也显著降低了两品种籽粒的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性,并减少了支链淀粉和总淀粉含量,其中淮麦33和华成3366的籽粒总淀粉含量分别下降了5.63%和8.77%;高温处理主要降低了淮麦33小穗第3粒位的粒重及华成3366小穗第1、2和3粒位的粒重,2018-2019、2019-2020年度淮麦33和华成3366的产量分别下降了5.07%和16.33%、6.23%和8.90%。与高温敏感型品种华成336...     

高温胁迫下黄嘌呤脱氢酶基因超表达对水稻幼苗的保护作用

【目的】黄嘌呤脱氢酶(xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH)是嘌呤代谢的关键酶。通过分析高温胁迫对OsXDH超表达转基因水稻株系幼苗叶片生理指标的影响,探究XDH缓解水稻高温胁迫的生理机制。【方法】以OsXDH超表达转基因株系(xdh1和xdh5)及受体品种日本晴(WT)为材料,研究了高温胁迫对水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性、XDH活性及嘌呤代谢产物尿囊素(allantoin)和尿囊酸(allantoate)含量等生理指标的影响。【结果】高温胁迫处理前,超表达株系的叶绿素含量、相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性等生理指标均与野生型无显著差异;高温胁迫5 d,超表达株系的叶绿素、相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化酶活性均高于野生型,而过氧化氢(H₂O₂)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著低于野生型;适温恢复生长5 d,野生型和超表达株系的叶绿素含量、相对含水量及可溶性蛋白含量均有所提高,超表达株系均高于野生型,H₂O₂ 和MDA的含量降低,超表达株系均低于野生型;受高温诱导超表达株系与野生型中XDH酶活性及尿囊素和尿囊酸的含量均提高,且在整个处理过程中超表达转基因株系均高于野生型。【结论】XDH通过调控酰脲类物质的合成,补偿自身的抗氧化能力并增强抗氧化酶系统的活性,从而有效提高水稻幼苗对高温胁迫的耐受能力。     

高温胁迫下瓜实蝇的内参基因筛选

基于实时荧光定量PCR技术,测定瓜实蝇雌成虫GAPDH、SD、β-TUB、ACT和RPL13共5个备选内参基因分别在25(CK)、37、45℃下处理1 h的m RNA水平表达情况,并借助Bestkeeper、Normfinder和Ge Norm程序分析5个备选内参基因表达的稳定性。筛选得出Best Keeper:SD值排序为SD(0.06)=GAPDH(0.06)RPL13(0.11)β-TUB(0.15)ACT(0.23);Normfinder:稳定值排序为SD(0.004)=RPL13(0.004)GAPDH(0.005)β-TUB(0.006)ACT(0.010);Ge Norm:M值排序为SD(0.011)=RPL13(0.011)=GAPDH(0.011)β-TUB(0.012)ACT(0.016)。综合分析结果可选定SD为最稳定的内参基因,RPL13和GAPDH次之。该结果可为深度开展高温胁迫下瓜实蝇其它基因的表达情况研究提供参照。     

Effects of Assimilate Supply and High Temperature during Grain-Filling Period on the Occurrence of Various Types of Chalky Kernels in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of assimilate supply and high temperature on the occurrence of chalky kernels, i.e. milky white, white back, basal white and white belly kernels. Rice cultivars Koshihikari and Takanari, contrasting in number of spikelets in a panicle were used. After heading, sink-source manipulation was imposed on plants, through changing supply of assimilates to spikelets by shading or panicle clipping. Plants with each sink-source manipulation were subjected to temperature treatments, i.e., high temperature and ambient temperature, using a temperature-gradient chamber. Percentage of various types of chalky kernels was examined with the treatment for each cultivar. High temperature treatment increased milky white and white back kernels while no significant effect of temperature was observed on the percentage of white belly and basal white kernels. Effects of sink-source manipulation on the occurrence of chalky kernels varied with the type of chalky kernels. Although sink-source manipulation had no effect on white back and basal white kernels, it had a significant effect on the percentage of milky white and white belly kernels, which indicates the association of assimilate supply with the occurrence of these types of chalky kernels. A close hyperbolic relation was observed between the rate of assimilate supply and the percentage of milky white kernels, suggesting that milky white kernels are caused by assimilate deficit during the initial half period of grain filling. The higher percentage of milky white kernels at a given rate of assimilate supply at a high temperature implied that the high temperature during the grain-filling period increases the assimilate demand to avoid the occurrence of milky white kernels. This is presumably because the high temperature during the grain-filling period accelerates grain growth especially in inferior spikelets.     

