尿素青贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛试验

<正> 为了解决饲料中蛋白质含量的不足,充分利用牛体将饲料中非蛋白氮,通过瘤胃微生物的作用合成微生物蛋白质;降低生产成本,提高经济效益。我们受“兰州市奶牛个体单产增产技术”课题组的委托,于1989年4月1日开始了本项试验,现就试验结果报告如下。一、材料和方法1.选择2—5胎,年龄4—7月,分娩期在1988年11月至12月,产奶量相近的我场成母牛20头,配成10对,然后随机分为试验、对照两组。2.试验设预试期5天,正试期40天。预试期两组粗饲料均为常规食盐青贮。试验组牛只平均每头每日产奶量18.59公斤,乳脂率2.94％,折标准乳15.63公斤;对照组平均每头每日产奶量18.43公斤,乳脂率2.96％,折标准乳15.55公斤。经检验差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

青贮玉米利用价值及对奶牛产奶量的影响

青贮玉米具有营养丰富，适口性强，消化率高。青贮成本，比干草成本低0．018元。通过对比实验，提高产奶量2．3kg，增加收入2．45元，经济效益显著。在草原地区种植，能提高载畜量和天然草场使用面积，来改良退化严重的天然草场。青贮玉米具有很高利用价值。要大面积推广种植。     

秸秆发酵剂青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的影响

利用“青贮宝”青发酵剂贮的玉米饲喂奶牛,研究其对奶牛产奶量的影响。试验选取20头中国黑白花奶牛,分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂青贮宝青贮玉米,对照组饲喂普通青贮玉米。结果表明：试验组每头牛的日产奶量可提高1．14～1．21kg。     

酶制剂处理青贮玉米秸秆对奶牛产奶性能的影响

本试验选择38头条件一致,刚过泌乳高峰期的奶牛,随机分为两组（对照组和试验组）。试验组奶牛每天饲喂15kgCornzyme处理（250ml／tDM）的玉米秸秆青贮料,对照组奶牛前期每天饲喂15kg全株玉米青贮料,后期15kg玉米秸秆青贮料,其它饲料成分两组一致。试验期为51天,前期30天、后期21天。结果显示,试验组奶牛的产奶量,前期与对照组相似,后期显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。说明Cornayme处理的玉米秸秆青贮料饲喂奶牛时,其营养价值与全株玉米青贮料相似。     

不同切碎长度对玉米青贮发酵品质影响的研究

试验旨在利用全株玉米进行不同切碎长度青贮,通过发酵品质分析找出较为理想的青贮切碎长度,用于指导生产。     

全株青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的影响

在奶牛生产中用全株青贮玉米饲喂,通过对照试验结果显示,试验组总产奶比对照组提高16.67%(P<0.05);饲料转化率试验组比对照组提高28%(P<0.05),可见用全株青贮玉米饲喂奶牛,在奶牛的产奶量、饲料转化率方面具有明显作用。     

青贮和黄贮玉米秸秆对奶牛饲喂效果影响的比较

为科学利用秸秆并发挥试验示范带动作用,分别用青贮玉米秸秆与黄贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛。试验期为60 d。结果表明：在TMR日粮能量和蛋白水平相近的情况下,玉米秸秆青贮组和玉米秸秆黄贮组的产奶量和乳品质均无显著差异,均获利润基本相同。     

EM发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆对奶牛生产性能的对比试验

本试验应用EM发酵玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,以观察两种方法处理的玉米秸秆对奶牛生产性能及经济效益的影响效果。结果表明,用EM发酵的玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛较青贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,每天每头奶牛采食量提高1.03%,平均产奶量提高2.02%,经济效益提高0.13元;EM原液发酵的玉米秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆1∶1混合饲喂奶牛,每天每头奶牛采食量、平均产奶量、经济效益分别比饲喂青贮玉米秸秆的奶牛提高2.85%、2.99%和1.15元。     

Effect of lameness on milk yield in dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between lameness and milk yield in dairy cows. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 531 dairy cows. PROCEDURE: Cows affected with lameness were classified into 1 of 3 groups on the basis of type of diseases or lesions observed, including interdigital phlegmon (foot rot), papillomatous digital dermatitis (foot warts), or claw lesions. Cows not affected with lameness were classified as healthy. From Dairy Herd Improvement Association records, 305-day mature equivalent milk yield data were collected at the end of lactation or when the cow left the herd. Milk yield was compared between cows affected with lameness and healthy cows. RESULTS: 167 (31%) cows were affected with lameness during lactation. Lame cows had claw lesions (60%), papillomatous digital dermatitis (31%), or interdigital phlegmon (9%). Milk yield in lame cows with interdigital phlegmon (mean, 17,122 lb) was significantly less, compared with healthy cows (19,007 lb). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this herd, interdigital phlegmon was associated with a 10% decrease in milk production. Lame cows with claw lesions or papillomatous digital dermatitis produced less milk than healthy cows, but the difference was not significant.     

