Penetration,adhesion, and fusion in mammalian sperm-egg interaction

Fertilization is the sum of the cellular mechanisms that pass the genome from one generation to the next and initiate development of a new organism. A typical, ovulated mammalian egg is enclosed by two layers: an outer layer of approximately 5000 cumulus cells and an inner, thick extracellular matrix, the zona pellucida. To reach the egg plasma membrane, sperm must penetrate both layers in steps requiring sperm motility, sperm surface enzymes, and probably sperm-secreted enzymes. Sperm also bind transiently to the egg zona pellucida and the egg plasma membrane and then fuse. Signaling in the sperm is induced by sperm adhesion to the zona pellucida, and signaling in the egg by gamete fusion. The gamete molecules and molecular interactions with essential roles in these events are gradually being discovered.     

Sperm-female coevolution in Drosophila

Rapid evolution of reproductive traits has been attributed to sexual selection arising from interaction between the sexes. However, little is known about the nature of selection driving the evolution of interacting sex-specific phenotypes. Using populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for divergent sperm length or female sperm-storage organ length, we experimentally show that male fertilization success is determined by an interaction between sperm and female morphology. In addition, sperm length evolution occurred as a correlated response to selection on the female reproductive tract. Giant sperm tails are the cellular equivalent of the peacock's tail, having evolved because females evolved reproductive tracts that selectively bias paternity in favor of males with longer sperm.     

猪精液颗粒冷冻技术的研究

为提高猪冻精质量,加速猪冻精在生产上的应用,本试验以解冻后的精子活率、顶体完整率和体外受精(IVF)结果作为判定指标,探讨了冷源和Equex.STM对猪精液颗粒冷冻效果的影响。手握法采集成年、健康种公猪精液,分别采用含有Equex.STM的稀释液和普通稀释液进行两步法稀释,然后以干冰或液氮为冷源进行精液冷冻。结果表明,以干冰为冷源滴冻精液冻后活率为0.487833±0.046761,顶体完整率为0.782±0.039704,而以液氮为冷源的方法冻后活率为0.3334±0.055734、顶体完整率为0.5578±0.068482,前者在这两项指标上均显著优于后者(P<0.05)。另外,在稀释液中添加Equex.STM,以干冰为冷源进行滴冻,可使冻精顶体完整率极显著提高(P<0.01)。以含有Equex.STM的稀释液采用干冰滴冻的冻精进行IVF,胚胎卵裂率、囊胚率分别为0.5316±0.125582和0.216±0.053198。结果表明,采用Equex.STM作为冷冻保护剂并以干冰作为冷源可以获得高质量的猪冷冻精子。     

A sperm cytoskeletal protein that signals oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation

Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, like those of most animals, arrest during meiotic prophase. Sperm promote the resumption of meiosis (maturation) and contraction of smooth muscle-like gonadal sheath cells, which are required for ovulation. We show that the major sperm cytoskeletal protein (MSP) is a bipartite signal for oocyte maturation and sheath contraction. MSP also functions in sperm locomotion, playing a role analogous to actin. Thus, during evolution, MSP has acquired extracellular signaling and intracellular cytoskeletal functions for reproduction. Proteins with MSP-like domains are found in plants, fungi, and other animals, suggesting that related signaling functions may exist in other phyla.     

紫贻贝配子细胞表面糖基的定位研究

细胞表面糖蛋白中糖的特性对于细胞的相互识别起重要作用,配子细胞表面糖配基的差异恰恰体现不同物种间受精作用的特异性,本研究分别选用可以特异性结合半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖的FITC标记凝集素,对紫贻贝配子细胞中对应的糖进行研究。结果显示,4种糖在卵细胞边缘的标记特征不明显,仅半乳糖和葡萄糖在一些卵细胞边缘有区域性分布,但在细胞质区,这4种糖均有少量分布;半乳糖和岩藻糖在贻贝的精巢的精细胞和成熟精子区为较均匀的弱阳性标记,甘露糖仅在输精小管边缘有分布,葡萄糖的含量相对较多,但也只是在输精小管边缘以及成熟精子区有一定的标记。上述结果表明,紫贻贝配子细胞表面不同糖基的分布和含量存在一定的差异,造成配子间起到识别作用的糖蛋白组成和结构不同,决定了紫贻贝配子识别的特异性。     

