Morpho-Physiological Changes in Roots of Rice Seedling upon Submergence

Submergence is a serious environmental condition that causes large loss in rice production in rain fed lowland and flood affected area. This study evaluated morphological and physiological responses of rice roots to submergence using two tolerant rice genotypes FR13A and Swarna-Sub 1 and two sensitive ones Swarna and IR42. The tolerant genotypes had higher survival rate and less shoot elongation but greater root elongation during submergence than the sensitive ones. After submergence,the tolerant genotypes also had higher root dry weight and more active roots than the sensitive ones.Tolerant genotypes exhibited less root injury, with less malondialdehyde production and slower electrolyte leakage after submergence. Tolerant genotypes also maintained higher concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in roots and shoots and higher chlorophyll retention after submergence than the sensitive ones.Our data showed that root traits such as root activity and root growth are associated with survival rate after submergence. This is probably accomplished through higher energy supply, and membrane integrity is necessary to preserve root function and reduce injury during submergence. These root traits are important for submergence tolerance in rice.     

Tolerance of longer-term partial stagnant flooding is independent of the SUB1 locus in rice

Longer-term partial stagnant flooding, particularly when it occurs following transient complete submergence causes severe damage to modern rice varieties. Progress was made in developing varieties tolerant of complete submergence through transfer of the Submergence-1 (SUB1) gene into popular varieties. However, SUB1 may not be effective under partial stagnant flooding (SF), as the new varieties may not elongate and continue growth when fully or partially submerged because of the SUB1-mediated suppression of elongation. We tested a set of rice genotypes, including a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs), Swarna and Swarna-Sub1, under either SF or SF following complete submergence of 12 d. Swarna-Sub1 had higher survival and yield than Swarna following 12 d of submergence, but survival and grain yield of all lines decreased substantially when SF of 15-30 cm followed complete submergence, with the sensitive lines experiencing greater reductions in growth and yield. This suggests the importance of combining SUB1 with tolerance of SF in areas where both stresses are expected during the season. Swarna and Swarna-Sub1 are more sensitive to long-term partial SF than IR49830 and IR42 because of their short stature, and Swarna-Sub1 showed slightly higher reduction in tillering than did Swarna when subjected to deeper SF alone, possibly because of further inhibition of elongation by SUB1 if induced in submerged tissue. The results suggest that tolerance of these genotypes to SF depends less on SUB1 introgression and more so on the genetic background of the recipient genotype, with better performance of the genotypes that are inherently taller, such as IR42 and IR49830. The SUB1 donor landrace FR13A and its derivative breeding line IR49830 had better survival and relatively less reduction in grain yield under SF following complete submergence and under longer-term partial SF, indicating that these genotypes may have genes other than SUB1 for submergence and SF tolerance. For better adaptation to prolonged SF, SUB1 should be introgressed into genotypes that tolerate partial SF through better tillering ability and taller shoots, because SUB1 may not be effective in shorter genotypes, as it promotes survival of submerged plants by hindering shoot elongation to conserve energy reserves. Varieties combining tolerance of prolonged SF with SUB1 will have broader adaptation in flood-prone areas and greater impacts on yield stability.     

Submergence Tolerant Rice: SUB1’s Journey from Landrace to Modern Cultivar

Rice landraces tolerant of up to 2 weeks of complete submergence were collected from farmers’ fields in the 1950s. Success in fine mapping of SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1), a robust quantitative trait locus from the submergence tolerant FR13A landrace, has enabled marker-assisted breeding of high-yielding rice capable of enduring transient complete submergence. At the molecular level, SUB1 is a variable polygenic locus encoding two or three ethylene responsive factor (ERF) DNA binding proteins. All Oryza sativa accessions encode SUB1B and SUB1C at this locus. An additional ERF, SUB1A, is present at SUB1 in FR13A and other tolerant accessions. The induction of SUB1A expression by ethylene during submergence disrupts the elongation escape strategy typical of lowland and deepwater rice, by limiting ethylene-induced gibberellic acid-promoted elongation. Microarray and metabolite studies confirm that SUB1A orchestrates its effects on metabolism and growth in a submergence-dependent manner. Due to the conditional activity of SUB1A, new “Sub1” mega-varieties effectively provide submergence tolerance without apparent ill effect on development, productivity, or grain quality.     

