基于Web of Science对农业土壤N2O排放影响因素研究的文献计量分析

为客观全面地分析农业土壤N₂O排放影响因素领域的研究动态、热点及发展脉络,利用Web of Science数据库中1978~2018年的文献信息,结合R语言文献计量分析方法,从高被引论文、关键词及历史直接引文三个方面对农业土壤N₂O排放影响因素研究情况进行了系统的文献计量分析。结果表明:（1）农业土壤N₂O排放的影响因素主要有四大类:土壤性质包括土壤类型、质地、pH、温度、水分、容重、氧化还原电位、O₂、矿质氮（硝态氮 + 铵态氮）、有机碳、酶活性（主要是硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶等）和微生物多样性等;农艺管理措施包括施肥管理（肥料类型、施肥量、施肥时间、施肥方式、肥料形态等）、种植作物类型、播种时间、耕作制度、灌溉制度、秸秆还田、生物炭和硝化抑制剂使用、土地利用方式及变化等;气候条件（雪、霜、降水、气温和太阳有效辐射等）;地下水位和生态系统氮饱和度等。（2）该领域的研究热点在宏观层面上包括利用模型估算全球、国家、区域尺度上的N₂O排放清单,评价切实有效的农业N₂O减排措施效果;在中、微观尺度上,主要通过田间或室内培养试验用土壤理化性质及微生物指标反映、研究各影响因素变化（主要为单一因素研究）对N₂O排放的效应。（3）该领域研究经历了影响因素从土壤性质再到人为活动的过程,研究内容包括使用模型研究农业土壤N₂O排放过程、机制,估算大尺度多因素条件下的农业土壤N₂O排放清单及减排措施效果。（4）农艺管理措施包括施用硝化抑制剂、包膜肥料、生物炭和秸秆还田,这些措施均可有效地减少农业土壤N₂O排放,但每一措施的效果因具体条件而不同。（5）未来农业土壤N₂O排放研究将向整合多因素、多尺度、多层次方向发展,其重点仍为明确农业土壤N₂O排放机制、影响因素的相对重要性以及不同减排措施的效应,进而为因地制宜地制定科学有效的农业土壤N₂O减排措施提供支持。     

农田土壤N2O排放的关键过程及影响因素

一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 作为重要的温室气体之一,在全球气候变化研究中引人关注。随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田土壤N₂O排放已经成为全球关注和研究的热点。人们普遍认为土壤硝化、反硝化过程是N₂O产生的两个主导途径,而诸如施肥、灌水等农田管理措施以及土壤pH、温度等环境因子均会影响农田土壤N₂O产生和排放。本文系统论述了土壤N₂O产生的各主要途径,并综述了氮源、碳源、水分含量、氧气含量、土壤pH和温度以及其他调控因子对N₂O排放的影响,旨在阐明各过程对N₂O排放的产生机制及主要环境因子的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考和理论依据。农田土壤硝化过程本身对N₂O排放的直接贡献较小,N₂O产生的主要来源是包含硝化细菌的反硝化、硝化–反硝化耦合作用在内的生物反硝化过程。真菌反硝化和化学反硝化在酸性土壤以及硝酸异化还原成铵过程在高有机质和厌氧土壤环境中对N₂O排放具有重要作用。未来研究可从农田土壤N₂O的产生和消耗机制、降低N₂O/N₂产物比、N₂O的还原过程及相关影响因素进行深入研究。此外,利用新技术方法,探究土壤物理、化学和生物学因素对氮素转化过程的影响,重点关注N₂O峰值排放及相关联微生物的响应,并构建土壤氮素平衡和N₂O排放模型,可进一步加深对农田土壤N₂O排放机制和影响因素的理解。     

生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N2O排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响

