Feeding high fibre diets changes luminal environment and morphology in the intestine of sows

Sows were fed three diets varying in type and level of dietary fibre (DF). The low fibre diet (LF; 17% DF) was based on wheat and barley. In the two high DF diets (HF1, high in soluble DF and HF2, high in insoluble DF;  44% DF), the cereal part of the diet was substituted with different co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, pea hull, brewer's spent grain, and seed residue). The diets were fed for a four-week period to 12 sows (4 for each diet). Sows were stunned 4 h post-feeding, and digesta and tissue samples were collected from various parts of the small and large intestines. The carbohydrate load to the large intestine was 538–539 g/d when feeding the high DF diets and 190 g/d when feeding diet LF. Feeding sows the high DF diet containing large proportion of soluble DF resulted in a lower dry matter content of digesta (23 contra 28%), a higher tissue weight (2.9 contra 2.0 kg), and a higher crypt depth (492 contra 330 μm) and area (23,201 contra 15,751 μm²) in the colon compared with the low DF diet. In conclusion, increasing the amount of DF in the diet for sows resulted in an increased amount of digesta entering the large intestine which influences the functional properties of digesta. Furthermore, a high DF diet with a high proportion of soluble DF increases tissue weight, crypt depth and crypt area in the midcolon compared to a low fibre diet.     

日粮添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠形态结构的影响

试验选用60头21d断奶、体重均一的杜长大仔猪。按单因素完全随机化设计随机分为2组,一组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;一组为试验组,基础日粮添加0.5%的谷氨酰胺,研究谷氨酰胺处理对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态变化的影响。在断奶当天及断奶后7d和14d每个处理随机选取3头仔猪屠宰,取小肠组织,测定肠黏膜的形态结构变化。结果表明:日粮中添加谷氨酰胺提高了小肠绒毛高度和固有层厚度及皱褶深度。     

膳食纤维在母猪中的应用

膳食纤维作为第七大营养素,其在单胃动物的作用正在被广泛的关注。膳食纤维具有独特的理化性质,合理使用可以大大改善母猪实际生产中所关注的饱腹感、刻板行为、泌乳性能、繁殖性能和便秘情况。本文综述了膳食纤维的定义、理化性质、分析方法和对母猪的影响作用,旨在为母猪营养工作者和养殖人员提供参考和指导。     

Effects of Oesophagostomum dentatum and dietary carbohydrates on morphology of the large intestine of pigs

The effects of Oesophagostomum dentatum infection and dietary carbohydrates on the morphology and epithelial cell proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs were investigated experimentally. Thirty-two worm-free pigs (n=32) from a specific pathogen-free farm were randomly divided into four groups (A-D), of eight animals each. Pigs in groups A (control) and B (infected) were fed Diet 1, and pigs in groups C (control) and D (infected) were fed Diet 2. The two diets were formulated: Diet 1 (%) contained barley flour, oat husk meal plus soya bean meal (55:21:24) and Diet 2 (%) contained barley flour, inulin and sugar beet fibre (SBF) (80.1:7:12.9) plus soya bean meal (3:1) to contain carbohydrates from inulin and sugar beet fibre (SBF) that were readily fermentable in the large intestine. The two infected pig groups (16 pigs total) were inoculated with 6000 infective larvae of O. dentatum and all pigs, including the controls, were slaughtered 12 weeks p.i. The combination of O. dentatum infection and highly fermentable dietary carbohydrates affected the mucosal architecture, the epithelial cell proliferation and mucin secretion of the large intestine. Infection had a significant influence on the crypt volume, height and density, and on muscularis externa at the proximal and middle colon. The changes in the affected gut sections were proportional to the number of worms present. However, these parameters appeared unaffected by those diets alone. In pigs without infection non-digestible dietary carbohydrates significantly influenced the tissue weight of colon.     

