UNGA Declared the Year 2004 the International Year of Rice

On 16 December 2002, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared the year 2004 the International Year of Rice (IYR). The dedication of an International Year to rice, a single crop, is unprecedented in UNGA~s history. In declaring the IYR, the UNGA recognized that rice is the primary food source for more than half of the world‘s population and that enhancing     

International Consortium of Rice Mutagenesis: resources and beyond

Rice is one of the most important crops in the world. The rice community needs to cooperate and share efforts and resources so that we can understand the functions of rice genes, especially those with a role in important agronomical traits, for application in agricultural production. Mutation is a major source of genetic variation that can be used for studying gene function. We will present here the status of mutant collections affected in a random manner by physical/chemical and insertion mutageneses.As of early September 2013, a total of 447, 919 flanking sequence tags from rice mutant libraries with T-DNA, Ac/Ds, En/Spm, Tos17, nDART/aDART insertions have been collected and publicly available. From these, 336,262 sequences are precisely positioned on the japonica rice chromosomes, and 67.5% are in gene interval. We discuss the genome coverage and preference of the insertion, issues limiting the exchange and use of the current collections, as well as new and improved resources. We propose a call to renew all mutant populations as soon as possible. We also suggest that a common web portal should be established for ordering seeds.     

Rice farming and strategy to rural development

Since 2004, Jong Wun Ahn is the President of Korea Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO), which is a leading and unique government-run company in the field of agricultural and rural development and rural water management in Korea. He is also the Chairman of Korean National Committee (KCID) of International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). For most of his 30-years career, he worked for agricultural policy planning and rural development in Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as a specialist in agronomy and agricultural economy. One of his reports “In the Era of Globalization, Direction and Strategy on Rural Development in Korea” in which he put his findings and thoughts together based on his experience is still a good reference work for agricultural policy planners. President of Korea Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO)     

中国杂交水稻发展面临的挑战与策略

杂交水稻的推广应用为中国粮食安全作出了重大贡献,但近年来随着农业规模化、机械化的迅速发展,杂交水稻生产受到巨大冲击,种植面积减少,且有进一步下降的趋势。分析认为,阻碍中国杂交水稻发展的主要因素有:杂交水稻原有的产量优势、种子价格优势和育秧技术优势正在消失或不复存在,杂交水稻的某些主要性状不适应现代农业生产的要求,种田大户需求变化对杂交水稻提出了更高要求。针对这些问题,提出了相应的解决策略,一是通过培育超高异交结实率的不育系,筛选最佳制种基地和时段进行全程机械化制种,大幅度提高杂交稻制种产量和质量,把杂交稻种子生产成本降低50%;二是政府部门、种子企业和科技人员要各司其职,在推进作物生产方式转型的同时,着力解决杂交水稻生产中存在的问题,确保杂交水稻可持续发展。     

Rice responses to soil management in a rice-based cropping system in the semi-arid tropics of southern Lombok,Eastern Indonesia