【目的】 生物质炭显著影响土壤氧化亚氮 (N₂O) 排放,但关于其相关微生物机理的研究相对匮乏,尤其是生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。本文通过研究氮肥配施生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放以及硝化和反硝化过程相关功能基因丰度的影响,探讨酸性菜地土壤N₂O排放与功能基因丰度的关系,阐释生物质炭对酸性菜地土壤试验N₂O排放的微生物作用机理。 【方法】 在田间一次性施入生物质炭 40 t/hm2,试验连续进行了3年,共9茬蔬菜。设置4个处理:对照 (CK)、氮肥 (N)、生物质炭 (Bc) 和氮肥 + 生物质炭 (N + Bc)。在施用后第三年,采集土壤样品进行室内培养,应用荧光定量PCR技术检测硝化过程氨氧化古菌 (AOA)、氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 功能基因amoA和反硝化过程亚硝酸还原酶基因 (nirK、nirS) 以及N₂O还原酶基因 (nosZ) 等相关功能基因丰度,同时监测土壤pH值、无机氮 (铵态氮、硝态氮) 含量及N₂O排放。 【结果】 与CK相比,生物质炭 (Bc) 处理的土壤有机碳 (SOC) 提高了27.1%,总氮 (TN) 提高了8.2%,amoA-AOB基因丰度显著降低了11.0%,nosZ基因丰度增加了21.2% (P < 0.05),N ₂O排放没有显著变化 (P > 0.05)。与CK相比,施用氮肥 (N) 显著降低土壤pH ( P < 0.05),显著增加土壤无机氮含量、 nirK、nirS和nosZ功能基因丰度以及土壤N₂O累积排放量 (P < 0.05)。与N处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥联合施用 (N + Bc) 处理显著增加 amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因丰度,增幅分别为68.1%、39.3%、21.1%、19.8%、48.4% (P < 0.05),但 ( nirK + nirS)/nosZ的比值降低,同时N₂O累积排放量显著降低33.3% (P < 0.05)。室内培养期间N ₂O排放峰出现在1～5 d,N和N+Bc处理排放速率分别为 N 1.70 × 103和1.76 × 103 ng/(kg·h)。相关分析结果显示,N₂O排放速率与氧化亚氮还原酶的标记基因nosZ基因拷贝数 (P < 0.05)、NH ₄+-N含量 (P < 0.01) 呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关 ( P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在菜地生态系统中氮肥和生物质炭联合施用可以有效缓解菜地土壤酸化,减少菜地土壤N₂O排放,主要归因于反硝化作用nosZ基因丰度增加,(nirK + nirS)/nosZ比值降低。      

北京设施菜地N2O和NO排放特征及滴灌优化施肥的减排效果

【目的】量化设施菜地N₂O、NO排放特征,分析其影响因素,以期为科学评估农田生态系统N₂O、NO排放提供关键参数。【方法】以黄瓜品种‘金胚98’为供试材料,在北京房山区窦店乡的温室大棚内进行了田间试验,供试土壤类型为石灰性褐土,质地为壤土。试验共设4个处理:漫灌,不施氮肥 (CK);漫灌,农民习惯施肥 (FP);滴灌,农民习惯施肥 (FPD);滴灌,优化施氮 (OPTD)。常规氮肥施用量为N 1200 kg/hm2,优化后氮肥施用量为N 920 kg/hm2。70%的化肥氮和钾肥,分6次随灌溉追施。采用自动静态箱–氮氧化物分析仪法,对黄瓜生长季的N₂O、NO排放量进行了田间原位观测,同时监测了5 cm深土壤温度、0—15 cm土层土壤孔隙水分含量,分析了N₂O、NO季节排放与土壤温度和湿度的相关性,比较了不同处理措施的减排效果。【结果】施肥和灌溉后1～2天,N₂O会出现明显的排放高峰,NO排放峰出现在施肥和灌溉后2～4天,对照无明显N₂O、NO排放峰值。CK、FP、FPD和OPTD处理N₂O季节排放量分别为N 7.32、28.69、18.62、12.16 kg/hm2;NO季节排放量分别N 0.32、0.86、0.77和0.70 kg/hm2; NO排放量分别占 (N₂O + NO) 总量的4.2%、2.9%、4.0%、5.4%。相同氮肥施用量条件下,滴灌施肥处理 (FPD) 相比漫灌施肥 (FP),不仅能保持作物产量,而且能减少N₂O、NO排放总量34.4%、9.0%;滴灌施肥条件下,减少40%氮肥投入 (OPTD) 比FPD分别减少N₂O和NO排放34.7%和9.1%。FP、FPD和OPTD处理的N₂O排放系数依次为1.78%、0.94%、0.53%,NO排放系数依次为0.08%、0.06%和0.09%。【结论】京郊设施菜地夏季N₂O排放强,NO排放弱。在不改变施肥量前提下,采用滴灌施肥可在保持作物产量的同时,显著减少N₂O和NO排放。采用滴灌的同时,优化肥料施用量可以进一步减少N₂O、NO排放。     

