中草药防治奶牛乳房炎研究进展

乳房炎是奶牛常见病和多发病之一,潘虎等（1996）调查表明,临床型乳房炎发病率为33．41％,隐性乳房炎发病率为73．91％,乳区阳性检出率为44．74％。目前全世界约有2．2亿头奶牛,其中约有1／3奶牛患有乳房炎,每年造成的损失高达350亿美元,仅美国损失就达20亿美元（Chaffs,1997;Jose等,1997）。使用抗生素治疗,虽可达到杀菌消炎的目的,提高奶牛产奶量,但却不能彻底根治乳房炎。由于耐药菌株产生和乳中抗生素残留,影响人体健康。日益引起国内外学者的重视。中草药含有多种生物有效成分,对奶牛效果良好,毒副作用甚微,几乎无残留、无抗药性、对乳制品无副作用．     

奶牛乳房炎的抗菌药物防治（续）

3抗菌药物的选用及其防治乳房炎的临床药效不同的病原微生物所引起的临床型乳房炎常具有相似的临床症状,病原菌的确诊只能靠细菌学检查。对于临床型乳房炎,治疗一开始选用广谱抗菌药物,或通过抗菌药物的联合达到广谱抗菌效果。由于多数革兰氏阴性菌,特别是大肠杆菌引起的乳房感染有较高的自愈率,有时也选用针对革兰氏阳性菌有效的抗菌药物卜‘。抗菌药物选用是否恰当,可通过体外药敏试验来确定。与治疗任何感染一样,治疗乳房炎药物必须能在感染的乳房内达到足够浓度以超过对已知病原的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并维持适当时间。因此,…     

奶牛乳房炎抗生素防治失败原因探讨

奶牛乳房炎主要由病原微生物引起,抗生素的应用在奶牛乳房炎控制中起了重要作用。本文着重从病原微生物—宿主—抗生素三个方面及相互作用关系中论述了奶牛乳房炎抗生素治疗失败的机制,包括:抗生素的选择、吸收、分布及抗生素的细胞内分布;细菌的被动选择、耐药性和细胞内寄生;细菌对吞噬细胞功能的影响,抗生素对吞噬细胞功能的影响及乳腺的重新感染。     

中草药防治奶牛乳房炎研究进展

目前全世界约有2．2亿头奶牛，其中约有1／3奶牛患有乳房炎，每年造成的损失高达350亿美元，仅美国损失就达20亿美元。使用抗生素治疗，虽可达到杀菌消炎的目的，提高奶牛产奶量，但却不能彻底根治乳房炎。由于耐药菌株产生和乳中抗生素残留，影响人体健康，日益引起国内外学者的重视。中草药含有多种生物有效成分，对奶牛效果良好，毒副作用甚微，几乎无残留、无抗药性、对乳制品无副作用，作为奶牛乳房炎的治疗药物克服了抗生素的某些不足，在防治奶牛乳房炎方面具有独特的优势。     

中国奶牛乳房炎防治研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖的重要疾病,对奶牛生产造成巨大的危害和经济损失。国内外众多学者对其防治进行了深入研究,研发了大量的诊断方法、治疗药物(如抗生素、中草药及其制剂)、新型饲料添加剂、疫苗和基因工程产品等,也有国外进口的产品;学者也从分子遗传育种的角度进行了抗病育种研究。本文对我国奶牛乳房炎防治技术的研究进展进行综述,以期指导生产实践,科学防治。     

奶牛乳房炎防治措施的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖的常见疾病之一。全世界约有奶牛2．2亿头,其中约有1／3的奶牛患各种类型的乳房炎。据卜仕金(1999)报道,美国每年因奶牛乳房炎造成的损失达 20亿美元。我国奶牛乳房炎的发病率还高于世界平均水平, 其中临床型乳房炎仅占乳房炎发病率的很小一部分,只有 1％-2％,而绝大部分是乳汁和乳房无明显变化的,只能从乳     

奶牛乳房炎防治措施的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖的重要疾病之一。本文在参考了大量国内外同行对奶牛乳房炎的预防及治疗措施基础上进行了较系统地阐述,以期为以后进行深入研究提供资料。     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

乳房炎是奶牛业最常见、最多发的一种疾病,是危害奶牛业发展的一大主要疾患,该病不仅降低了奶牛产奶量和奶的品质,而且还影响奶牛发情和妊娠,病情严重者因产乳量明显减少或失去泌乳能力而被淘汰,因此,做好奶牛乳房炎的防治工作具有重要经济意义.     