二花脸公猪不同耐冻性精子的蛋白质组学分析

【目的】二花脸猪是我国优良的地方猪种之一,冷冻精液可提高二花脸公猪的利用率,并加强其种质资源保护,但目前生产的二花脸猪冷冻精液基本不能满足生产需要。研究通过分析二花脸公猪不同耐冻性精子的蛋白质组学,以促进二花脸公猪精子耐冻性蛋白质标志物的筛选,从遗传水平分析精子耐冻性的影响因素,为提高精子耐冻性提供参考依据。【方法】通过冻存14头二花脸种公猪的精液,再对冷冻精液的冻后质量进行分析,根据精子冻后活率和冻后活力的高低筛选出耐冻性好和差（good freezability ejaculates, GFE和poor freezability ejaculates, PFE）的公猪各3头,利用串联质谱标记(tandem mass tag, TMT)技术对GFE组和PFE组的精子蛋白进行定量蛋白质组学分析,鉴定出GFE组和PFE组精子中的差异蛋白(differentially abundant proteins, DAPs)。利用GO富集分析对差异蛋白的功能进行注释,利用KEGG富集分析对差异蛋白的生物通路进行注释,通过STRING蛋白质互作数据库进行差异蛋白的互作网络分析并利用Cytoscape...     

细鳞斜颌鲴精子活力观察

为了解细鳞斜颌鲴精子的生理特性,采用实验生态-显微观察方法研究了几种因子对细鳞斜颌鲴精子活力的影响.结果表明,精子能激活的pH范围为5.0～10.58,精子活力较好的pH范围为6.0～7.84;pH 6.9时精子激活率达（89.00±1.0）％、运动时间达25.00±2.65 s、寿命达30.67±2.08 s.精子在1.0～7.0 g/L葡萄糖溶液中均有一定比例被激活,在6.0 g/L葡萄糖浓液中激活率达（89.33±0.94）％、运动时间达25.67±1.25 s、寿命达33.67±0.94 s.精子在2～7 g/L NaCl及KCl溶液中均能激活,在5 g/L NaCl及KC1溶液中活力较好;精子在0.2～0.5 g/L MgCl2及CaCl2溶液中激活率较低,在0.1、0.6、0.7 g/L MgCl2及CaCl2溶液中出现凝集现象.精子在低温4℃下保存3h活力与鲜精基本相同.D-19和Saad稀释液能有效抑制精子运动,且重新被淡水激活后活力较好,可考虑作为精子冷冻保存用稀释液.     

睾丸支持细胞对体外精子活力的影响

通过建立小鼠睾丸支持细胞与精子共培养的方法,达到体外提高精子活力的目的.利用睾丸组织切片技术,观察并分析支持细胞对生精细胞的作用.从6~7日龄小鼠睾丸中分离睾丸支持细胞,体外培养两天后,形成细胞单层作为滋养层.取小鼠附睾尾内精子,转移到以支持细胞为滋养层的培养液中培养,同时设立对照组.通过精子分析仪观察各组精子的活力,结果显示,以支持细胞为滋养层的精子前向运动百分比为56.1±5.81%,显著高于对照组40.7±2.96% (P<0.05).利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察精子结构,结果显示两组精子形态结构差异不显著,表明支持细胞能够提高体外精子的活力,但不改变精子的形态结构.     

pH值及不同百分浓度NaCl溶液对齐口裂腹鱼精子活力的影响

为研究齐口裂腹鱼的精子活力,在显微镜下观察了不同pH值及不同浓度NaCl溶液中精子的运动时间和寿命.结果表明:齐口裂腹鱼精子对pH值的适应范围在5~9之间,pH值为7时精子的活力较好,快速运动时间为(42.56±1.81)s,精子寿命为(84.33±4.77)s;齐口裂腹鱼精子最适的NaCl溶液百分浓度为0.5%,其快速运动时间为(42.78±3.03)s,寿命为(119.89±11.75)s.在较低百分浓度的NaCl溶液中,精子寿命较长,但是快速运动时间较短,当NaCl百分浓度大于0.7%时,精子基本上会被抑制,加水稀释后精子被激活且不影响其活力.pH值过低或过高都会破坏精子的生理结构,使其死亡,0.8%~0.9%NaCl溶液可用作齐口裂腹鱼精液稀释剂室温暂时保存,且短时间内不会影响其活力.     

不同获能方法对冻融塔里木马鹿精子体外获能及其蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化的影响

为探讨不同获能方法对塔里木马鹿精子体外获能及其蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平的影响,冻融塔里木马鹿精子随机分为4组,用钙离子载体、肝素、咖啡因和 Percool 离心4种方法进行精子获能的诱导,利用金霉素（CTC）染色法评价精子获能状态,采用 SDS-PAGE 分离精子膜蛋白,进行 Western blotting 免疫印迹分析,检测酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白的表达水平.结果显示,冻融精子经4种精子获能方法处理后,肝素诱发的精子获能率显著高于钙离子载体组和 Percool 组（P ＜0．05）.钙离子载体组、肝素组和咖啡因组精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平高于 Percool 组和对照组.另外,冻融精子随着上游处理及肝素诱导获能的进行,检测到分子量分别为14,25~30,40,47,55 ku 的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白,这些蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化水平在获能60~120 min 期间相对较高,而且此时精子获能率及超激活运动精子比例也显著提高（P ＜0．05）.结果提示,肝素可以较好的诱导马鹿精子获能,马鹿精子获能与蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化相关.     