2050年农田土壤温室气体排放及碳氮储量变化SPACSYS模型预测

【目的】 优化华北平原农田土壤的施肥措施,实现维持农田作物产量、提升土壤肥力的同时减少温室气体排放。 【方法】 基于长期定位试验观测数据,选取氮磷钾化肥 (NPK)、有机肥配施化肥 (NPKM) 和单施有机肥 (OM) 三个试验处理来评价和验证过程模型 (SPACSYS) 对不同施肥措施下的作物产量、土壤有机碳 (SOC) 和土壤全氮 (TN) 储量及土壤CO₂和N₂O排放动态变化的模拟效果,并预测至2050年不同施肥情景和肥料配施情景下作物产量、SOC、TN储量及土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量。 【结果】 统计分析结果表明,SPACSYS模型的小麦和玉米产量模拟值与实测值的相关系数R2为0.63～0.78,RMSE为3.78%～4.86%,EF为0.59～0.73;土壤有机碳和全氮储量模拟值与实测值的R2为0.73～0.89,RMSE为2.69%～3.79%,EF为0.67～0.82;土壤CO₂和N₂O排放量模拟值与实测值的R2为0.16～0.80,RMSE为4.03%～9.99%,EF为0.24～0.78,相关性均达到显著水平,表明SPACSYS模型模拟值的可靠性和准确性较高。利用该模型进行预测,结果显示到2050年,在当前施氮水平下,减氮50%会显著降低玉米产量约9%;减氮25%,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥配施化肥处理和单施有机肥处理分别显著提高SOC年均储量约31%和62%,提高TN年均储量约18%和6%,而CO₂和N₂O年均排放量均没有显著增加。 【结论】 SPACSYS模型可以模拟中国华北平原典型农田冬小麦?夏玉米轮作体系的农作物产量、SOC和TN储量以及土壤CO₂和N₂O的排放情况。但是模型低估了OM处理的全氮储量,下一步研究需对模型做相应改进。至2050年,施用化肥和有机肥均可不同程度地提高有机碳和全氮储量,且该地区可适当降低氮肥施用量 (减氮25%),并采用有机肥配施化肥或单施有机肥的方式来维持作物产量、提升土壤肥力,同时降低温室气体排放。      

Transformation of nitrogen and nitrous oxide emission from grassland soils as affected by compaction

Animal trampling is one of the main factors responsible for soil compaction under grazed pastures. Soil compaction is known to change the physical properties of the soil thereby affecting the transformation of nitrogen (N) and the subsequent of release of N as nitrous oxide (N₂O). The form of N source added to these compacted soils further affects N emissions. Here we determine the interactive effects of soil compaction and form of N sources (cattle urine and ammonium, nitrate and urea fertilizers) on the loss of N through N₂O emission from grassland soil. Overall, soil compaction caused a seven-fold increase in the N₂O flux, the total N₂O fluxes for the entire experimental period ranged from 2.62 to 61.74 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ for the compacted soil and 1.12 to 4.37 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ for the uncompacted soil. Among the N sources, the highest emissions were measured with nitrate application, emissions being 10 times more than those from other N sources for compacted soil, suggesting that the choice of N fertilizer can go a long way in mitigating N₂O emissions in compacted grasslands.     

