副鸡嗜血杆菌PCR检测方法的建立

参照GenBank中已发表的副鸡嗜血杆菌血凝素（HA）基因设计合成了一对引物，预计扩增片段大小约为412bp。利用这对引物，通过对PCR反应体系和反应条件的优化，建立了针对副鸡嗜血杆菌的PCR检测方法。结果表明，该方法敏感性较高，最低可检出1．7×10^4CFU／mL的副鸡嗜血杆菌，对副猪嗜血杆菌、巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌在相同反应条件下未扩增出任何片段，说明该方法具有较好的特异性。     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR快速诊断方法的建立

副猪嗜血杆菌营养要求比较苛刻,常规生化试验检测方法比较烦琐,本研究针对副猪嗜血杆菌16SrRNA基因特异性PCR引物序列,合成一对PCR引物,建立相应的PCR检测方法,同时对该方法的灵敏性、特异性等实验。结果显示可检测出浓度为2．8×10^3CFU／mL的副猪嗜血杆菌表明该方法灵敏度高;对大肠杆菌、链球菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌进行PCR扩增均不获得任何条带,表明该方法特异性较强。所以该方法对于临床快速检测副猪嗜血杆菌具有重要意义。     

副猪嗜血杆菌流行病学调查及两株分离株耐药性和致病性分析

为了解山东地区副猪嗜血杆菌病的流行情况和流行菌株的生物学特性及致病性,将2016-2018年山东省12个地区送检的103个发病猪的病料进行细菌分离,并对疑似菌株进行形态学观察、PCR鉴定及血清型鉴定,对两株流行菌株进行了培养特性观察、生化特性鉴定、药敏试验及致病性研究。最终分离获得29株副猪嗜血杆菌,分离率为28.16%,其中血清型4型和5型最为流行,其次是1型和12型。该病多发于春秋两季,31~50日龄的仔猪感染率最高。两株流行菌株LZ株和LC株均对青霉素类、头孢类等药物高度敏感,LZ株对庆大霉素、卡那霉素等中度敏感,对林可霉素、链霉素不敏感,LC株对庆大霉素、林可霉素等中度敏感,对卡那霉素、链霉素不敏感;生化特性试验结果显示,LC株和LZ株的硝酸盐还原试验、接触酶试验、葡萄糖发酵试验以及果糖发酵试验的结果均为阳性,吲哚试验、氧化酶试验、甘露醇发酵试验的结果均为阴性;动物致病性试验表明LZ株和LC株均具有较强的毒力,最小发病剂量分别为4.5×10^9 CFU和6.0×10^9 CFU。该研究为副猪嗜血杆菌病的防治提供了重要的参考依据。     

副猪嗜血杆菌OMP5的克隆表达及其对豚鼠免疫保护作用

根据GenBank中登录的副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白P5(outer membrane protein P5,OMP5)基因序列设计1对特异性引物,以江西分离株NC0807基因组DNA为模板,扩增出OMP5基因。将其克隆到pET-28a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-OMP5,质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析重组蛋白的表达情况和反应原性。重组蛋白经镍柱亲和层析纯化后免疫豚鼠,测定其免疫原性和保护效率。结果表明,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达。表达的蛋白分子质量约为43 ku,能被副猪嗜血杆菌阳性血清识别。动物试验结果表明,重组蛋白免疫后能诱导产生高水平的OMP5特异性抗体,并可显著保护豚鼠抵抗副猪嗜血杆菌强毒菌株的攻击,提示OMP5是副猪嗜血杆菌的保护性抗原。     

Development of an improved species specific PCR test for detection of Haemophilus parasuis

