格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林碳库及分配

对福建省三明市33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林碳库及分配进行研究。结果表明格氏栲人工林碳库为325.9t·hm^-2,比杉木人工林的(228.3t·hm^-2)高43%。格氏栲和杉木人工林乔木层碳库分别占人工林碳库的65.9%和57.5%,矿质土壤层碳库则分别占32.5%和40.3%,而2种森林的林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、粗木质残体和死细根碳库占人工林碳库均不超过1%。格氏栲人工林的干材(干+皮)碳库分别占乔木层碳库的55.8%,而杉木人工林的则为75.4%。杉木人工林乔木层在6年生前连年碳积累速率略高于格氏栲人工林,但7年生后则低于格氏栲人工林。格氏栲乔木层连年碳积累速率最大值出现时间(15年生时)早于杉木人工林的(10年生时),其碳积累的数量成熟龄(>33年生时)则迟于杉木人工林的(20年生时)。从碳吸存的角度看,格氏栲是一个比杉木更加优良的人工林树种。     

杉木人工林树上宿存枯死枝、叶在冠层与在枯枝落叶层分解的比较研究

杉木枯死枝、叶有在树上宿存多年的特性。江西分宜大岗山地区一立地指数 14 ,林龄 13a ,保留密度 2 60 0株·hm- 2 的 1代林 ,树上宿存枯死枝、叶总量达 4 10 8 0kg·hm- 2 ,相当枯枝落叶层生物量的 3 5 4 %。树上宿存枯死枝、叶在冠层的分解速度 ,与置于枯枝落叶层的分解速度的测定结果表明 ,后者比前者快得多。说明在杉木林生长急需养分的速生期和杆材期 ,将树上宿存枯死枝、叶适时地打落于地表 ,使其在枯枝落叶层分解 ,与挂在冠层上的分解相比 ,对林木营养作用不同 ,前者比后者能及时、更多地提供养分。树上宿存枯死枝、叶在林冠下部由低到高呈 4层分布。鉴于各层死亡时间不同 ,经受的分解时间和雨水淋溶的强度也相异 ,其在树冠上的分解速度是分层测定的 ,上下层差异较大。在枯枝落叶层的分解速度也分层测定 ,上下层的差异较小。在枯枝落叶层分解时 ,本实验 1年间枝的各层分解量之和是树冠上分解时的近 2 3倍 ,叶为 5 4倍。在枯枝落叶层分解时 ,1年间各层枝、叶 ,营养元素归还量之和是树冠上分解时的 3 5倍。速生、杆材期 ,适时地将树上宿存枯死枝、叶打落于地表 ,对连栽杉木林长期生产力的保持更是有积极作用     

格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林碳吸存与碳平衡

森林是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,其碳贮量占全球陆地总碳贮量的46%(Watson et al.,2000).因而,开展森林生态系统碳平衡动态研究,对于科学预测森林对全球碳平衡和气候变化的作用具有重要意义,并已成为国际陆地碳循环研究的热点.     

木荷和杉木人工林天然降水、穿透雨和树干茎流DOC和DON 浓度及动态(英文)

尽管溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)在森林养分循环中的作用日渐为人们所关注,但对它们的浓度及动态,特别是对亚热带森林DOC 和DON 的研究甚少。本文于2002 年通过野外天然降水及亚热带木荷和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata,15 年生)穿透雨和树干茎流各水样的收集及室内各水样中DOC、NO3 -N、NH4 -N 和总溶解有机氮(TDN)浓度的测- +定,其中DON 浓度通过TDN 与NO3 -N、NH4 -N 的浓度差值来计算,- +结果表明,天然降水DOC 和DON 浓度分别为1.7 和0.13 mg·L-1。木荷人工林穿透雨DOC 和DON 浓度分别为11.2 和0.24 mg·L-1,高于杉木人工林的DOC 和DON 浓度(10.3 和0.19 mg·L-1)。杉木人工林树干茎流DOC 和DON 浓度(分别为19.1 和0.66 mg·L-1)明显高于木荷人工林(分别为17.6 和0.48 mg·L-1)。天然降水DOC 浓度的月变化不明显,而DON 浓度在夏季和秋季较高。两林分穿透雨DON 浓度的月动态与树干茎流的十分相似,均在雨季开始时(3 月)浓度增大。两林分穿透雨DOC 浓度在2-4 月间较高,而树干茎流DOC 浓度在9-11 月间较高。图4表2 参24。     

杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量的影响因素分析

通过收集杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量数据,分析杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、枝叶生物量、凋落物量、林下植被生物量的相关关系。结果表明,杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与林龄、林下植被生物量、凋落物量、枝叶生物量呈显著正相关,其中与林下植被生物量相关性最大,与年均温呈负相关,而与年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄可单独解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的21.2%,而林龄、降水量、年均温、枝叶生物量可以解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的38.6%。     

杉木林土壤渗滤水溶解有机碳含量与迁移

森林是陆地生态系统中最重要的碳库,森林土壤中的碳占全球土壤有机碳的73%,在全球碳循环中起着重要作用(David et al.,1988).溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,简称DOC)虽然仅占有机碳的很小部分,但对调节阳离子淋洗、金属溶解、矿物风化、土壤微生物活动以及其他土壤化学、物理和生物学过程具有重要意义.     

格氏栲天然林与人工林粗木质残体碳库及养分库

福建三明格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林粗木质残体现存量与季节动态、C库及养分库的研究表明,格氏栲天然林、人工林和杉木人工林粗木质残体现存量分别为1 32、0 4 6和0 2 3t·hm- 2 。3种林分粗木质残体现存量的季节变化模式均为夏季>冬季>秋季>春季。格氏栲天然林粗木质残体C贮量为0 78t·hm- 2 ,分别是格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林的4 1 1倍和7 0 9倍;格氏栲天然林粗木质残体C库与2种人工林间差异显著(P <0 0 5)。格氏栲天然林、人工林和杉木人工林粗木质残体养分贮量分别为1 4 1 6、2 90和0 95kg·hm- 2 ;格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种养分贮量均最高。与人工林相比,天然林粗木质残体现存量、C和养分贮量均最大。     

杉木人工林土壤碳库动态研究现状及展望

土壤有机碳(SOC)是陆地生态系统中最大的有机碳库,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。因此,土壤有机碳动态是生态系统碳循环研究中的关键。杉木人工林是我国亚热带主要的人工林,综述了杉木经营过程中土壤有机质动态变化研究现状,以及采伐、整地、炼山等人类活动对土壤有机碳库影响等相关研究。     

江苏滨海湿地土壤可溶性有机碳的分布和季节动态

通过研究滨海湿地土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的分布和季节变化,为揭示其在碳循环中的作用提供理论依据。以江苏滨海湿地典型植被群落(光滩、米草群落、碱蓬群落、芦苇群落和刺槐群落)为研究对象,分析了湿地不同植被群落DOC含量的水平分布和垂直分布情况以及季节变化规律,并且探讨了土壤DOC与土壤性质的关系。结果表明:在水平方向上,江苏滨海湿地土壤DOC含量分布表现为大米草群落在3个研究土层均大于其他植被群落,这主要是由于大米草群落能够产生大量有机质,有机质进入到土壤中,经微生物转化形成DOC;在垂直剖面上,除碱蓬群落外,其余植被群落土壤DOC含量最大值均出现在表层,这是因为DOC来源的有机质首先进入表层土壤。土壤DOC含量受季节因素影响较大,不同植被群落土壤DOC动态表现出了相似的季节变化规律,均表现为从春季到秋季逐渐增加,在秋季达到峰值,然后在秋季到冬季的过程中逐渐降低。相关性分析显示,土壤DOC与土壤总有机碳、总氮以及微生物生物量碳(MBC)之间均呈极显著的正相关;土壤pH与DOC之间表现出极显著的负相关。说明滨海湿地土壤性质与其DOC分布和动态密切相关。     

近熟杉木人工林的生物量及碳储量研究

通过野外调查和室内分析后得到苍梧县近熟杉木人工林单株生物量的回归模型,树干和树皮以胸径树高为自变量进行回归分析效果较好,而其余器官以及地下部分生物量和总生物量均以胸径为自变量进行回归分析为好。     

Concentrations and seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in forest floors of two plantations （Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in subtropical China