陆川猪与外来猪精液质量及精子黏附蛋白基因家族 mRNA表达的比较

精子黏附蛋白基因家族是公猪精液中精浆蛋白的最主要成分,对精子的活力、获能和与卵子的结合都会起到调控作用。为了研究不同猪种之间繁殖力的差异,试验以陆川猪、长白猪和杜洛克猪为研究对象,以常规方法检测新鲜精液的精子活力、活率及畸形率,并应用半定量RT-PCR技术检测精子黏附蛋白基因家族mRNA的表达,最后采用单因素方差分析法分析数据之间差异的显著性。结果表明,陆川猪的精子活力及活率与长白猪、杜洛克猪差异不显著（P>0.05）,但是精子畸形率极显著低于2种外来猪种（P<0.01）;陆川猪精子黏附蛋白基因家族中仅 AQN1基因 mRNA表达水平显著低于杜洛克猪（P<0.05）,其余与长白猪、杜洛克猪之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;长白猪精液中精子黏附蛋白基因家族的 AQN3、AWN和PSP-II基因 mRNA表达水平显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）高于杜洛克猪。总之,不同猪种精子黏附蛋白基因家族 mRNA表达水平存在明显差异,但与精子活力、活率及畸形率等精液质量指标的高低没有规律性的关联。     

Effect of preparation DAFS-25 on reproductive indices of stud boars

The use of the organoselenium preparation DAFS-25 activated oxidation-reduction processes in sperm and stimulated the antioxidant system. In this case, the ejaculate volume increased by 27.2%, sperm concentration by 19.8%, and dehydrogenase activity by 26.4%, and the percent of sperm rejection decreased by 1.78 times. In lavage fluids of preputial cavity, the microbial number decreased by 1.58 times, coli index by 1.38 times, and coli titer by 1.27 times, and in sperm by respectively 1.54, 1.29, and 1.75 times.     

游离氨基酸对褐鳟和金鳟精子活力的影响

为探究体外储存条件下游离氨基酸(FAA)对鳟鱼精子活力的影响,分析褐鳟(Salmo trutta)和金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)精液中FAA组成,通过向人工精液保存液(ASP)中添加不同种类氨基酸孵育褐鳟和金鳟精子,孵育1、24、48、72和96 h后,研究FAA对精子活力的影响(定义为孵育后可激活活力)。结果表明,褐鳟精浆FAA主要为缬氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、丝氨酸及甲硫氨酸,其精子FAA主要为天冬氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸及丝氨酸。金鳟精浆和精子中主要FAA为精氨酸。当精子与精浆孵育48 h后,两种鱼的氨基酸含量与组成模式均发生变化,发生新陈代谢。丝氨酸、异亮氨酸及甲硫氨酸+异亮氨酸对两种鱼的精子活力有积极影响,在一定时间内能够通过添加可FAA延续精子活力,解决鳟鱼雌雄成熟不同步问题,提高受精效果,对鳟鱼苗种繁育及养殖具有重要意义。     

马氏珠母贝精子质量形态评定中不同染色法染色效果的比较

为筛选出适宜于马氏珠母贝Pinctada martensii精子形态分析的染色方法,采用曙红Y和结晶紫染液对不同方法制作的马氏珠母贝精液抹片进行染色,并通过显微镜观察比较染色效果。结果表明：1）采用将精液先抹片后染色（0.8 mg/mL曙红Y染液）的方法时,精子头部着色不完全,染色效果不随染色时间的延长而改善,精子形态特征不明显,故该方法不适于精子形态检测;2）将精液与20 mg/mL的曙红Y染液等体积混合后抹片,精子头部着深红色,尾部着浅红色,精子各部分结构清晰,形态特征明显,背景干净,对比明显;3）用5 mg/mL的结晶紫染液对精液进行渗透染色时,精子形态染色特征明显,头部着深紫色,尾部着浅紫色,背景干净,可较准确地判断精子的形态特征;4）依精子形态对马氏珠母贝精子进行分类,并确定了主要的畸形类型及其特点,马氏珠母贝精子畸形主要集中在精子的颈部和尾部,头部畸形情况较少;5）采用两种染色方法判定的正常精子率之间无显著差异（P〈0.05）,数据稳定,因此,这两种染色方法均可用于马氏珠母贝精子形态的评价中。     