A PCR test for identification of Haemophilus parasuis was optimized using the 16S rDNA sequences of the 15 serotype reference strains of H. parasuis. The test was evaluated on a collection of 218 Danish field isolates as well as on 81 representatives of 27 other species, including genetically affiliated species within Pasteurellaceae. In addition, DNA preparations from 56 H. parasuis isolates from North America were included. To obtain a test that was specific for H. parasuis, a multiplex PCR using 3 different primers was developed. The PCR test produced an amplicon of approximately 1090 bp only with representatives of H. parasuis. The test was further evaluated on 55 clinical samples from 16 Danish pigs suspected for being infected with H. parasuis, showing polyserositis or septicemia at autopsy as well as on 492 nasal swabs. The test was compared with the performance of a PCR test earlier published by Oliveira et al. [Oliveira, S., Galina, L., Pijoan, C., 2001. Development of a PCR test to diagnose Haemophilus parasuis infections. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 13, 495-501]. The sensitivity of the present PCR test was found to be slightly lower when applied on clinical samples from diseased pigs and 10-fold lower when tested on pure cultures of H. parasuis (5CFU and 0.5CFU/PCR reaction, respectively). Addition of 1.4 x 10(5) Escherichia coli to each PCR tube did not alter the sensitivity of the tests. No difference in sensitivity of the tests was observed when tested on purified DNA. On the other hand, the present PCR test was found to be 100% species specific for H. parasuis, in contrast to the PCR test of Oliveira et al., which also tested positive for strains belonging to A. indolicus, A. porcinus, and A. minor, species commonly occurring in the upper respiratory tract. However, when the PCR test of Oliveira et al. is used on samples from systemic locations the chances for false positive results are apparently low. The present PCR test represents a rapid and reliable method for genetically based identification of H. parasuis. The high species specificity of the test makes it suitable for detection of H. parasuis in clinical samples, regardless of the presence of affiliated species and contaminating flora. As the two PCR tests differ in sensitivity and specificity, the use of both PCR tests for different purposes is a possibility.     

副猪嗜血杆菌高密度发酵工艺研究

旨在建立副猪嗜血杆菌高密度发酵工艺。通过对TSB、BH1、LB培养基进行比较，选择TSB培养基进行优化，利用优化后的培养基对副猪嗜血杆菌在10L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养。结果表明，血清4型JS株的活菌数达到2．5×10^10CFU／mL，血清5型ZJ株的活菌数达到2．5×10^10CFU／mL，且通过批次补料与流加相结合的工艺使关键成本血清的使用量降低了1／2。在1000L发酵规模上进行连续3批的发酵试验．经验证该工艺可用于副猪嗜血杆菌灭活疫苗抗原的规模化生产。对3批发酵抗原利用替代动物豚鼠进行动物实验，结果显示抗原均合格。研究结果为国内副猪嗜血杆菌流行菌株血清4型和5型二价灭活疫苗的规模化生产提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of the diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates by use of serotyping and genotyping

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the genetic diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates with regard to serovar, herd of origin, and site of isolation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Isolates of H parasuis obtained from pigs in 15 North American herds and multi-farm systems. PROCEDURE: 98 H parasuis isolates were genotyped with the enterobacterial repetitive intergeneic consensus based-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique and serotyped via agar gel precipitation test. Genomic fingerprints were analyzed and dendrograms were constructed to identify strains from the same serovar group, herd of origin, or isolation site and to evaluate the genetic variability within these categories. RESULTS: Serovar 4 (39%) and nontypeable (NT) isolates (27%) were most prevalent. Thirty-four distinct strains were identified among the 98 isolates, using a 90% similarity cutoff. Strains from serovar 4 and NT isolates had high genetic diversity (12 and 18 strains, respectively). One to 3 major clusters of prevalent strains could be identified in most of the evaluated herds. Haemophilus parasuis strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract were either serovar 3 or NT isolates. Potentially virulent strains (isolated from systemic sites) were either serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, or 14, or NT isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although H parasuis had high genetic diversity overall, only a few strains caused disease in these herds. The ERIC-PCR technique was more discriminative than serotyping, and a broad genetic variety was observed within particular serovar groups.     