奶牛乳房炎抗生素防治失败原因探讨

奶牛乳房炎主要由病原微生物引起 ,为奶牛常见病 ,也是造成奶业经济损失最为严重的疾病[1] 。据报道 ,在美国 1 1 0 0万头泌乳奶牛中有约 5 0 %患有乳房炎 ,日本平均乳房炎患病率为 45 .1 % [2 ] ;我国奶牛乳房炎发病率更高 ,孙福先 ( 1 996)、萧乾庆( 1 997)、杨章平 ( 1 998)     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

乳房炎是乳腺组织受到病原菌及化学、物理因素刺激而引发的一种炎性疾病,常见的病菌包括葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠埃希菌、化脓杆菌等.按临床表现可分为临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎.作者对乳房炎的诊断和防治经验进行了概述.     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

奶牛乳房炎是一种常见病和多发病,是目前严重危害和困扰奶牛养殖业及产奶业最常见的疾病之一,此病的发生不仅严重地影响了奶牛产奶量和奶质,而且还会造成奶牛使用年限减少,淘汰提前,饲料汇报率降低,治疗和管理成本增加,乳中兽药和抗生素残留,危及人类健康和环境安全等巨大经济损失,直接影响着养殖业的经济收入。为了减少该病的发生,提高乳质量,对我场奶牛进行了奶牛乳房炎的发病规律和治疗情况的调查,并且提出相应的防治措施,有效的控制了乳房炎的发生。     

Bovine mastitis and antibiotic resistance patterns in Selalle smallholder dairy farms, central Ethiopia

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of mastitis, identify the major bacterial pathogens and test the antimicrobial resistance of milk bacterial isolates in smallholder dairy farms in Selalle area, Ethiopia. A total of 109 smallholder dairy farms comprising 500 crossbred lactating cows were included. The prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd, cow and quarter level was 8.3% (n = 9), 1.8% (n = 9) and 0.51% (n = 10), respectively, while that of sub-clinical mastitis was 54.7%, 22.3% and 10.1%, respectively. The univariate logistic regression showed that among the risk factors considered, presence of teat lesion, stage of lactation and parity number had significant effect on the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. However, after multivariate analysis, only presence of teat lesion and stage of lactation had significant effect. The common isolates from the clinical mastitic quarters were St. agalactiae (30%, n = 3) and St. dysgalactiae (30%, n = 3), while from sub-clinical cases were S. aureus (42.6%, n = 83), S. epidermidis (22.1%, n = 43), St. agalactiae (12.8%, n = 25) and St. uberis (10.3%, n = 20). Staphylococcus intermedius and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were the species, which showed high level of susceptibility for most of the antimicrobials tested, while the remaining had varying levels of resistance for almost all the antimicrobials used. Among the antimicrobials employed, erythromycin and sulphonamide showed the lowest proportion of resistant isolates. Considering the possible significant economic losses that could be incurred by both clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, attention should be paid for further detailed investigations including the economic losses and benefits of interventions in the study area.     

Relationships between dairy cow mastitis and fertility management and farm performance

A field study was carried out on 38 dairy farms in the Netherlands to determine the relationship between mastitis and fertility management with 305-day milk production and gross margin. Questionnaires were used to get insight into the farmers' management. Out of 150 variables related to mastitis and fertility management, and technical and economic results, 44 variables were selected based on correlation of ≥0.25 or ≤−0.25 with milk production and/or gross margin. These variables were used in two separate partial least-squares (PLS) analyses. PLS has the advantage that it can handle a large number of variables in relation to the number of cases. The PLS-model of 305-day milk production had R² = 0.54 and showed a positive relation between 305-day milk production and awareness of the farmer regarding bulk somatic-cell count (BSCC), the goal level of the farmer for BSCC, and hygiene of the milking parlour. Fertility was negatively related to 305-day milk production, in spite of a relatively good fertility management on high-producing farms. R² = 0.46 for gross margin. The aspiration level of fertility did not seem to affect gross margin, but awareness of BSCC and calving interval (CI) had positive effects. Such awareness seemed a general parameter for good economic results, because it was correlated with different aspects of gross margin.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎研究进展

隐性乳房炎是危害奶牛的重要疾病之一,占乳房炎发病率的90%.本文总结了隐性乳房炎的发病情况、发生原因、诊断方法及预防措施.     