Comparison of milk yield in dairy cows with different degrees of lameness

OBJECTIVE: To compare milk yield among cows classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame and to examine the relationship between severity of lameness and milk yield in cows classified as lame during the first 100 days after parturition. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. ANIMALS: 465 Holstein cows. PROCEDURE: Cows were examined weekly during the first 100 days after parturition and assigned a lameness score by use of a 6-point locomotion scoring system (ie, 0 to 5). Milk yield was compared among cows classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame. Among cows classified as lame (locomotion score > or = 4), milk yield was compared for cows with low, medium, and high cumulative locomotion scores. Cows classified as lame were further examined on a tilt table for diagnosis and treatment of lameness. RESULTS: 84 (18%), 212 (46%), and 169 (36%) cows were classified as nonlame, moderately lame, and lame, respectively. Among cows in their second or later lactations, milk yield in lame cows was significantly lower than that in moderately lame and nonlame cows. In addition, among cows classified as lame, milk yield was significantly lower in cows with high locomotion scores during the first 100 days after parturition, compared with cows with low scores. Most (58%) cows classified as lame had laminitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate a linear relationship between increasing degree of lameness and decreasing milk yield among cows in their second or later lactations. The locomotion scoring system used in this study may be a useful management tool that veterinarians and dairy farmers could adopt for early detection of lameness in dairy cows.     

Effects of Moringa oleifera silage on milk yield,nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of lactating dairy cows

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a partial substitute of alfalfa hay on milk yield, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of dairy cows. MO was harvested at 120 days post‐seeding. Fresh MO was cut, mixed with chopped oat hay (425:575 on a DM basis), ensiled and stored for 60 days. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows were allocated to one of three groups: NM (no MO or control), LM (low MO; 25% alfalfa hay and 50% maize silage were replaced by MO silage) or HM (high MO; 50% alfalfa hay and 100% maize silage were replaced by MO silage). The feeding trial lasted 35 days. The LM and HM diets did not affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield or milk composition (lactose, milk fat, milk protein and somatic cell count). The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF was lower for HM group than NM group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical indexes between the LM and NM groups. The HM group had lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher serum concentrations of urea than the NM group. The partial replacement of alfalfa hay (≤50%) and maize silage with MO silage had no negative effects on milk yield, in vivo nutrient apparent digestibility or serum biochemical indexes of lactating cows.     

苜蓿添加量对高产奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响

30头2～4胎的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组,各组产奶量、体质量、胎次和泌乳天数（DIM）差异不显著。3组奶牛日粮中苜蓿干草的添加量分别为2（对照）、4和6kg,相应的日粮干物质（DM）中粗蛋白含量分别为15．6％、17．2％和18．8％,各组间中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和产奶净能（NEL）含量相同,分别为37．4％和6．9MJ／kgDM。结果表明,在以苜蓿干草为主的奶牛日粮中提高粗蛋白含量能显著提高产奶量（P〈0．05）;干物质采食量（DMI）变化不显著（P〈0．05）,但有增加的趋势;乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖及干物质含量没有显著变化（P〈0．05）,在奶牛日粮中大量使用苜蓿干草并不增加日粮成本,可大幅度提高经济效益,6kg组与对照相比纯增效益最高。苜蓿干草在奶牛日粮中的适宜添加量为6kg。     

体细胞数对牛奶品质及产量的影响

根据宁夏地区某奶牛场的DHI检测获得的体细胞数据(SCS),利用SAS软件实现单因素方差分析,探讨不同乳中SCS对产奶量和乳中主要成分的影响,并对它们之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:乳中SCS与日产奶量呈显著负相关(P0.01);与乳糖和胎次呈正相关(P0.01);乳中SCS水平与乳脂率、乳蛋白率和尿素氮没有明显的相关性。本试验通过对SCS的研究为乳品质的测定提供一定依据和参考。     