仔猪断奶后日粮组成及其与小肠组织学形态的关系

１　断奶仔猪日粮组成　通常将断奶仔猪日粮分为两大类型，即简单日粮与复杂日粮。简单日粮主要由玉米（谷物）和豆粕组成，亦包含有强化的维生素、矿物质，通常加有药物。复杂日粮则包含有除上述成分以外的一些饲料原料，如脱脂奶粉（ＤＳＭ）、乳清粉、鱼粉、浓缩大豆蛋白、血浆蛋白粉、油脂及其他一些添加剂。复杂日粮虽成本较高，但可使仔猪有较高的生长性能及减轻不良反应。　１．１　乳清粉及其他奶制品　Ｒｏｄｒｉｇｕｅｚ和Ｙｏｕｎｇ（１９８１）、Ｇｒａｈａｍ等（１９８１）、Ｍａｈａｎ等（１９９３ｂ）报道，在１～４周龄断奶…     

日粮纤维对母猪繁殖性能的影响

通常 ,为保证最佳的经济性状和健康水平 ,对繁殖母猪要限制饲养以保持其体况在整个繁殖周期中相对恒定 (Dourmad等 ,1 994、1 996)。而限饲所提供的饲料水平仅占随意采食量的 0 40～ 0 60(Pettigrew和Blackshaw ,1 989;Brouns等 ,1 995 ) ,显然不能满足其采食需要 ,从而导致群饲时的攻击性和争食现象 (Appleby和Lawrence ,1 987;Terlouw等 ,1 991 ;Edwards,1 992 ;Terlouw和Lawrence ,1 993;Spooler,1 995 )。妊娠期限饲会降低仔猪初生重和成活率 ,母猪分娩和断奶时体脂沉积过少还会延迟断奶后的发情 ,并降低受孕率 ,导致母猪繁殖性…     

日粮纤维对繁殖母猪生产性能和行为的影响

怀孕期一般实行限饲以避免母猪过肥,虽然这样能使经济效益最大化,但母猪的行为需求被抑制。为提高限饲母猪的福利,研究者多采用提供纤维饲料或增加日粮纤维的方法增加母猪的饱食感,延长采食时间,降低口头条件反射（OCT）测试中的反馈,减少刻板行为发生以达到改善母猪福利的效果。另一方面,欧洲法律规定2010年起必须对未孕母猪实行群养,而纤维饲料的使用有效降低了群养母猪间侵略行为的发生。文章综述了将纤维饲料用于怀孕母猪的研究结果,结论是只有当日粮养分满足动物需要时,日粮纤维才能发挥出作用。     

断奶仔猪饲粮能量水平和饲粮组成对小肠黏膜形态的影响

该试验研究了低能量水平饲粮对断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响，同时观测饲粮组成(通过改变乳糖／蛋白质比)与肠黏膜形态的关系。试验分三个处理组，分别是令断奶仔猪采食低乳糖／高蛋白质饲粮(LL/HP)、对照饲粮(C)和高乳糖／低蛋白质饲粮(HL/LP)，三种饲粮能量水平相同。仔猪断奶后第四天剖杀取小肠前段、中段、后段作组织切片，在显微镜下观察其绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果表明，采食三种低能量饲粮的仔猪，其绒毛都有不同程度的缩短，隐窝都表现加深。与采食其它两种饲粮的仔猪相比，采食HL/LP饲粮的仔猪小肠前段有较高的绒毛高度(P＜0．01)和较浅的隐窝深度(P＜0．01)。说明断奶仔猪饲粮的能量水平和饲粮组成对其肠黏膜形态都有影响。     

Effects of dietary fiber on performance of multiparous lactating sows in a tropical climate

Sixty-two multiparous Large White sows were used to determine the effect of dietary fiber level on lactation performance according to season under conditions of a humid tropical climate. This experiment was conducted in Guadeloupe (West French Indies, lat 16 degrees N, long 61 degrees W) between October 1999 and January 2001. Two seasons were distinguished a posteriori from climatic measurements parameters continuously recorded in the farrowing room. During the warm season, ambient temperature and relative humidity averaged 25 degrees C and 86.8%, respectively. The corresponding values for the hot season were 27.5 degrees C and 83.5%. Experimental diets fed during lactation were a control diet (C; 14% neutral detergent fiber) and a high-fiber diet (HF; 20% neutral detergent fiber) obtained by substitution of wheat middlings by wheat bran. The two diets were formulated to provide the same ratios between essential amino acids and lysine and between lysine and net energy. No interaction between season and diet composition was found for all criteria studied. Over the 28-d lactation, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was lower and body weight loss was higher (P < 0.001) during the hot season compared to the warm season (3,447 vs 4,907 g/d and 33 vs 17 kg, respectively). The number of stillborn piglets was higher (P < 0.05) during the hot season than during the warm season (2.0 vs 1.1 piglets, respectively). Litter growth rate and mean BW of piglets at weaning were reduced (P < 0.01) during the hot season vs the warm season (2.1 vs 2.3 kg/d and 7.7 vs 8.3 kg, respectively). The ADFI was similar for both diets and digestible energy (DE) intake tended to be lower (P = 0.06) with the HF diet (54.9 vs 59.3 MJ of DE/d for C sows) in relation with its lower DE concentration. The body weight loss was greater (P < 0.01) for HF sows than for C sows (30 vs 21 kg). Compared with the C diet, the HF diet increased (P < 0.05) litter growth rate and piglet body weight at weaning (2.3 vs 2.1 kg/d and 8.3 vs 7.7 kg/d for HF vs C, respectively). Season and diet composition did not affect the weaning-to-estrus interval. In conclusion, the hot season in humid tropical climates, which combines high levels of temperature and humidity, has a major negative effect on the performance of lactating sows.     