犬常规冷冻稀释液中添加谷胱甘肽的研究

随着中国国民经济的迅速发展,军、警犬得到广泛应用的同时,肉用犬的饲养已经形成规模,宠物犬进入百姓家庭,犬的数量日益增加。为适应国内军、警、生物医学用犬的特点和宠物犬品质提高的需要,人们已经采用犬的人工授精技术提高种公犬的利用率,使优良公犬能充分发挥高产的遗传性。如今养犬业发达的国家,在犬的繁殖生产中大部分采用冷冻精液技术对犬进行人工授精,这种技术的关键在于精液的稀释处理。为提高犬冷冻精液的质量,人们向稀释液中添加各种物质以保护精液。本实验在稀释液中添加谷胱甘肽(GSH),利用其作为过氧化-还原酶系统的作用物,能及时保护精子免遭氧化及过氧化反应终结产物的伤害,使精子脂膜结构保持稳定,提高精液质量。实验将冷冻稀释液与犬精液按1︰1稀释,平均分成6组,依次向每组添加1、5、10、15、20mmol/L不同浓度的谷胱甘肽,设最后1组为对照组。冷冻后,从每次试验的各浓度组随机抽取3支细管进行解冻,镜检精子活力,记录数据。再经姬姆萨染色法染色,观察顶体完整率和畸形率。试验结束后,采用方差分析法对数据进行分析。实验结果表明:添加5mmol/L谷胱甘肽的冷冻精液解冻后,精子活力、顶体完整率均优于对照组,畸形率低于对照组,5mmol/L为最优添加浓度。     

Susceptibility to an avian leukosis-sarcoma virus: close association with an erythrocyte isoantigen

A dominant gene for susceptibility to early steps of cellular infection by subgroup B avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses is associated with the presence of an erythrocyte isoantigen. This gene may control both an isoantigen and a cell membrane receptor for an oncogenic virus.     

RNA Interference-Mediated Downregulation of sAC Gene Inhibits Sperm Hyperactivation in Male Rats （Rattus norvegicus）

Hyperactivation is one of the most critical parts for fertilization, cAMP generated by soluble adenylyl cyclase （sAC） is necessary to activate sperm and is a prerequisite for sperm hyperactivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of sAC in hyperactivation in male rats. Four siRNAs of sAC gene were designed and separately transformed into rat sperm using electrotransformation method. Cultured for 12 and 24 h, physiological and biochemical indexes of these sperm were analyzed, and the expressions of some hyperactivation-related genes were detected using real-time PCR. We demonstrated 26.3-30.8% and 49.1-50.5% reduction in sAC at the protein by Western blot and mRNA levels by real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that two siRNAs, Actb-717 and Actb-4205, were the best RNAi sites for silencing sAC. The VCL （curvilinear velocity） and ALH （amplitude of lateral head displacement） of RNA interference （RNAi）-transfected sperm were reduced, cAMP and protein phosphorylation in RNAi transfected sperm were also decreased. The hyperactivation-related genes, such as CatSper2, LDHC and PKA, were downregulated in the sperm, which sAC was knockdown. These findings demonstrated that sAC might play a critical role in cAMP signaling in the rat sperm hyperactivation, and downregulated sAC gene might prevent the expression of these hyperactivation-ralated genes resulting in sperm dysfunction. These findings suggest that these hyperactivation-ralated genes and sAC are functionally related in sperm hyperactivation and sAC falls into an expanding group of sperm proteins that appear to be promising targets for the development of male contraceptives.     

5种禽类卵黄低密度脂蛋白对猪精子冷冻效果的影响

为了确定具有最佳抗冷冻效果的禽类卵黄低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及其添加质量分数,在猪精液冷冻稀释液中分别添加质量分数为6%、7%、8%、9%和10%的鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子和鸵鸟的卵黄LDL,分析不同禽类的LDL对猪精子的冷冻保存效果。结果表明,稀释液中添加质量分数为9%的鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子卵黄LDL以及质量分数8%的鸵鸟卵黄LDL时,冷冻-解冻后精子活率最高,分别达到42.33%、35.63%、31.47%、47.33%和36.40%。以5种禽类LDL最佳质量分数配制冷冻稀释液冷冻精子,发现质量分数为9%的鸽蛋LDL冻存猪精子时解冻后精子活率达到47.33%,顶体完整性达到62.57%,质膜完整性达到48.13%,均显著优于其他处理组(P<0.05)。说明鸽子卵黄LDL对猪精子具有良好的冷冻保护性能,可提高猪精子抵抗低温打击的能力。