This paper is the first of a series that investigates whether new cropping systems with permanent raised beds (PRBs) or Flat land could be successfully used to increase farmers’ incomes from rainfed crops in Lombok in Eastern Indonesia. This paper discusses the rice phase of the cropping system. Low grain yields of dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) grown on Flat land on Vertisols in the rainfed region of southern Lombok, Eastern Indonesia, are probably mainly due to (a) erratic rainfall (870–1220 mm/yr), with water often limiting at sensitive growth stages, (b) consistently high temperatures (average maximum = 31 °C), and (c) low solar radiation. Farmers are therefore poor, and labour is hard and costly, as all operations are manual. Two replicated field experiments were run at Wakan (annual rainfall = 868 mm) and Kawo (1215 mm) for 3 years (2001/2002 to 2003/2004) on Vertisols in southern Lombok. Dry-seeded rice was grown in 4 treatments with or without manual tillage on (a) PRBs, 1.2 m wide, 200 mm high, separated by furrows 300 mm wide, 200 mm deep, with no rice sown in the well-graded furrows, and (b) well-graded Flat land. Excess surface water was harvested from each treatment and used for irrigation after the vegetative stage of the rice. All operations were manual. There were no differences between treatments in grain yield of rice (mean grain yield = 681 g/m²) which could be partly explained by total number of tillers/hill and mean panicle length, but not number of productive tillers/hill, plant height or weight of 1000 grains. When the data from both treatments on PRBs and from both treatments on Flat land, each year at each site were analysed, there were also no differences in grain yield of rice (g/m²). When rainfall in the wet season up to harvest was over 1000 mm (Year 2; Wakan, Kawo), or plants were water-stressed during crop establishment (Year 1; Wakan) or during grain-fill (Year 3: Kawo), there were significant differences in grain yield (g/1.5 m²) between treatments; generally the grain yield (g/1.5 m²) on PRBs with or without tillage was less than that on Flat land with or without tillage. However, when the data from both treatments on PRBs and from both treatments on Flat land, each year at each site, were analysed, the greater grain yield of dry-seeded rice on Flat land (mean yield 1 092 g/1.5 m²) than that on PRBs (mean 815 g/1.5 m²) was mainly because there were 25% more plants on Flat land. Overall when the data in the 2 outer rows and the 2 inner rows on PRBs were each combined, there was a higher number of productive tillers in the combined outer rows (mean 20.7 tillers/hill) compared with that in the combined inner rows on each PRB (mean 18.2 tillers/hill). However, there were no differences in grain yield between combined rows (mean 142 g/m row). Hence with a gap of 500 mm (the distance between the outer rows of plants on adjacent raised beds), plants did not compensate in grain yield for missing plants in furrows. This suggests that rice (a) also sown in furrows, or (b) sown in 7 rows with narrower row-spacing, or (c) sown in 6 rows with slightly wider row-spacing, and narrower gap between outer rows on adjacent beds, may further increase grain yield (g/1.5 m²) in this system of PRBs. The growth and the grain yield (y in g/m²) of rainfed rice (with rainfall on-site the only source of water for irrigation) depended mainly on the rainfall (x in mm) in the wet season up to harvest (due either to site or year) with y = 1.1x − 308; r² = 0.54; p < 0.005. However, 280 mm (i.e. 32%) of the rainfall was not directly used to produce grain (i.e. when y = 0 g/m²). Manual tillage did not affect growth and grain yield of rice (g/m²; g/1.5 m²), either on PRB or on Flat land.     

杂交水稻春制种子秋播纯度鉴定技术

杂交水稻春季制种，当年秋播签定纯度比海南冬季鉴定更具有及时性和主动性。根据5a的实践经验，从签定田的选择与处理，样品的收集、登记和分取，栽培管理，签定技术要求等方面总结了秋播纯度签定的主要技术措施。     

中国加入WTO后华茶面临的机遇与挑战

加入世贸组织,将对我国茶叶生产、消费和出口带来直接或间接的影响,应加大我国茶业改革的力度,及时地抓住机遇,迎接挑战,进一步推动茶业经济发展。可以选择的主要措施有：实施茶业产业化经营,加快茶类结构调整,实施名牌战略,完善茶叶市场,加快国有茶叶企业改革以及依靠科技创新来确保茶叶农残量符合新标准。     

Four Decades of Breeding for Varietal Improvement of Irrigated Lowland Rice in the International Rice Research Institute

Abstract

Since the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1960, IRRI’s breeding effort in varietal improvement for irrigated lowland has passed four decades. Breeding of semi-dwarf rice varieties such as IR8 at IRRI during first decade from 1960 to 1969 resulted in quantum leaps in yield potential, which marked the green revolution in Asia. During the second decade from 1970 to 1979, the primary emphasis of rice improvement has been directed towards incorporation of multiple disease and insect resistance and shortening of growth duration. Grain quality was the main target of crop improvement at IRRI during the third decade from 1980 to 1989. The fourth decade from 1990 to 1999 and beyond was focused again on the improvement of yield potential by developing hybrid rice and new plant type. Up to 1999, 46 indica inbred varieties and 2 indica/indica hybrid rice varieties were developed by IRRI and released in the Philippines for the irrigated lowland rice systems. Large-scale adoption of these improved varieties under modern crop management practices has resulted in a dramatic increase in rice production in major rice-growing countries. The hybrid varieties between indicas increased yield potential by 9% under the tropical conditions. New plant type (NPT) breeding has not yet resulted in an increase in yield potential. The second generation NPT developed by crossing tropical japonica with indica has demonstrated some promising results in terms of improvements in yield potential, disease and insect resistance, and grain quality.     