The effects of dietary fat or fiber addition on yield and composition of milk from sows housed in a warm or hot environment

Sixty sows were individually penned in a thermoneutral (20 degrees C) or hyperthermal (32 degrees C) environment and fed a basal (corn-soybean meal), high-fiber (48.5% wheat bran) or high-fat (10.6% choice white grease) diet from d 100 of gestation through a 22-d lactation. The diets were determined to contain 3.28, 2.76 and 3.75 Mcal ME/kg, respectively. All pigs received 8.0 Mcal of ME and 17.5 g of lysine daily prior to parturition and were allowed to consume their respective diets ad libitum after parturition. Litter size was standardized at 9 to 10 pigs by d 2 postpartum. Milk yields were determined for five, 4-d periods from about d 2 through 22 of lactation via a D2O dilution technique. Daily milk yield and litter weight gain began to plateau, and the efficiency of utilizing milk DM and milk energy for gain was depressed (P less than .01), in the latter stages of the lactation. Heat exposure (32 degrees C) reduced (P less than .05) voluntary ME intake and milk energy yield of the sow and increased (P less than .05) the sow's weight loss during lactation. In the hot environment, increasing dietary energy concentration resulted in a linear (P less than .08) increase in milk fat content and milk energy yield over the duration of the 22-d lactation. In the latter stages of lactation, pigs consuming high-fat milk required more (P less than .09) milk and milk energy per unit of weight gain. In the warm environment, milk energy yield was increased by dietary fat or fiber additions in early lactation, but not in late lactation. These results indicate that the effects of thermal heat stress on sow milk energy yield and litter weight gain are aggravated by dietary fiber addition and minimized by dietary fat addition.     

Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide on villous height and disaccharidase activity of the small intestine,pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations in the large intestine of weaned pigs

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate changes in the lumen and wall of the intestinal tract of weaned pigs caused by fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and consequences for growth. Twelve male pigs weaned at 24 days were individually housed and fed either control, 0.25% FOS, or 3% FOS diets for 21 days after weaning. The pH of chyme in the caecum and proximal colon were lower (p<0.001) in 3% FOS compared to other treatments. Mean molar proportions (%) of total SCFA values along the large intestine were significantly affected by FOS diet. Acetic acid was significantly higher in control compared with other treatments. Butyric acid and isobutyric acid were significantly increased in 0.25 and 3% FOS compared to the control. Feed intake, empty body weight gain, disaccharidase activities and villous height in the small intestine were not significantly affected by FOS. It was concluded that dietary FOS stimulates fermentation in the large intestine, but does not significantly affect enzyme activity, ammonia content, villous height and growth.     

不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响

为研究不同粗纤维水平日粮对妊娠母猪生殖激素水平的影响,选用30头胎次、配种时间及体况均相近的经产PIC配套系父母代母猪,随机分成5组,妊娠期间分别饲喂含3%、5%、7%、9%和11%的苜蓿草粉粗纤维日粮,通过调节各组的饲喂量,使其所摄入的能量、蛋白、钙、磷等水平基本一致。3%为对照组,日粮中不另加粗纤维。研究结果显示:提高日粮中粗纤维水平会降低妊娠各阶段母猪雌二醇的浓度,但增加妊娠后期孕酮和催乳素的浓度,且当日粮中粗纤维含量达到9%时效果最佳。     