Emission of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from soil under field and laboratory conditions

A detailed short-term (12 d) laboratory study was carried out to investigate the effects of applying animal urine, fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) and fertilizer+urine on emission of NO and N₂O from soil. A complementary 24 d field study measured the effect of fertilizer or fertilizer+sheep grazing on NO and N₂O emissions from pasture. The data generated were used to interpret the transformations responsible for the release of these gases. Application of urine to the soil (at a rate equivalent to 930 kg N ha⁻¹) increased the amount of mineral and microbial N in the soil. This was followed by increases in emissions of NO (from 0.02 to 1.76 mg NO-N m⁻² d⁻¹) and N₂O (from 15 to 330 mg N₂O-N m⁻² d⁻¹). Molar ratios of NO-N-to-N₂O-N were very low (<0.001 to 0.011) indicating that denitrification was the main process during the first 12 d after application. In the laboratory, nitrification was inhibited during the first 7 d due to an inhibitory effect of the urine, but even though nitrification was clearly underway 7–12 d after application, denitrification was still the dominant process. The fertilizer was applied at a lower rate (120 kg N ha⁻¹) than the urine. Consequently, the effect on soil mineral N was smaller. Nevertheless the fertilizer still increased NO and N₂O emission with denitrification the dominant process. The effects of fertilizer and grazing on NO and N₂O emissions was less obvious in the field compared with the laboratory and fluxes returned to background rates within 4 d. This was attributed to the rapid decline in soil mineral N in the field trial due to plant uptake and leaching, processes that did not occur in the laboratory.     

施氮量对海南燥红壤和砖红壤N2O/CO2排放的影响

利用室内培养实验,分析燥红壤和砖红壤中分别施加N0（不添加氮素）、N1（氮添加量为100mg·kg⁻¹）、N2（氮添加量为200mg·kg⁻¹）和N3（氮添加量为300mg.kg⁻¹）4个水平氮后对土壤性质及N₂O、CO₂排放的影响。结果表明：氮肥添加显著降低了土壤pH和有机碳含量。相较于N0,燥红壤N1、N2和N3处理pH和有机碳降幅分别为8%～18%和4%～12%,砖红壤降幅分别为5%～23%和3%～15%;添加氮肥后各处理土壤全氮含量显著增加,燥红壤和砖红壤分别增加15%～54%和13%～52%。氮施入增加了土壤NH₄⁺−N和NO₃⁻−N含量,各处理土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。氮添加促进土壤N₂O和CO₂排放,相较于N0,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂累积排放量分别增加1176%～2425%和124%～281%,砖红壤分别增加1054%～1887%和138%～256%。施氮量和土壤类型是影响农田土壤N₂O和CO₂排放的重要因素。土壤N₂O和CO₂排放与施氮量呈线性显著相关,减少施肥是降低土壤N₂O排放最直接和最有效的措施。与砖红壤相比,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂排放对氮素添加的响应更敏感。     

Soil and residue management effects on cropping conditions and nitrous oxide fluxes under controlled traffic in Scotland2. Nitrous oxide, soil N status and weather

Nitrogen from fertilisers and crop residues can be lost as nitrous oxide (N₂O), a greenhouse gas that causes an increase in global warming and also depletes stratospheric ozone. Nitrous oxide emissions, soil chemical status, temperature and N₂O concentration in the soil atmosphere were measured in a field experiment on soil compaction in loam and sandy loam (cambisols) soils in south-east Scotland. The overall objective was to discover how the intensity and distribution of soil compaction by tractor wheels or by roller just before sowing influenced crop performance, soil conditions and production and emissions of N₂O under controlled traffic conditions. Compaction treatments were zero, light compaction by roller (up to 1 Mg per metre of length) and heavy compaction by loaded tractor (up to 4.2 Mg). In this paper we report the effects on production and emissions of N₂O and relate them to soil and crop conditions. Nitrous oxide fluxes were substantial only when the soil water content was high (>27 g per 100 g). Fertiliser application stimulated emissions in the spring whereas crop residues stimulated emissions in autumn and winter. Heavy compaction increased N₂O emissions after fertiliser application or residue incorporation more than light or zero compaction. The bulk densities of the heavily and lightly compacted soils were up to 89% and 82% of the theoretical (Proctor) maxima. Higher soil cone resistances, temperatures and nitrogen availability and lower gas diffusivities and air-filled porosities combined to make the heavily compacted soil more anaerobic and likely to denitrify than the zero or lightly compacted soil. Compaction sufficient to increase N₂O emissions significantly corresponded with adverse soil conditions for winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth. Soil tillage, which ensures that soil compaction is no greater than in our light treatment and is confined to near the soil surface, may help to mitigate both surface fluxes of N₂O and losses to the subsoil.     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in an acid Oxisol in western Puerto Rico: effects of tillage, liming and fertilization