High Risk of the Formation of Milky White Rice Kernels in Cultivars with Higher Potential Grain Growth Rate under Elevated Temperatures

Abstract

Our objective was to clarify whether rice cultivars with a higher grain dry-matter increase rate (GIR) under elevated temperature condition show a higher percentage of milky white rice kernels (MWK). The rate of MWK judged using a rice-quality selector significantly varied with the cultivar and experimental year. The spikes of the cultivars detached 5–7 days after heading were solution-cultured with an adequate nutrient supply for one week at 25, 28 and 33ºC. GIR was overall the highest at 28ºC, and GIR at this temperature was considered to reflect the potential GIR in all the grains tested. There was a close correlation between the rate of MWK and the GIR at 28ºC under field conditions when temperatures during the grain-filling period were approximately over 25ºC. It was suggested that cultivars with a higher potential GIR under elevated temperature conditions have a higher risk of the formation of MWK.     

Changes in NMR Relaxation of Rice Grains,Kernel Quality and Physicochemical Properties in Response to a High Temperature after Flowering in Heat-Tolerant and Heat-Sensitive Rice Cultivars

Abstract

Rice productivity is related to the ability of plants to adapt to heat stress. The heat-tolerant cultivars ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ and heat-sensitive cultivar ‘Hinohikari’ were grown at 30ºC and 25ºC for 49 days after flowering. At 30ºC, only a few white immature kernels were produced in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’, but about 22% of grains had immature kernels in ‘Hinohikari’. The high temperature(30ºC) caused no significant changes in grain dry weight, water content, and the NMR T₁ value during the early ripening stage in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’. It also did not affect grain development, especially with respect to the nucellar epidermis, in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’, but caused clear cessation of development of the nucellar epidermis at 14 days after flowering in ‘Hinohikari’. In addition, high temperature decreased the amylose content and increased hardnessvs. adhesion ratio of cooked rice in both ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ resulting a softer, less sticky texture, but not in ‘Hinohikari’. The maximum viscosity and breakdown values were increased, and final viscosity decreased at 30ºC in all three cultivars. These results suggested that starch in the endosperm of grains changed from a fluid state to a doughy state more slowly in ‘Nikomaru’ and ‘Chikushi 64’ than in ‘Hinohikari’, in which the water content and NMR relaxation time decreased, and transported assimilates accumulated slowly during grain development.     

Susceptibility to Coolness at the Young Microspore Stage under High Nitrogen Supply in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Proteome Analysis of Mature Anthers

Abstract

In vitro pollen germination experiment using agar plates showed that the growth under high nitrogen conditions enhanced the damage to pollen germination ability caused by the cooling at the young microspore stage. To clarify the physiological factors related to this damage to pollen germination, we performed the comparative proteome analysis of mature anthers and identified proteins that were changed by high nitrogen conditions or high nitrogen plus cooling conditions. Proteins were extracted from mature anther samples and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By comparing anther protein maps of the samples collected from the plants grown under standard nitrogen conditions, high nitrogen conditions and high nitrogen plus cooling conditions, we found 11 protein spots, which varied with the treatment. These protein spots were identified based on the rice proteome database and/or peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis after digestion with trypsin. Digested samples were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time flight mass spectrometry to produce PMF data. Database searches using these PMF data revealed the identities of 9 proteins. Seven of these proteins were polypeptides involved in cell elongation, stress responses and sugar metabolism. The relation between the fluctuations of these proteins and the decrease in pollen germination are discussed.