不同配比油脂对肉仔鸡小肠形态的影响

研究了日粮中添加不同配比油脂对肉仔鸡小肠形态的影响。试验选取324只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复9只。CON为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO组为正对照组(日粮添加豆油),LO组为负对照组(日粮添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂和多种植物油配比的油脂,饲养至21日龄。结果:COP组的十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值高于SO组(P<0.05),空肠的隐窝深度低于CON和SO组(P<0.05)。COC组的十二指肠绒毛宽度高于SO组和LO组(P<0.05),绒毛面积高于CON组、SO组和LO组(P<0.05);空肠的黏膜厚度高于LO组(P<0.05)。COV组的十二指肠绒毛高度高于CON组、SO组和LO组(P<0.05),十二指肠黏膜厚度高于CON组(P<0.05)。试验表明3种配比油脂均可从不同角度促进十二指肠和空肠的形态发育,且从提高绒毛表面积考虑,配比椰子油效果最好。     

Influence of thermal environment on sows around farrowing and during the lactation period

Our objective was to investigate the effects of floor heating duration (HEAT: 35°c for 12 or 48 h) after birth of first piglet (BFP) under different room temperatures (ROOM: 15°C, 20°C, 25°C) on sows during farrowing and lactation. The study included 8 to 11 repetitions for each combination of ROOM and HEAT. There were no treatment effects on indicators of birth problems (duration of parturition, interbirth intervals, umbilical cord lactate concentration), BW changes of the sow, and litter size and weight until weaning. Sows at 15°C compared with 20°C and 25°C spent more time nest building (P = 0.015). The feed intake was reduced the first 7 d after farrowing in sows at 25°C (P = 0.014); however, both daily feed intake (P = 0.018) and water consumption (P < 0.001) of these warm sows exceeded that at lower temperatures during the last part of the lactation. Sows at 15°C received more medical treatments until weaning at heat = 48 h only (ROOM and HEAT interaction, P = 0.005). Room temperature influenced prefarrowing water consumption (25°C > 20°C and 15°C; P < 0.017), sow surface temperature (15°C < 20°C < 25°C; P < 0.001), respiration rate (25°C > 20°C > 15°C; P < 0.001), and rectal temperature during the first 12 h after bfp (15°C < 25°C; P = 0.009); additionally, long floor heating duration (HEAT = 48 h) increased the respiration rate by 50% d 1 and 2 after bfp (p < 0.001). The proportion of lying time on the unheated slatted floor increased with room temperature (P < 0.001) and, transiently, also for the heat = 48 h treatment 13 to 48 h after BFP (P < 0.001). The majority of piglets (82% to 95%) were born on the heated solid floor, regardless of room temperature (P = 0.46). Sows spent approximately twice as much time standing and walking at 15°C during 13 to 48 h after BFP at HEAT = 12 h only (ROOM and HEAT interaction; P = 0.002). In conclusion, long-term indicators of reduced sow performance were unaffected by room temperature, probably because the farrowing and lactating sows in the current pen design were able to perform thermoregulatory behavior and successfully adapt to room temperatures between 15°C and 25°C.     

Influence of dietary forage and feed intake on carbohydrase activities and small intestinal morphology of calves.

Twenty (12 Holstein, 8 Longhorn cross) calves (198 kg and 7 mo old) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of dietary forage concentration and feed intake on carbohydrase activities and small intestinal (SI) morphology. Calves were individually fed 90% forage (alfalfa) or a 90% concentrate (50% sorghum: 50% wheat) diet at either one or two times NEm for 140 d and slaughtered; tissues and small intestinal digesta were collected. Increased feed intake increased (P less than .05) pancreatic weight, alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities in the pancreas, SI length and SI digesta weight. Forage-fed calves gained faster (P less than .01) and had greater (P less than .05) pancreatic protein concentrations, alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities in the pancreas and greater SI digesta alpha-amylase activities than grain-fed calves did. Increased feed intake increased (P less than .01) mucosal weight/cm small intestine only in forage-fed calves and increased (P less than .05) SI surface/volume only in grain-fed calves. Mucosal weight was greatest (P less than .05) at the terminal ileum, surface/volume was greatest (P less than .05) in the duodenum, and mucosal protein concentration was highest (P less than .05) in the SI mid-section. Mucosal lactase was higher (P less than .05) in proximal segments, whereas mucosal isomaltase was higher in middle and distal segments of the small intestine. For mucosal maltase activity, there was a feed intake x SI sampling site interaction (P less than .05) and for trehalase, a diet x feed intake x SI sampling site interaction (P less than .05). The SI distribution patterns of maltase and isomaltase were similar, as were those of trehalase and lactase. The alpha-amylase activity in the pancreas and SI morphology were influenced greatly by diet composition and feed intake by calves.     