国际稻瘟病圃种质稻瘟病抗性的鉴定与评价

分别采用苗期喷雾接种和成株期注射、涂抹接种对375份国际稻瘟病圃材料进行稻瘟病抗性人工接种鉴定,发现苗瘟与叶瘟抗性间具有极显著的相关性,而苗瘟、叶瘟与穗颈瘟间相关性不显著,结果筛选出一批抗性较好的材料,可供育种部门在选配亲本时应用。     

越南水稻生产与国际贸易情况分析

概述了越南水稻生产的自然条件和种植区域分布;从越南水稻总产、收获面积、单产及稻米国际贸易情况的变化可以看出,越南自1986年政策改革以来,水稻生产取得了令人瞩目的成就,但仍面临多方面的问题,今后应进一步引进和推广杂交水稻,并增强农田基础设施建设等措施,以提高水稻产量。     

透过国际稻米贸易特点谈吉林省稻米发展对策

本文从世界稻米进出口国及区域、世界稻米市场交易类型和品质特点、世界稻米市场现状、稻米进口国和出口国采取的措施等方面介绍了世界稻米贸易的特点。结合吉林省稻米生产的现状,提出积极发展稻米出省和出口观念,并以龙头企业为核心实施稻米产业化、发展无污染绿色稻米、建立稻米市场新标准、开发多样化稻米产品、加强稻米资源综合利用和深加工研究、充分调动科研机构的积极性、加强超级稻品种选育及推广速度、合力打造知名品牌等稻米发展对策。     

Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems

Although crop residues constitute an enormous resource, actual residue management practices in rice-based systems have various negative side effects and contribute to global warming. The concept of a combined bioenergy/biochar system could tackle these problems in a new way. Rice residues would be used for energy production, thereby reducing field burning and the use of fossil fuels, and the biochar by-product could help to improve soils, avoid methane emissions, and sequester carbon in soils. To examine some of these promises, we conducted field experiments from 2005 to 2008 in three different rice production systems. Objectives were to study the effect of biochar from rice husks on soil characteristics, assess the stability of carbonized rice residues in these different systems, and evaluate the agronomic effect of biochar applications. The results showed that application of untreated and carbonized rice husks (RH and CRH) increased total organic carbon, total soil N, the C/N ratio, and available P and K. Not significant or small effects were observed for soil reaction, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and the CEC. On a fertile soil, the high C/N ratio of CRH seemed to have limited N availability, thereby slightly reducing grain yields in the first three seasons after application. On a poor soil, where the crop also suffered from water stress, soil chemical and physical improvements increased yields by 16-35%. Together with a parallel study including methane and CO₂ emission measurements at one site, the results strongly suggest that CRH is very stable in various rice soils and systems, possibly for thousands of years. However, the study also showed that CRH was very mobile in some soils. Especially in poor sandy soil, about half of the applied carbon seemed to have moved below 0.30 m in the soil profile within 4 years after application. We concluded that biochar from rice residues can be beneficial in rice-based systems but that actual effects on soil fertility, grain yield, and soil organic carbon will depend on site-specific conditions. Long-term studies on biochar in field trials seem essential to better understand biochar effects and to investigate its behavior in soils.     