The concentrations and seasonal dynamics of DOC in forest floors of monoculture plantations ofCastanopsis kawakamii and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were assessed in Sanming, Fujian, China (26°11′30″N, 117°26′00″E). Forest floor samples were taken in January, April, July and October in 2002 and divided into undecomposed material (horizon Oi), partially decomposed organic material (horizon Oe), and fully decomposed organic material (horizon Oa). Upon collection, DOC concentrations of samples were analyzed by a High Temperature TOC. The results showed that the annual average DOC concentration of Chinese fir (1341.7 mg·kg⁻¹) in the forest floor was higher than that ofCastanopsis kawakamii (1178.9 mg·kg⁻¹). Difference in DOC concentrations was observed among three horizons of the forest floor. DOC concentration of forest floor in the two forests was the highest in horizon Oe. Seasonal trends of DOC concentrations in different horizons of forest floors were similar and the maximal value occurred in autumn (or winter). The concentration and temporal change of DOC in studied forests were probably related to the variation in moisture, temperature, biological activity and quantity of organic matter in the forest floor. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Teaching and Research Award program for MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) Biography: ZHANG Jiang-shan (1946-), male, Researcher in Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

陈山红心杉优良无性系组培快速繁殖技术研究

以陈山红心杉20个红心比例达70%以上的优良无性系基部萌条为外植体,建立了组培高效繁育体系。优化条件筛选结果表明:MS BA2.0mg/L(单位下同) NAA0.5为最佳诱导培养基;1/2MS BA1.5 NAA0.5 适量有机物为最佳增殖培养基,苗木叶色嫩绿,生长正常,增殖系数可达4.5;1/2MS NAA0.2 IBA0.5为最佳生根培养基,生根率达89.3%。     

枫香与杉木、马尾松混交林土壤有机质和腐殖质碳的研究

对枫香与杉木、马尾松混交后土壤有机质碳和腐殖质碳的变化进行研究表明:枫香与杉木、马尾松混交后,增加了土壤的有机质碳和腐殖质碳的储量,0~20 cm土层增加的幅度大于20~40 cm土层。从腐殖质的组成来看,混交林土壤无论是胡敏酸、富啡酸还是土壤腐殖化度都大于纯林,混交林土壤胡敏酸与富啡酸比值(HA/FA)也大于纯林。从而表明了混交林土壤腐殖物质的品质变佳,土壤熟化度增大,土壤供肥保肥的能力增强,土壤肥力得以提高。     

采伐剩余物处理方式对2代杉木林碳储量的影响

在福建南平第1代杉木成熟林中设置固定标准地,采伐前测定每个标准地碳储量,采伐后采用5种方式处理采伐剩余物:全部收获(移走地面上全部有机剩余物,包括树木、林下植被和枯枝落叶)、全树收获(收获树木的全部地上部分)、树干和树皮收获(仅收获树干与树皮)、加倍采伐剩余物(仅收获树干和树皮,将全树收获处理的树枝和树叶移到这个处理中)、炼山(仅收获树干和树皮,然后火烧采伐剩余物),随后采用常规方法营造第2代杉木林。试验后12 a,对不同处理生态系统碳储量进行研究。结果表明:12年生第2代杉木林乔木层碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(61.03 t·hm-2)>全树收获(57.57 t·hm-2)>全部收获(55.64 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(54.38 t·hm-2)>炼山(49.00 t·hm-2);土壤层(0~40 cm)碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(99.49 t·hm-2)>全树收获(95.63 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(94.81 t·hm-2)>全部收获(91.55 t·hm-2)>炼山(91.23 t·hm-2,与第1代杉木林采伐前相比,第2代12年生杉木土壤层(0~40 cm)碳储量除了全部收获处理降低0.04 t·hm-2外,其他处理均有少量增加,但差异均不显著。第2代12年生杉木林生态系统总碳储量大小顺序为:加倍采伐剩余物(162.80 t·hm-2)>全树收获(155.56 t·hm-2)>树干和树皮收获(151.24 t·hm-2)>全部收获(149.14 t·hm-2)>炼山(142.29 t·hm-2)。加倍采伐剩余物处理、全树收获处理、树干和树皮收获处理、全部收获处理生态系统碳储量分别比炼山处理高14.41%、9.33%、6.29%、4.81%,但差异均达不到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in a Picea abies chronosequence on former arable land in Sweden