日粮纤维对非反刍动物肠形态结构与消化功能的影响

本文综述了日粮纤维对非反刍动物肠黏膜形态和上皮细胞更新的影响及其作用机理和对动物消化功能的影响。     

吉林白鹅小肠形态学发育规律

应用组织切片技术对11～53日龄吉林白鹅小肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度进行测定。结果显示,小肠各段绒毛高度及宽度随日龄增加整体上呈增长趋势,空肠绒毛最长,回肠绒毛高度、宽度在39日龄达到峰值,早于空肠和十二指肠。回肠隐窝深度11～53日龄随日龄增加而增加,十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度在39日龄达到峰值,39～53日龄变浅。小肠各段肌层厚度与日龄呈正相关,回肠的肌层厚度在46日龄达到高峰,十二指肠和空肠的肌层厚度在53日龄达到高峰。小肠各段绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值随日龄增加而增加,53日龄时空肠的绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值最高。     

The effects of dietary fat or fiber addition on energy and nitrogen digestibility in lactating, primiparous sows housed in a warm or hot environment

Thirty primiparous sows were individually penned in a thermoneutral (20 degrees C) or hyperthermal (32 degrees C) environment and fed a high-starch (corn-soybean meal basal), high-fiber (48.5% wheat bran) or high-fat (10.6% choice white grease) diet from d 100 of gestation through a 22-d lactation to determine the effects of thermal environment and dietary energy source on energy and N digestibility in lactating sows. Voluntary feed intake and total feces and urine output were determined from d 12 through d 14 postpartum. Heat exposure (32 degrees C) depressed (P less than .05) voluntary feed, ME and N intake and lowered (P less than .05) apparent daily N retention. Heat exposure did not alter (P greater than .15) digestibility, expressed as percentage of intake, of dietary energy or N. Dietary additions of wheat bran depressed (P less than .05) the proportion of gross energy retained as ME by 12 and 14 percentage units and the apparent digestibility of N by 2.5 and 4.5 percentage units at 20 and 32 degrees C, respectively, compared with those of the basal diet. Dietary additions of choice white grease did not alter (P greater than .15) energy digestibility but increased (P less than .05) the proportion of N digested and retained in both environments. Apparent ME of the wheat bran, corn-soybean meal mix and choice white grease (determined by difference) was 2.72, 3.70 and 8.43 Mcal/kg DM and was independent of thermal environment. Digestibility of fibrous and starchy feedstuffs was similar in lactating sows and growing pigs allowed to consume feed ad libitum, whereas fat was more digestible in the sows.     

Absorption of carbohydrate-derived nutrients in sows as influenced by types and contents of dietary fiber

The current investigation was undertaken to study the absorption and plasma concentration of carbohydrate-derived nutrients [glucose, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and lactate] and the apparent insulin production in sows fed diets containing contrasting types and contents of dietary fiber. Six sows were fed 3 experimental diets, low fiber (LF; 177 g of dietary fiber and 44 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), high soluble fiber (HF-S; 429 g of dietary fiber and 111 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), and high insoluble fiber (HF-I; 455 g of dietary fiber and 74 g of soluble fiber/kg of DM), in a repeated crossover design. Variations in dietary concentration and solubility of dietary fiber were obtained by substituting starch-rich wheat and barley in the LF diet with dietary fiber-rich co-products (sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, pectin residue, brewers spent grain, pea hulls, and seed residue, which have distinct physicochemical properties). The main carbohydrate component of the LF diet was starch and nonstarch polysaccharides (cellulose and noncellulosic polysaccharides) for the 2 high dietary fiber diets. Consumption of the LF diet resulted in increased and rapid glucose absorption at 0 to 4 h postfeeding. With the HF-I diet, the glucose absorption pattern was similar but at a decreased rate, whereas it was decreased and delayed with the HF-S diet (diet, P < 0.001; time, P < 0.001). These differences were also reflected in the insulin response. The quantitative absorption of SCFA at 0 to 10 h postfeeding was greater when feeding the HF-S diet compared with the LF diet (P < 0.001) and intermediate when feeding the HF-I diet (P < 0.001). The study showed that feeding the high dietary fiber diets resulted in a increased and more uniform uptake of SCFA than when feeding the LF control. Moreover, the HF-S diet reduced diurnal variation in glucose and insulin concentrations.