耐低钾基因型水稻成熟期籽粒淀粉与蛋白质含量变化

以2个耐低钾基因型水稻N18,N19和1个低钾敏感型水稻N27为材料,在缺钾条件下,分析耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒在成熟期淀粉含量、蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明：在不施钾肥即缺钾条件下,耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒中总淀粉含量较低钾敏感型的略有增加,且直链淀粉含量占总淀粉含量的比例低于钾敏感型;耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒中可溶性蛋白质含量也较低钾敏感型的高,但是钾元素的含量差异并不明显。     

Variability in Grain Quality Characters of Upland Rice of Assam,India

The grain quality of 100 upland/ahu rice genotypes from Assam,India was assessed.The characteristics measured were grain length,grain width,cooked grain length,cooked grain width,grain elongation ratio after cooking,grain widening ratio after cooking,alkali spreading value,gel consistency,as well as starch,amylose,amylopectin and total soluble sugar contents.Considerable genetic variability among the 100 rice genotypes was observed for the characteristics under study.Analysis of variance revealed highly sig...     

淹涝条件下水温对水稻幼苗形态和生理的影响

为了研究淹涝水温对具有不同耐淹能力水稻材料形态和生理的影响,明确淹涝水温对水稻幼苗耐涝能力影响的机理,采用盆栽试验,选取导入耐淹基因的耐淹品种IR64Sub1和淹水敏感品种IR42以及耐淹能力较强的品种冈优725和泰优398,设计20℃和30℃两种水温进行淹水处理,淹水时间分为0,3,6,9和12d。结果表明较低淹水温度下,水中的溶氧量显著高于高水温处理;随着淹水时间延长,高水温处理溶氧量下降速度显著快于低水温处理。高水温条件下水稻幼苗株高增长率要显著高于低水温处理,虽然高水温处理下耐涝品种株高增长率也显著增加,但是增长量要显著低于其他材料。高水温处理水稻茎鞘内可溶性糖和淀粉消耗高于低水温处理,但随着淹水时间的延长两种温度处理间差异逐渐变小,较低的水温可以减少叶片叶绿素降解速率。因此,降低淹水温度可以提高淹水条件下水稻幼苗的成活率。以上结果揭示了低水温可以减少茎鞘的伸长,减少非结构性碳水化合物的消耗及叶绿素的降解,从而水稻淹涝后能维持较高的成活率。这些发现有助于理解较低洪涝水温下水稻存活更长时间的机理。     

Alterations of Panicle Antioxidant Metabolism and Carbohydrate Content and Pistil Water Potential Involved in Spikelet Sterility in Rice under Water-Deficit Stress

Two rice genotypes with different drought tolerance,namely Jin 23B(drought tolerant)and Zhenshan 97B(drought sensitive),were used to study the antioxidant enzyme activities,soluble sugar and starch contents in spikelets,pistil water potential and pollen number on a stigma under water-deficit stress at the flowering stage,which were involved in the spikelet sterility.Compared with respective controls,drought stress induced more serious decreases of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)ac...     

Effect of various drought stresses and subsequent recovery on proline,total soluble sugar and starch metabolisms in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple foods in the world, however most improved rice varieties are susceptible to drought stress. A two-year study was conducted to explore the effects of various drought stresses and subsequent recovery on the accumulation and degradation of proline, total soluble sugar and starch in different rice varieties at vegetative stage. The results showed that relative water content in the leaves and sheaths of rice varieties significantly decreased under drought stresses, but not at the same rate. Under control and drought conditions, the water content in sheaths was higher than that in leaves. Interestingly, under severe drought stress in 2015, the leaf water content was higher than the sheath water content. The water distribution between leaves and sheaths might be a response of plants to protect leaf system from devastation by drought. Proline was highly accumulated under drought stress but rapidly decreased after re-watering. The drought tolerant variety DA8 expressed higher ability in accumulation of proline than susceptible varieties. In general, total soluble sugar and starch contents in leaves and sheaths of varieties decreased under drought stress conditions. Total soluble sugar and starch content of DA8 were less affected than other varieties under drought conditions. Our study indicated that metabolisms of total soluble sugar and starch in rice were affected by both environmental conditions and characteristics of varieties. Proline accumulation ability of varieties can be used as a useful indicator for drought tolerant potential in rice breeding for water-limited environments.     

Physiological and molecular responses of seedlings of an upland rice (‘Tung Lu 3’) to total submergence compared to those of a submergence-tolerant lowland rice (‘FR13A’)

Background

Understanding the responses of rice to environmental stresses such as unscheduled submergence is of pressing important owing to increasing severity of weather thought to arise from global climate change. When rice is completely submerged, different types adopt either a quiescence survival strategy (i.e., minimal shoot elongation) or an escape strategy (i.e., enhanced shoot elongation). Each strategy can prolong survival depending on the circumstances. While submergence responses have been studied in rice typical of lowland and flood-prone areas, few studies have explored the physiological and molecular properties of upland rice under submergence. Here, we use seedlings of the upland rice ‘Tung Lu 3’ (‘TL3’) to analyze physiological and molecular responses to submergence. We compare them with those of ‘FR13A’, a lowland rice that tolerates submergence by adopting the quiescence strategy.