First isolation of Haemophilus parasuis and other NAD-dependent Pasteurellaceae of swine from European wild boars

Haemophilus parasuis is a colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of pigs and the etiological agent of Gl?sser's disease, which is characterized by a fibrinous polyserositis, meningitis and arthritis. Gl?sser's disease has never been reported in wild boar (Sus scrofa), although antibodies against H. parasuis have been detected. The goal of this study was to confirm the presence of this bacterium in wild boar by bacterial isolation and to compare the strains to H. parasuis from domesticated pigs. Therefore, nasal swabs from 42 hunted wild boars were processed for bacterial isolation and subsequent H. parasuis identification by specific PCR, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Two different strains of H. parasuis from two wild boars were isolated. These strains belonged to serotype 2 and were included by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MLST analysis in a cluster with other H. parasuis strains of nasal origin from domestic pigs. During this study, Actinobacillus minor and Actinobacillus indolicus, which are NAD-dependent Pasteurellaceae closely related to H. parasuis, were also isolated. Our results indicate similarities in the respiratory microbiota of wild boars and domestic pigs, and although H. parasuis was isolated from wild boars, more studies are needed to determine if this could be a source of H. parasuis infection for domestic pigs.     

Evaluation of recombinant proteins of Haemophilus parasuis strain SH0165 as vaccine candidates in a mouse model

The recently completed genome sequence of Haemophilus parasuis strain SH0165 allowed us to screen putative OMPs for the development of recombinant vaccines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of three OMPs of H. parasuis. Three putative OMPs (SmpA, YgiW and FOG) were cloned, expressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography using nitriloacetic acid resin. Mice were immunized either individually (individual protein, IP) or synergistically (synergistic protein, SP) with the recombinant proteins. A significant increase in IgG titer was detected in all protein-immunized mice. Isotyping studies revealed that the antibodies produced were predominantly IgG2a-type, indicating a predominant Th1 response. A significant increase was observed in IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in the culture supernatants of splenocytes isolated from immunized mice. Furthermore, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 6×10(9)CFU (5×LD(50)) of highly virulent homologous serovar 5 strain (SH0165) or 7.0×10(9) CFU (5×LD(50)) of the heterologous serovar 4 strain (MD0322) at fourteen days after the last immunization. All of the recombinant proteins enhanced survival and reduced histopathological lesions. Our results indicated that the three OMPs showed protection both individually and synergistically against infection with the highly virulent H. parasuis in mice.     

豚鼠副猪嗜血杆菌感染动物模型的建立

为建立副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps)的感染动物模型,本试验用Hps血清5型标准菌株(Nagasaki),以2.0×10~9CFU剂量腹腔感染豚鼠,观察豚鼠发病及死亡情况.取死亡豚鼠的主要器官组织,观察其病理和组织病理变化,与猪Classer's病痛变进行比较.并同时对死亡豚鼠进行细茵分离,分离菌经PCR鉴定.实验结果显示:在接种14 h后试验组豚鼠(5/8)出现死亡,死亡豚鼠剖检时出现了与猪Classer's病相似的病变;主要组织器官组织学变化以炎性细胞浸润、纤维蛋白和红细胞渗出等变化;并通过细茵分离培养,在豚鼠大脑、心血、肺、肝、脾和肾主要器官中分离到Hps血清5型茵.实验结果表明豚鼠可以作为Hps的感染动物模型.这一结果为研究其致病机制、诊断和免疫研究奠定基础.     

Development of a genetic manipulation system for Haemophilus parasuis

Haemophilus parasuis is a member of the family Pasteurellaceae and an important respiratory-tract pathogen of swine, which is the etiological agent of Glasser's disease. Because no genetic manipulation system is available for H. parasuis so far, in vivo studies about the role of its genes involved in virulence are unfeasible. Here we demonstrate that H. parasuis has a cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent natural transformation system that enables the uptake of DNA in which the ACCGAACTC sequence signal must be present. After improving DNA transformation parameters, such as cAMP and DNA concentration and exposition time of the exogenous DNA, a knockout mutant of H. parasuis defective in the thy gene, encoding the thymidylate synthase enzyme, has been constructed. Data presented in this work open the possibility for the functional analysis of genes involved in the infectious process of this animal pathogen.     