不同水平的青贮饲料对饲喂稻草秸秆奶牛瘤胃微生物数量和微生物蛋白合成的影响

本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。     

植物甾醇对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

根据年龄、胎次、泌乳时间和产奶量选择24头泌乳奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂奶牛场配制的全混合饲料,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组每头奶牛日粮中分别添加40 g/d和80 g/d植物甾醇,研究植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛的产奶量分别提高了2.07 kg/d(5.64%,P0.05)和1.74 kg/d(4.75%,P0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛乳脂率分别提高了8.22%(P0.01)和2.97%(P0.05);乳蛋白率分别提高了2.45%(P0.05)和1.05%(P0.05);非脂固形物分别提高了1.29%(P0.05)和0.23%(P0.05),体细胞数分别下降了37.31%和19.34%,但差异均不显著(P0.05);牛奶中乳尿素氮含量分别降低了5.29%(P0.05)和7.58%(P0.01)。结果表明泌乳前期奶牛补饲一定量的植物甾醇能够提高产奶量和改善乳成分。     

玉米秸秆青贮饲料和谷草组合效应的研究

本试验利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,研究玉米秸秆青贮饲料(CS)与谷草(MS)的组合效应(AE)。将玉米秸秆青贮饲料与谷草以100∶0,80∶20,60∶40,50∶50,40∶60,20∶80,0∶100的比例进行组合,结合二者之间24 h、48 h、72 h产气量和瘤胃发酵特性及其组合效应,筛选出玉米秸秆青贮饲料与谷草的最优组合(BCM)。结果表明,1)体外发酵同一时间点的不同比例组合中,CS∶MS比例为80∶20的产气量(GP)显著或极显著高于其他比例组合(P0.05或P0.01);发酵24、48和72 h的干物质消失率(DMD)在CS占80%时最高,显著或极显著高于其他组合(P0.05或P0.01);发酵24、48和72 h的氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度和微生物蛋白(MCP)产量均以CS∶MS为80∶20时最大(P0.05或P0.01),然后随CS比例的减少而逐渐降低。2)发酵24 h、48 h和72 h,乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的浓度均以CS∶MS为80∶20时显著或极显著高于其他组合(P0.05或P0.01)。3)CS∶MS为80∶20时的多项组合效应指数(MFAEI)高于其他比例组合,分别为AE_(24 h)1.09、AE_(48 h)0.95和AE_(72 h)0.68。因此,在本试验条件下,玉米秸秆青贮饲料和谷草比例为80:20的组合最有利于瘤胃发酵。     

Crossbreeding effects on milk yield traits and calving interval in spring‐calving dairy cows

The aim of the study was to assess crossbreeding effects for 305‐day milk, fat, and protein yield and calving interval (CI) in Irish dairy cows (parities 1 to 5) calving in the spring from 2002 to 2006. Data included 188 927 records for production traits and 157 117 records for CI. The proportion of genes from North American Holstein Friesian (HO), Friesian (FR), Jersey (JE) and Montbéliarde (MO) breeds, and coefficients of expected heterosis for HO×FR, HO×JE and HO×MO crosses were calculated from the breed composition of cows’ parents. The model used to assess crossbreeding effects accounted for contemporary group, age at calving within parity, linear regression on gene proportions for FR, JE and MO, and linear regression on coefficients of expected heterosis for HO×FR, HO×JE and HO×MO, as fixed effects, and additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual as random. Breed effects for production traits were in favour of HO, while for CI were in favour of breeds other than HO. The highest heterosis estimates for production were for HO×JE, with first‐generation crosses yielding 477 kg more milk, 25.3 kg more fat, and 17.4 kg more protein than the average of the parental breeds. The highest estimate for CI was for HO×MO, with first‐generation crosses showing 10.2 days less CI than the average of the parental breeds. Results from this study indicate breed differences and specific heterosis effects for milk yield traits and fertility exist in Irish dairy population.     

不同粗饲料对奶牛乳产量和乳成分的影响

选择18头荷斯坦奶牛,设置3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛,研究不同粗饲料对奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响,3个处理的粗饲料分别为玉米秸(Ⅰ组)、玉米秸+青贮玉米秸(Ⅱ组)、羊草(Ⅲ组)。试验结果表明:①试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组平均产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),试验全期分别比Ⅰ组提高了8.82%(P<0.05)和9.57%(P<0.05);②不同处理间的乳糖、乳脂含量差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白,在试验40d时3个试验组差异不显著(P>0.05),在第15d时Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组降低了7.43%(P<0.05)和8.57%(P<0.05)。对于乳干物质,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据上述生产性能指标综合评定,玉米秸+青贮玉米秸可有效替代羊草饲喂奶牛,而不降低泌乳性能。