Results

Plant height and distance between leaf sheaths, increased rapidly in ‘TL3’ under submergence. Although this indicated a strong escape strategy the seedlings remained totally underwater for the duration of the experiments. In contrast, ‘FR13A’ elongated much less. Consequently, after 4 days complete submergence followed by drainage, ‘TL3’ lodged much more severely than ‘FR13A’. After 10 d complete submergence, 55% of ‘TL3’ seedlings survived compared to 100% in ‘FR13A’. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll concentrations of the 2^nd oldest leaves of ‘TL3’ were also significantly above those of ‘FR13A’ (but were lower than ‘FR13A’ in the 3^rd oldest leaves) and less hydrogen peroxide accumulated in ‘TL3’. Peroxidase activity in submerged ‘TL3’ was also greater than in ‘FR13A’ 1 day after submergence. Quantitative RT–PCR showed increased expression of sucrose synthase 1 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1 after 2 days complete submergence with significantly higher levels in ‘TL3’ compared to ‘FR13A’. Expression was also higher in ‘TL3’ under non-submerged conditions.

Conclusions

The upland rice line ‘TL3’ gave a stronger elongation response than ‘FR13A’ to complete submergence. This escape strategy is widely considered to prejudice survival when the plant remains totally submerged. However, contrary to expectations, ‘TL3’ survival rates were substantial although below those for ‘FR13A’ while physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters linked to adaptation differed in detail but appeared to be broadly comparable. These findings highlight that submergence tolerance is determine not only by the adoption of quiescence or escape strategies but maybe by metabolic and physiological properties unrelated to the underwater elongation rate.

     

低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和钾含量的变化及其关系

采用盆栽试验,分析低钾胁迫下耐低钾、不耐低钾玉米自交系不同部位钾、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量的变化规律。结果表明,低钾胁迫降低各部位钾和可溶性蛋白含量。与不耐低钾玉米相比,耐低钾玉米植株钾含量降幅较大,降幅由上部叶、中部叶、下部叶至根系依次减小;上部叶、中部叶及根系的可溶性蛋白含量降幅较大,下部叶可溶性蛋白含量降幅较小;上部叶、根系的可溶性糖含量下降,中部叶、下部叶的可溶性糖含量增加;低钾胁迫下不耐低钾玉米中部叶片可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白的变化趋势相反,耐低钾玉米根系钾含量与可溶性蛋白的变化趋势相反。     

水稻拔节期叶片碳氮代谢基因型差异及与氮素利用效率的关系

 采用土培盆栽试验,以3个氮素利用效率(NUE)有显著差异的水稻基因型秀恢2号(低NUE)、R83 12(中NUE)和五优244(高NUE)为材料,研究了拔节期叶片碳氮代谢的基因型差异及其与氮素高效利用的关系。结果表明,拔节期不同基因型水稻的叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量、淀粉/可溶性糖含量比和淀粉/蔗糖含量比存在极显著差异,前两者为五优244 > R83 12 >秀恢2号,后两者则相反;而淀粉和蔗糖/可溶性糖含量比各基因型差异不显著。不同基因型水稻的叶片全氮含量(TNC)、蛋白氮含量(PNC)、 PNC/TNC、Rubisco含量(RC)/PNC和RC/TNC存在极显著或显著差异,前两者为五优244 < R83 12 <秀恢2号, 后三者则相反;RC无基因型差异。五优244叶片的叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、PSⅡ潜在活性、羧化效率、碳酸酐酶、酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性极显著或显著高于其他基因型;其叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性也极显著高于其他基因型。统计分析表明,高NUE水稻叶片具有较高的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量及较大的RC/TNC和RC/PNC,其生理基础是其叶片的高谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和PSⅡ潜在活性。     

Responses of SUB1 rice introgression lines to submergence in the field: Yield and grain quality

Prolonged submergence is a major constraint to rice production, affecting over 15 million ha in South and Southeast Asia and causing an annual yield loss of over US$ 600 million. This is because all the modern high-yielding rice varieties are sensitive to complete submergence. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), SUB1, associated with submergence tolerance, was mapped on chromosome 9 and recently bred into popular rainfed lowland rice varieties sensitive of complete submergence, using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Here, we assessed the impact of introgressing SUB1 into three rice varieties popular in farmers’ fields of South and Southeast Asia, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, and IR64, under control conditions as well as following submergence in the field. Under control conditions, no differences were observed between Sub1 introgression lines and their recurrent parents in grain yield or quality aspects. Submergence substantially delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced grain yield, shoot biomass, harvest index, and yield components across cultivars. The reduction in yield was more drastic in the sensitive varieties, particularly when submerged for longer duration (17 d). The significant decline in grain yield was mainly attributed to reductions in grain filling, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. The SUB1 QTL is effective in conferring tolerance of submergence for about 12–17 d, depending on floodwater conditions. Sub1 introgression lines showed a yield advantage of up to 3.8 t ha⁻¹ and slightly better grain quality after submergence compared with their parents. Apparently, the introgression of SUB1 into popular varieties did not have any negative impact on their performance under control conditions but considerably enhanced their yield and grain quality following short-term submergence.     