Changes in land use and management of tropical systems are considered to be major factors in the recent upsurge in increases in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄). Studies were initiated in western Puerto Rico grasslands to determine the effect of plowing, or liming and fertilizing an acid Oxisol on the soil–atmosphere exchanges of N₂O and CH₄. Weekly field flux measurements and field manipulation and laboratory studies were conducted over 22 months during 1993–1995. We found that N₂O emissions from an Oxisol acidified to pH 4 were generally lower than from pH 6 Oxisol soils that were used as reference controls. Plowing the grasslands did not change mean N₂O emission rates from either pH soil. Liming the acidified Oxisol to pH 6 tended to increase N₂O emissions to the rates from the undisturbed grassland. Fertilizing the acidified grassland increased N₂O emissions but much less than when these soils were both limed and fertilized. Short-term field studies employing nitrification inhibitors in which we measured nitric oxide (NO) and N₂O emissions, demonstrated that nitrification rates generally control N₂O emissions; thus these were lower in unlimed soil. It is likely that NO was produced through the chemical decomposition of nitrite, which in turn, was a product of biological nitrification. Soil consumption of atmospheric CH₄ in the acidified Oxisol was about one-fourth of that in the pH 6 reference soil. Liming did not restore CH₄ consumption in the acid soil to rates comparable to those in the reference Oxisol. We conducted a laboratory induction study to determine if incubation of these limed or unlimed acidified soils with high concentrations of CH₄ could induce methanotrophic activity. Comparable uptake rates to the control soils were not induced by these incubations. These studies illustrate that management of soil can considerably affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of such trace gases as N₂O and CH₄ which can affect global atmospheric properties.     

Relationship between nitrifier and denitrifier community composition and abundance in predicting nitrous oxide emissions from ephemeral wetland soils

The link between differences in the community composition of nitrifiers and denitrifiers to differences in the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils remains unclear. Nitrifier and denitrifier community composition, abundance and N₂O emission activity were determined for two common landscapes characteristic of the North American “prairie pothole region”: cultivated wetlands (CW) vs. uncultivated wetlands (UW). The hypotheses of this study were: (1) landscape selects for different nitrifier and denitrifier communities, (2) denitrification was the dominant N₂O emitting process, and (3) a relationship exists between nitrifier and denitrifier community composition, their abundance, and N₂O emission. Comparisons were made among soils from three CW and three UW at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to compare community composition, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to estimate community size. Incubation experiments on re-packed soil cores with ¹⁵N-labeled nitrate were performed to assess the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to total N₂O emission. Results indicate: (1) nitrification was the primary source of N₂O emission, (2) cultivation increased nitrifier abundance but decreased nitrifier richness, (3) denitrifier abundance was not affected by cultivation but richness was increased by cultivation, and (4) differences in nitrifier and denitrifier communities composition and abundance between land-use and landform did not correspond to differences in N₂O emission.     

全球环境变化对土壤N2O排放影响的研究进展

全球环境变化一直是人们广泛关注的热点问题,由人类活动和化石燃料燃烧引起的温度持续升高、温室气体排放增加、极端天气频繁发生等现象对土壤理化性质及微生物活动产生深刻影响。N₂O作为一种具有强增温潜势的温室气体,对生态环境造成极大威胁。因此,全面深入地探究全球变化下不同环境因子对土壤N₂O排放的影响有重要意义。论文综述了模拟全球变暖、CO₂浓度倍增、降水格局改变以及氮沉降对土壤N₂O排放的影响及微生物作用机制,阐述不同变化因子对N₂O排放的交互效应。温度升高、CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降均能促进N₂O排放,但不同变化因子交互作用对N₂O排放的影响存在差异。未来应加强对多个变化因子交互作用的研究,不仅有助于进一步了解N₂O产生的影响因素,而且能为将来土壤生态系统对全球环境变化的响应研究和预测模型的建立提供理论基础。     