肉桂醛体外抑制奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的研究

研究天然化合物肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌——大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的抑菌效果。采用试管二倍稀释法测得肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌和标准金黄色葡萄球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为3.2 mmol/L和1.6 mmol/L;链球菌1.6 mmol/L;大肠杆菌和标准大肠杆菌6.4 mmol/L和3.2 mmol/L,且能完全抑制这三种菌的生长。肉桂醛的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)金黄色葡萄球菌和标准金黄色葡萄球菌分别为25.6 mmol/L和12.8 mmol/L;链球菌12.8 mmol/L;大肠杆菌和标准大肠杆菌25.6 mmol/L和12.8 mmol/L;在7 h内能有效杀灭这三种菌,肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌有抑菌和杀菌能力,是一种潜在的奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗药物。     

奶牛乳房炎防制浅谈

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛乳腺发生的一种炎症，本质上是乳腺炎（Mastistis）。奶牛乳房炎十分常见，影响因素复杂，并且给奶牛业经济带来严重损失。乳房炎造成的经济损失有生产性能的下降、替代品费用的增加、奶的丢弃、药费的开支、兽医和劳动力的费用等，而生产性能的下降是引起巨大经济损失的主要原因。袁永隆等调查结果表明，临床型乳房炎发病率平均为33．41％，隐性乳房炎平均阳性率为73．91％，乳室患病率为44．74％。     

奶牛乳房炎的营养调控

本文对奶牛乳房炎的发病机理及通过日粮中添加维生素、微量元素和中草药等营养手段对其的调控进行综述.     

奶牛乳房炎的免疫预防

乳房炎是危害奶牛业的三大疾病之一,是奶牛的常见病和多发病,发病率高达20％～70％。它导致产乳量降低、乳品质下降、奶牛淘汰率升高,甚至引起人的感染。本文介绍奶牛乳房炎的病原、防御机制、疫苗种类及效能评价,以期为奶牛乳房炎疫苗的进一步研制提供借鉴和参考。     

Methods of diagnosing subclinical mastitis in dairy cow mastitis control programs

The number of somatic cells and the isolation of the causative agents of mastitis in quarter, composite, bucket, and bulk tank samples of cow's milk was determined four times during a six-month period. The number of somatic cells in milk samples indicated a degree of mastitis infection and was influenced neither by the year season nor by the length of lactation. At a repeated examination of 28 dairy cows an increased number of somatic cells in milk was found once in 68 udder quarters and with three successive samplings only in 21 quarters. The etiological agents of mastitis were detected once in 31 quarters and three times in succession only in five quarters. The number of cows positive by the number of cells in quarter samples of milk increased from 52.9-58.8% at a single examination to as much as 100% at four examinations. The etiological agents of mastitis were isolated in a single examination in 17.6% of cows and at four examinations in 58.8% of cows. The composite and bucket samples of milk containing 200 to 300 thousand cells per ml are recommended to be considered as mastitis-positive: in 68 to 78% they came from cows having more than 500 thousand cells per ml at least in one quarter sample. The number of cells in a bulk sample was in correlation with the percentage of cows having a positive NK-test (similar to CMT) and positive isolation of S. agalactiae from quarter milk samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

奶牛乳房炎发病原因的综述

奶牛乳房炎发病率高，每年给奶业生产造成严重的经济损失，其主要病因是致病菌对机体的感染。本文试图从奶牛自身性状、营养、环境、管理4个方面分析可能导致致病菌对机体感染的原因，以期为乳房炎的防治提供参考。