国际水稻引种的遗传与利用评价

国际水稻遗传评价协作网给世界各国水稻育种改良计划开展交流合作提供有效的联络纽带。它的目标任务是 :交流优良种质资源 ,提供直接利用或作为杂交亲本 ;为育种家提供育种材料的评价场所 ,不同生态条件包括在不同气候、土壤、病虫及栽培条件下的性状表现 ;鉴定抗病虫、抗胁迫等亲本供体 ;评价基因与环境的互作 ;促进科学家交流与加强研究项目合作。福建省多年来承担国际水稻遗传评价协作研究引种试种 ,观察这些品种 (材料 )在福建特定试验区的种植表现 ,提出评价和利用意见供育种单位利用参考。本文将 2 0 0 0年试验结果与利用评价综述 ,以…     

中国杂交水稻知识产权保护的方式、现状及挑战

介绍了品种权、专利、商标、商业秘密等保护杂交水稻知识产权的可行方式,调查统计了中国当前杂交水稻品种权、专利等的申请保护现状及特点,讨论了实质性派生品种、基因专利等对杂交稻知识产权保护的挑战,提出了有效保障原始育种创新者和资源提供者权益的措施及全方位保护杂交水稻知识产权的策略.     

The International Rice Genetics and Breeding Symposium was held in Hangzhou

The International Rice Genetics and Breeding Symposium was held in Hangzhou,China on 16-18,October,1999.More than 20 rice scientists abroad from USA,Japan,England,Germany,andthe Netherlands et al and about 100 rice specialists internal attended the meeting. Around the theme of rice genetics and breeding towards the 21th Century,scientists ex- changed the information of up-data developments in different rice research fields,analyzed the ad- vance and questions in rice genetics and breeding,and discussed the key problem of super rice,transgenic rice,and two-line and one-line rice breeding.Prof YUAN Longping et al 21 scientists     

第28届国际灌溉稻品种种植评价

国际灌溉水稻 (ｉｒｒｉｇａｔｅｄｒｉｃｅ)是国际水稻遗传评价网的一个综合部分 ,由国际水稻研究所组织实施。其目的是交流育种材料 (品种 ) ,并能在世界广泛的范围对供试的水稻材料 (品种 )进行初步的评价。我们承担了第 2 8届国际灌溉稻在福建的种植研究 ,对在福建的种植结果进行分析并提出初步评价意见 ,可望为育种者及有关部门的利用提供参考。1　材料与方法1 1　观察圃的材料组成由 13个国家和 4个国际研究中心提供 85个遗传多样性的水稻品种 (材料 )及 3个国际对照种。3个国际对照种 :类　　别　　　　名　　称非常早熟　　　　ＩＲ…     

Performance of Four Rice Cultivars Transplanted Monthly over Full Year under Irrigated Conditions in Tanzania

In Tanzania,the phenology and seasonal variations of the yields of different rice cultivars have rarely been studied,especially under fully-irrigated conditions. A trial was conducted to identify the most suitable calendar for rice production in Tanzania under fully-irrigated conditions. Four popular rice cultivars,NERICA1,Wahiwahi,IR64 and TXD306,were transplanted monthly from January to December 2011. The four cultivars recorded similarly higher or lower yields than the annual means when transplanted in July(0.50–0.57 kg/m2) and April(0.07–0.31 kg/m2). A yield-ranking analysis showed that plants transplanted in July was the most productive while those transplanted in April was the least productive,and also revealed a yield-seasonality for irrigated rice in Tanzania,a low-yield season(April–May),a high-yield season(June–August),and an unstable-yield season(September–March). These yield seasons would appear to be closely linked to seasonal temperature variations. When transplanted in April–May,plants were exposed to very low temperatures between panicle initiation and flowering,apparently reducing yield through cold-induced sterility. Those transplanted in June–August prolonged their growth under relatively low temperatures and increased yield through increasing biomass production. In September–March,yield levels varied greatly due to the shortened phenological growth durations at higher temperatures. We conclude that under fully-irrigated conditions in Tanzania,rice should be transplanted in July to ensure the maximum production and yield stability. The yield-seasonality suggests that implementing measures to protect plants from low and high temperature stress at critical phenological stages may allow year-round rice production under fully-irrigated conditions in Tanzania.