抑制剂对海南土壤中硝化作用及N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究4种肥料增效剂对尿素在海南土壤中氮素转化和N₂O排放的影响,以期筛选出适合海南土壤的氮肥增效剂类型。培养试验设单施尿素（CK）、尿素 + 长效复混肥添加剂（加入尿素量的8‰,NAM）、尿素 + 双氰胺（加入尿素量的3.5%,DCD）、尿素 + 3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（加入尿素量的1%,DMPP）、尿素 + 2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（加入尿素量的8‰,NMAX）5个处理。在培养过程中定期测定土壤理化性质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量以及N₂O排放量的变化,以分析不同增效剂对土壤氮素形态及N₂O排放的影响。结果表明:添加增效剂处理土壤的pH、有机质、全氮和速效钾等均与CK无显著差异,但土壤速效磷含量显著降低。培养过程中,除DCD外,DMPP、NAM和NMAX处理铵态氮浓度一直处于较低水平,而土壤硝态氮含量缓慢增长,显示出明显的硝化抑制效果。与CK处理相比,添加抑制剂处理土壤N₂O浓度峰值延后,累计排放量显著降低,但不同抑制剂间差异不显著。综合比较硝化抑制作用及N₂O减排效果,可以认为添加长效复混肥添加剂（NAM）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（NMAX）等抑制剂的肥料适宜应用于海南水稻土。     

不同灌溉模式和施氮处理下双季稻田N2O通量与土壤酶活性的影响

用田间试验的方法揭示了不同灌溉模式和施氮处理对双季稻田氧化亚氮（N₂O）通量和土壤酶活性的影响。田间试验设3种灌溉模式（常规灌溉CR、“浅湿晒”灌溉TR以及干湿交替灌溉DR）和3种施氮处理（FN1:120 kg hm?2:20%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占40%,FN2:120 kg hm?2:50%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占25%,FN3:90 kg hm?2:50%基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥各占25%）,通过定期测定双季稻田N₂O通量和土壤酶活性,探讨灌溉模式和施氮处理对稻田N₂O排放通量与土壤酶活性的影响,分析了N₂O排放通量与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明:TR和DR模式稻田N₂O排放通量较CR模式分别提高92.82%和175.95%,FN3处理稻田N₂O排放通量较FN2处理降低39.7%。与CR模式相比,TR模式的土壤脲酶活性、DR模式的土壤羟胺还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性升高。双季稻田N₂O排放通量与土壤脲酶（晚稻田相关系数0.38;早稻田相关系数0.63）、硝酸还原酶（晚稻田相关系数0.33;早稻田相关系数0.61）和羟胺还原酶（晚稻田相关系数0.63;早稻田相关系数0.73）活性呈显著正相关。可见,不同灌溉模式和施氮处理显著影响土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性和双季稻田N₂O排放通量,在生产中应通过稻田水氮管理减少N₂O排放,以提高氮肥利用率。     

生物质炭对集约化菜地N2O排放和蔬菜产量的影响

【目的】 本试验评价了生物质炭对菜地土壤温室气体排放和产量的长期效应。 【方法】 田间试验在江苏省南京市集约化种植菜地进行。共设置4个处理,分别为对照 (CK)、单施氮肥处理 (N)、施用氮肥 + 新生物质炭 (NC_F,C_F在2016年6月施用) 以及施用氮肥 + 4年陈化生物质炭 (NC_A,C_A在 2012 年6月施用)。生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2。2016年11月至2017年11月连续种植4季蔬菜,分别为小青菜、空心菜、苋菜、菠菜,并伴有休耕期。每季蔬菜施氮量均为N 240 kg/hm2,其中空心菜收获三茬,在第一茬收获后按照N 240 kg/hm2 追肥一次。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法测定N₂O浓度。 【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在第二季和第三季,其单位产量N₂O排放量分别为0.038～0.131 kg/t和0.107～0.482 kg/t,而第一季和第四季的单位产量N₂O排放量分别是0.033～0.209 kg/t和0.007～0.070 kg/t。土壤温度和矿质氮变化未显著影响土壤N₂O排放通量;整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度 (WFPS) 介于37%～93%之间,土壤含水量变化显著影响 (P < 0.01) 土壤N ₂O排放通量。与N处理相比,整个轮作周期内NC_F和NC_A处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数均显著降低,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著;NC_F处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数降幅分别为35.6%和46.2%,NC_A处理降幅分别达38.8%和49.9%。与N处理相比,NC_F和NC_A处理均增加了集约化菜地蔬菜产量,增幅分别为4.6%和17.9%,NC_A处理达到显著水平,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著。此外,NC_F和NC_A处理分别显著降低单位产量N₂O排放量49.8%和41.3% (P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在集约化菜地土壤中经4年陈化后的生物质炭仍然具有较强的减排和增产能力。与新施入的生物质炭相比,施用4年后的生物质炭增产效果更显著;施用生物质炭对集约化蔬菜生态系统减排和改善作物生产具有长期效应。      