Shifting land use from agriculture to forestry induces major changes in the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, including fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON). This study investigated the long-term effects of afforestation on ecosystem DOC and DON dynamics using a chronosequence approach comprising four arable fields and nine differently aged (10–92 years) Norway spruce stands growing on similar former arable soils in the same area. Along the chronosequence, concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON were determined in bulk precipitation, throughfall, O horizon leachate and mineral soil solution during a 2–3-year period. Soil water fluxes were calculated using a soil hydrological model (SWAP). Results showed that DOC concentrations and fluxes with throughfall were strongly positively correlated with tree height (r² = 0.95; P < 0.05 for both conc. and flux) and stand age, while DON showed no such trends, suggesting different origins of DOC and DON in throughfall. The highest concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON occurred in soil leachate from the O horizon. Here, DOC flux was 250–310 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and DON flux 8–9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in stands afforested between 65 and 92 years ago. Concentrations and fluxes of DOC and DON in the mineral subsoil were consistently low. Flux calculations suggest that there was a net loss of >90% (230–280 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of DOC leached from the O horizon within 0–60 cm of the mineral soil. There was no significant effect of land use or forest age on DOC concentrations in solution from the lower part of the A horizon. The effect of time since afforestation was masked by soil properties that influence DOM retention in the mineral soil. Our data indicate that DOC concentrations in the A horizon of the sites studied were primarily related to the oxalate-extractable Al and Fe amounts in the same horizon. Afforestation of arable land induced a gradual qualitative change in soil organic matter (SOM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), with significantly increasing C:N ratios in soil and soil solution over time. The development of an O horizon and the subsequent leaching of DOC and DON to the underlying mineral soil are important drivers of a changing soil C and N turnover following afforestation.     

Lateral fluxes of organic carbon in a mangrove forest partly contaminated with sewage wastes

Lateral fluxes of macrodetritus, particulate matter and dissolved organic carbon were determined. Samples were collected monthly at the mangrove forest–inshore water boundary and within the forest. Floating macrodetritus (mainly mangrove leaves) was collected by a net (2mm mesh size). Dissolved and particulate matter were separated by filtration (0.45m filter) and centrifugation. Dissolved and particulate carbon were determined by a total organic carbon analyser (SHIMADZU model TOC5000). There was a significant export of mangrove litter to the adjacent marine environment during spring tides. Rates of import and export of particulate matter in the forest were not statistically different. Translocation of material within the forest was clearly demonstrated. A relatively high export of macrodetritus was recorded at the marine fringe (mainly colonised by Sonneratia alba). There was low export of litter in the terrestrial fringe zone, a monospecific stand occupied by Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Net organic carbon export from the entire forest was 79×10⁶g C y^–1, dissolved organic carbon accounted for about 78% of the total export.     

Controls of litter quality on the carbon sink in soils through partitioning the products of decomposing litter in a forest succession series in South China

Through the long-term measurement and development of a method for partitioning the products of decomposing litter, the impact of chemical components of forest debris on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation was studied in a forest succession series in South China. We quantified how litter quality is strongly correlated with the partitioning of respiration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fragments of decomposing litter. In the succession sequence of 60-year-old pine forest (PF), to 80-year-old mixed pine and evergreen broadleaved forest (MF) to more than 400-year-old monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest (MEBF), the litter C/N ratios and lignin contents were gradually decreasing, which in turn were correlated with increasing litter decomposition constants (k-values), gradually shortening residence times of standing litter pool. And, 53.5%, 65.6% and 76.2% of the gravimetric litter mass losses were going belowground through both DOC and fragmentation. Correspondingly, the SOC accumulation rates in the top 20 cm of mineral soils for the three forests from 1978 to 2008 were 26 ± 4, 33 ± 5 and 67 ± 5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. Results of the study support the idea that in order to increase carbon sequestration in soils and long-term functional ability of forest ecosystems to act as carbon sinks, “Kyoto Forests” should be designed and reconstructed with a high diversity of broadleaved species, especially containing nitrogen-fixing trees.