副猪嗜血杆菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

副猪嗜血杆菌能够引起猪的多发性浆膜炎、关节炎和脑膜炎等,是影响猪的最重要细菌之一,目前在所有的主要养猪国家均有存在。为了弄清河南省副猪嗜血杆菌病流行情况,2012年-2015年,从河南不同地区猪场送检的疑似病料,进行副猪嗜血杆菌分离和鉴定,共分离到5株细菌,通过细菌形态观察、培养特征鉴定、生化试验、PCR检测,鉴定为副猪嗜血杆菌,分别命名为A6-fei、C3-xin、C12-xin、D2-fei和E1-fei。采用纸片扩散法,对分离5株副猪嗜血杆菌进行药敏试验,其结果表明所分离的5株副猪嗜血杆菌的药物敏感性不尽相同,各分离菌株对头孢噻肟、氟苯尼考星最敏感,对复方新诺明敏感性最差,其中菌株C3-xin对复方新诺明、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、青霉素完全耐药。表明副猪嗜血杆菌病在河南省依然存在,并且不同地区菌株对常用药物的敏感性各不相同,应当引起养猪场重视。     

Serum-resistance in Haemophilus parasuis is associated with systemic disease in swine

Haemophilus parasuis can cause pneumonia and systemic disease in swine but it is also a coloniser of the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs. These differences in pathogenicity are probably the result of diverse mechanisms of virulence in different strains. Since serum-resistance is a feature frequently found in systemic pathogens, 31 H. parasuis strains of different clinical origin were tested and a variety of serum susceptibility levels detected. Nasal strains from healthy piglets were sensitive to the bactericidal effect of the serum, while systemic strains were mainly resistant. The pulmonary strains included both serum-sensitive and serum-resistant strains. Interestingly, the serum-resistant pulmonary strains were isolated from animals with systemic lesions. Heat-treatment of the sera abolished the bactericidal activity, indicating that complement is a key factor in this effect. Equivalent susceptibility was observed with rabbit and porcine sera, and the presence of H. parasuis specific antibodies did not increase the killing of the strains by serum. In an attempt to associate serum-resistance to a surface determinant of the bacteria, agglutination in acriflavine was tested but no direct link with serum susceptibility was found. The results indicate that serum-resistance is a virulence mechanism in H. parasuis.     

副猪嗜血杆菌Flp-FRT双基因敲除方法的建立与优化

本研究旨在利用Flp-FRT位点特异性重组系统建立副猪嗜血杆菌(Glaesserella p arasuis)的无抗性标记基因敲除方法,为G.parasuis的毒力因子、致病机制和基因工程疫苗研究提供有力的遗传操作工具.首先利用λ噬菌体cI857/PRM/PR基因表达调控系统调控Flp重组酶的表达,实现抗性突变体中抗性...     

Immunological Identification and Characterization of Extracellular Serine Protease-Like Protein Encoded in a Putative espP2 Gene of Haemophilus parasuis

Haemophilus parasuis is known to produce a group of virulence-associated autotransporter (AT) proteins, VtaAs; however, no other ATs have been characterized yet. On the basis of the reported sequence of a putative espP2 gene for extracellular serine protease (ESP)-like protein of H. parasuis, this putative AT gene was successfully amplified from H. parasuis serotype 5 field strain HPS0819, cloned and sequenced. The confirmed ORF sequence showed 100% identity with the reported putative espP2 gene. The recombinant ESP-like protein purified from Escherichia coli with a pET expression system was used for immunological characterization. An approximately 85 kDa antigen was detected in cultured H. parasuis by using antiserum to the purified ESP-like protein, and antibodies against the recombinant ESP-like protein were detected in a selected serum from pigs with experimental H. parasuis infection. The results indicated that H. parasuis could produce ESP-like protein in vitro and in vivo. In an immune protection study using guinea pigs, 6 out of 10 animals immunized with the recombinant ESP-like protein survived after challenge with 5 × 10(9) bacteria of strain HPS0819, whereas 7 out of 10 animals immunized with formalin-inactivated H0819 bacterin survived after challenge. The results suggest that ESP-like protein could be one of the vaccine antigen candidates for H. parasuis infection.     