Microbial induced nitrous oxide emissions from an arable soil during winter

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) release rates were measured from an fertilized and unfertilized plot on silty loam (Gleyic Luvisol) cropped with winter wheat. Rates were estimated using a closed soil cover box technique throughout a continuous investigation period of 12 months. The 12 months of investigation were separated into the cropping period (March to November) and the winter period (December to February). Soil management and all N-applications were made during the cropping period. The application of 220 kg N to the soil induced significantly higher N₂O losses throughout the cropping season compared to the unfertilized soil. No significant differences were found during winter, where 70% of the annual N₂O emissions were found. The temporal changes of the N₂O emission rates on both soils were highly correlated (r=0.96; P≤0.001), and could be attributed to temporal changes in soil temperature (r=0.65; P≤0.01) resulting from freezing and thawing cycles. In order to decide whether the N₂O production can be attributed to microbial or non-microbial processes in soil, the time courses of the N₂O emissions from a γ-ray sterilized and a non-sterilized soil were compared in a laboratory experiment, where the freezing and thawing cycles were simulated according to field conditions. The results indicated, that microbial processes were responsible for N₂O production in thawing and even frozen soils.     

添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

为探讨添加秸秆及其生物质炭对淹水条件下砖红壤N₂O和CH₄排放的影响,以海南砖红壤为供试土壤,设置了玉米秸秆（Straw）、生物质炭（Biochar）、秸秆 + 生物质炭（Mix）和对照（CK）4个处理,探讨了等秸秆用量条件下添加不同秸秆形态对土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的影响及形成强还原环境的可行性。结果表明:与CK处理相比,三个处理均可显著降低土壤N₂O累计排放量,但仅Straw处理可显著促进土壤CH₄排放、其它两个处理对土壤CH₄排放影响不显著,致使straw处理综合温室效应增加明显。与CK处理相比,与Mix处理5天内土壤氧化还原电位（Eh）显著下降,而Biochar处理土壤Eh变化不显著;三个处理均使土壤pH上升、但Straw与Biochar处理之间差异不显著,Mix处理土壤有机碳、全氮及速效钾含量显著增加。因此,玉米秸秆及其生物质炭的配合施用,既可有效降低淹水条件下海南砖红壤排放CH₄和N₂O的综合温室效应,还能改善土壤养分状况但易于形成强还原条件。     