Genetic Diversity of Rice Landraces from Lowland and Upland Accessions of China

Genetic diversity of rice landraces from lowland and upland accessions of China was investigated using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.The total number of alleles detected from all 324 tested accessions was 555 with an average allele number (Na) of 8.409 per locus,the average effective number of alleles (Ne) of 3.574 and the average Shannon’s information index (I) of 1.378.The genetic diversity was higher for the indica landraces compared to the japonica landraces,and the upland landraces were more genetically diverse than the lowland landraces.The SSR markers,RM72,RM232,RM219,RM241,RM224 and RM3 showed the highest rates of polymorphism and these SSR markers were suitable to assess the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources.A dendrogram of 324 accessions of lowland and upland landraces showed that all rice accessions were mainly subdivided into two groups,japonica and indica,with some being intermediate.The distribution of lowland and upland landraces among the japonica and indica rice groups was distinct,with obvious differentiation between the lowland and upland landraces in japonica rice,but no such clear distinction in indica rice.     

早稻灌浆期淹水对剑叶理化特性及产量和品质的影响

以天优998和桂农占为试验材料,盆栽条件下在灌浆期进行2/3淹水和没顶淹水处理(淹水历时0 d、1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d,0 d为对照),对淹水后早稻剑叶理化特性以及产量和品质进行分析。 结果表明,灌浆期水稻在1 d~3 d短期2/3和没顶淹水后产量和品质显著下降,淹水5 d~7 d产量下降最为严重。有效穗数下降是淹水导致产量下降的主要因素。相同淹水条件下,两个水稻材料间产量和品质变化差异不显著。灌浆期水稻淹水后水稻剑叶的游离脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,SPAD值和SOD酶活性下降,随淹水深度和持续时间的延长变幅增大。灌浆期淹水后水稻剑叶SPAD值和MDA含量与产量和品质呈显著或极显著相关,是反映淹水后水稻产量和品质变化生理指标。     

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

春小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累与底物供应的关系

利用产量和蛋白质含量不同的三个春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下,研究了籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量变化的关系。结果表明,开花后5～20 d三个品种籽粒可溶性糖含量急剧下降,对应时期的淀粉含量快速上升,后期当可溶性糖含量回升时,其相应淀粉含量下降或增加的幅度很小。籽粒游离氨基酸含量随着灌浆进程渐次降低,品种间蛋白质含量的变化与游离氨基酸的变化一致。所有品种淀粉积累速率变化呈抛物线型变化,高产中蛋白品种的淀粉积累速率最高。进一步认为,可溶性糖作为淀粉合成的底物向淀粉的转化可能更多地依赖于籽粒利用和合成能力的大小,而蛋白质积累更多地直接依赖供应源。     

广西玉米农家品种资源品质分析与评价

采用广西各地收集玉米农家品种资源367份为试验材料,其中普通玉米资源203份,糯玉米资源145份,爆裂玉米资源19份.利用瑞典波通公司(Perten)DA7200型近红外谷物分析仪分别测定蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和淀粉含量.结果表明,蛋白质平均含量12.61％,变异系数是7.12％,含量幅度是10.44％～15.19％;脂...     

植物生长物质冠菌素诱导旱稻、水稻幼苗抗旱性的效应及生理机制

以旱稻 297 和水稻越富幼苗为材料,在 20% PEG 模拟干旱条件下,研究了植物生长物质冠菌素处理对叶片水分状况、质膜透性、渗透调节物质（脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白）及内源激素（ABA、IAA 和GA3）含量的影响。干旱胁迫下,冠菌素处理可以维持旱稻 297（0.01 μmol/L）和越富（0.1 μmol/L）较高的叶片相对含水量,促进幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低质膜透性,维持细胞质膜的完整性;同时,冠菌素（0.01 和0.1 μmol/L）处理明显促进旱稻 297 和越富幼苗叶片中ABA的积累,并改变了 IAA 和GA3 的浓度及比例。冠菌素处理能改善旱稻和水稻幼苗耐干旱胁迫的能力,最适浓度分别为0.01 μmol/L和0.1 μmol/L。     

Relation of Root Growth of Rice Seedling with Nutrition and Water Use Efficiency Under Different Water Supply Conditions

The arid/semiarid regions contribute the forty- three percent of crop planted each year. In these regions, rice is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, where the chances plants to face drought are during the growing season. The primary determinant of cr…