Evaluation of survival of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis in four liquid media and two swab specimen transport systems

OBJECTIVE: To determine duration and rates of recovery of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Haemophilus parasuis from 4 liquid media and 2 swab specimen transport systems and compare findings with those of Escherichia coli. SAMPLE POPULATION: One strain each of A pleuropneumoniae (biovar 1, serotype 1), H parasuis (serovar 5), and E coli (serotype O149:K91:H19). PROCEDURE: Strains were incubated in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with horse serum and other nutrients or in horse serum alone, with and without nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in both instances, for 150 days at 4 degrees C or room temperature (21 degrees C). Similarly, strains were tested in Stuart and Amies transport systems after storage at room temperature for 8 days. RESULTS: Colony counts greater than those of the initial inoculum were observed after incubation in horse serum for A pleuropneumoniae but not for H parasuis. Overall, incubation at 4 degrees C in the 4 liquid media resulted in longer recovery duration and higher rates than at room temperature. Culture of H parasuis resulted in lower recovery rates and shorter durations of recovery than culture of A pleuropneumoniae, except for culture in horse serum. Haemophilus parasuis survived longer than A pleuropneumoniae in the transport systems, and all organisms survived longer in the Amies system. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Survival of A pleuropneumoniae and H parasuis indicated that horse serum prolongs survivability, which may result in exposure of more animals during a prolonged period. The Amies system might be a good choice for collection of clinical samples from animals, especially for recovery of H parasuis.     

Establishment, validation and use of the Kielstein-Rapp-Gabrielson serotyping scheme for Haemophilus parasuis

OBJECTIVES: To produce antisera to the 15 recognised reference strains of the Kielstein-Rapp-Gabrielson (KRG) serotyping scheme for Haemophilus parasuis, validate those sera and use them to serotype 46 Australian field isolates of H parasuis. DESIGN: Antisera were produced in rabbits and validated by cross-testing with the reference strains and re-testing 15 Australian field isolates of H parasuis that had been previously serotyped in the United States of America. The validated antisera were then used to determine the serovar of 46 Australian isolates. RESULTS: Monospecific antisera were produced for 14 of the 15 KRG serovars of H parasuis. Two Australian field isolates, confirmed previously as serovars 1 and 7, were used to produce monospecific antisera for serovars 1 and 7 respectively. The antiserum for serovar 4 gave a one-way cross reaction with the antigen of serovar 14. The typing antisera correctly typed all 15 H parasuis that had been previously typed by antisera produced overseas. The 46 field isolates were shown to belong to serovars 2 (two isolates), 4 (one isolate), 5 (18 isolates), 12 (two isolates) and 13 (four isolates). The remaining 19 isolates were non-typable. CONCLUSION: Serotyping of H parasuis isolates is now available in Australia. H parasuis serovars 5 and 13 remain the predominant serovars present in Australian pigs.     

副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及灭活疫苗研究

A total of 28 Haemophilus parasuisc （H.parasuis） isolates were isolated from 48 farms in Longyan. Strains were confirmed by biochemical tests and PCR. Serovar 5 was the most prevalent, followed by serovar 4. 14 days old piglets were immunized with inactivated bacterin using seorvar 4 isolate LY04 and seorvar 5 isolate LY052, respectively, which were representative strains, and the results of efficacy test showed that the protection rates were both 66.7%.     

Expression of hemagglutinin of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype A in Escherichia coli.

The genomic DNA of Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg) serotype A strain 221 was cloned into vector plasmid pBR322. The recombinant plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain C600. Subsequently, a total of 277 transformants were obtained. One, designated strain no. 6, expressed hemagglutination activity against chicken erythrocytes. Strain no. 6 contained the recombinant plasmid pNV102, and DNA of about 2.57 kb was inserted into pNV102. When strain no. 6 was cured of pNV102, the strain lost hemagglutination activity. When the cured strain was retransformed with pNV102, hemagglutination activity was restored. E. coli strain no. 6 reacted with monoclonal antibody specific to the hemagglutinin of Hpg serotype A in a dot-blotting analysis. Chickens immunized with the inactivated strain no. 6 produced the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody, and chickens possessing the HI antibody showed protection against challenge exposure by Hpg strain 221.