控释氮肥与水溶肥配施减少设施土壤N2O排放的机理

【目的】控制N₂O排放是提高氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要任务。在滴灌条件下,研究以控释氮肥替代尿素基施减少设施土壤N₂O排放的机制,并探讨减少氮肥投入的可能性。【方法】在大棚内布设小区试验,供试番茄品种为‘盛世辉煌’,氮肥40%基施,60%分3次随水滴灌追施。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),设:常规化肥用量 (基施尿素,总N量440 kg/hm2,U);常规化肥用量减氮20% (基施尿素,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%U);控释氮肥常规用量 (基施控释氮肥,总N量440 kg/hm2,CRU);控释氮肥常规用量减氮20% (基施控释氮肥,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%CRU) 4个处理。施底肥后15天内每天取气体样1次;追肥后每2天取气体样1次,连续取样3次;其余时间间隔5～7天取气体样1次。静态箱–色谱法测定土壤N₂O排放通量;在定植后40、80和120天取土样测定土壤理化性质;用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关功能基因数量变化;收获后测产。【结果】控释氮肥与水溶肥配施导致基肥N₂O排放峰值出现时间从第8～13天延迟到第28～32天,并且显著降低了其N₂O排放峰值,所有处理追水溶肥后均在3～5天出现N₂O排放峰值,而控释氮肥与水溶肥配施降低了此阶段N₂O排放峰值。相同氮肥施用量条件下,控释氮肥与水溶肥配施显著降低了基肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,降低了追肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,显著降低了番茄生长季土壤NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量与微生物功能基因AOA amoA、AOB amoA和nirK数量,降低了nirS数量。与U处理相比,CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,生长季土壤N₂O累积排放量减少了24.8%,差异显著,同时显著降低了N₂O排放强度;与–20%U处理相比,–20%CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,N₂O累积排放量减少了22.1%,亦显著降低了N₂O排放强度 (P < 0.05)。【结论】在常规用氮量和减氮20%用量下,以缓释氮肥代替尿素基施,不仅可显著增加番茄的产量和效益,还显著推迟了番茄生长初期N₂O释放高峰的出现,减少了整个生育期N₂O的排放强度和累积排放量。其主要原因在于缓释氮肥有效控制了土壤中NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量的变化,进而减少了与硝化和反硝化相关的微生物数量。在使用缓释肥做基肥时,适当减少氮肥投入不会降低番茄的产量。     

Effects of disturbance and glucose addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from a paddy soil

The effects of disturbance and glucose addition on N₂O and CO₂ emissions from a paddy soil at 45% WFPS (water-filled pore space) and at 25 °C were determined. During a 45-day incubation, disturbances with and without glucose addition were imposed 0, 1, 3, and 5 times. The total amount of glucose added to soil with 1, 3, and 5 disturbances was equal (0.6% of oven-dry soil basis). Strong nitrification occurred in the paddy soil during the incubation. Disturbance alone did not influence N₂O and CO₂ emissions significantly, but disturbance with glucose addition did (P < 0.01). A flush of N₂O as well as CO₂ was always observed following disturbance with glucose addition. The discrepancy in N₂O emission between disturbance alone and disturbance with glucose addition was ascribed to the different magnitude of denitrification and/or heterotrophic nitrification. Greater cumulative emission of N₂O was observed in the treatment of three disturbance times with glucose addition (4.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), compared with five disturbances with glucose addition (2.5 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and one disturbance with glucose addition (2.5 mg N kg⁻¹ soil). Cumulative CO₂ emission was significant larger in one and three disturbances with glucose addition than that five disturbance with glucose addition. Supplies of available organic C appear to be a critical factor controlling denitrification and/or heterotrophic nitrification processes and N₂O emission under relatively low moisture conditions, i.e. 45% WFPS.     

长期施肥对土nirS型反硝化细菌的影响及其与N2O排放的关系

土壤反硝化作用是土壤N₂O产生的重要过程,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)催化的亚硝态氮(NO^-₂)还原为一氧化氮(NO)是反硝化作用的关键环节,研究长期施肥对反硝化微生物的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系对于全面理解土壤反硝化过程具有重要意义。基于28年的旱作雨养长期施肥试验,通过常规监测、定量PCR和高通量测序等探讨了长期不同施肥(不施肥CK、偏施肥的单施氮肥N和氮钾配施NK、以及氮磷钾平衡施肥NPK)下土N₂O排放和nirS反硝化细菌群落特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明:长期化肥施用(N,NK和NPK)均显著提高了N₂O累积排放量,其中平衡施肥(NPK)最高。长期化肥施用对nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌的α-多样性无显著影响,但长期平衡施用化肥提高了uncultured_bacterium_2303和Rhodanobacter_sp._D206a的相对丰度,降低了unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria和unclassified_p_Proteobacteria的相对丰度,从而改变了nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构组成。雨养旱作条件下,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)和pH等土壤性质是土nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构组成变化的主要影响因素。土nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构组成对土壤N₂O排放具有显著影响,而nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌多样性并没有显著影响。