玉米亲子代锌铁吸收和分配的研究

以玉米子粒高锌铁含量自交系NXR22（母本）、子粒低锌铁含量自交系NXR12（父本）及其配制的杂交种（F₁）为供试材料,比较双亲及其后代不同穗位的叶片、茎秆及子粒中锌和铁含量、积累量在吐丝期与成熟期间的差异,解析亲子代锌铁吸收与分配特征。研究结果表明:不同基因型玉米叶片、茎秆、子粒中锌铁含量和积累量存在显著差异。F₁不同穗位的叶片和茎秆锌铁含量介于双亲之间,且偏向于子粒锌铁含量高的亲本;锌铁积累量显著高于双亲,表现出明显的杂种优势。从吐丝期到成熟期3个供试材料不同穗位的叶片和茎秆锌铁含量和积累量均表现出一定程度的增加。F₁子粒中锌含量及积累量偏向于母本,表现出杂种优势;铁含量介于双亲之间,更偏向于母本。     

玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应分析

采用加性-显性及与环境互作的遗传模型,利用玉米6个亲本,按完全双列杂交设计组配的15个杂交组合在4种环境条件下的试验资料,分析玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应。结果表明:玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势存在着极显著的基因型与环境互作效应。不同杂交组合在同一环境下的F1杂种优势表现不尽相同,同一杂交组合在不同环境条件下表现也不尽相同。玉米自交系沈137是选育保绿性玉米杂交种较好的亲本材料。     

重庆市直辖后普通玉米杂交种籽粒产量及相关性状的育种进展

摘 要：【研究目的】为分析重庆市直辖以来自育玉米杂交种籽粒产量和相关性状的主要进展,了解该市玉米育种的主要发展趋势。【方法】以该市1997~2009年玉米区试汇总资料,采用“区试对照法”分析了自育普通玉米杂交种籽粒产量及相关性状的遗传增益。【结果】重庆市普通玉米杂交育种自直辖以来,在不断提高对照品种产量门槛的情况下,参试品种籽粒产量仍在显著增加,同直辖初期对照品种比较,平丘组平均每年提高2.83%,山区组平均每年提高2.01%。与籽粒产量相关的性状的遗传改良效果平丘组品种以穗行数和百粒重最好,生育期无甚变化,其余性状波动性较大;山区组品种以穗长、穗行数和行粒数较好,其余性状波动性也大。【结论】在当前和今后一段时期内,重庆市普通玉米杂交育种策略应在稳定生育期和株高、适度增加穗长和穗行数的前提下,主攻行粒数和百粒重。关键词：玉米;对照品种;参试种;籽粒产量;遗传改良     

玉米株型的判别模型

根据玉米穗上叶夹角，穗上叶叶向值与棒三叶叶向植三个指标研究了玉米株型的判别模型，并按紧凑型、近紧型、近松散型与松散型对玉米株型进行四级分类，由对１５个自交系玉米的上述三个指标应用逐步判别分析方法建立玉米株型判别模型，回报准确率达１００％，在此基础上又对３０个玉米杂交种进行株型判别亦收到了较好效果。说明应用逐步判别分析方法建立玉米株型判别模型对玉米株型的判别是可行的，有实际应用价值，对玉米株型判别型     

Prospects for hybrid breeding in winter triticale: II. Relationship between parental genetic distance and specific combining ability

Significant relative midparent heterosis (MPH%) for grain yield in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) has generated interest in the development of hybrid cultivars. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine the association between parental genetic distance (GD) and specific combining ability (SCA), (ii) investigate the existence of genetically distant heterotic groups in elite germplasm, and (iii) draw conclusions for future hybrid breeding in winter triticale. Genetic distance between 61 lines was estimated, based on 93 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci and 10 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) primer‐enzyme combinations (PEC). Agronomic data of 206 F₁ crosses and their 61 parental lines grown in six German environments were published recently in a companion study. Correlations were made between SCA for grain yield, number of spikes/m², 1000‐kernel weight and number of kernels per spike with GD estimates of the 56 female and five male parents (testers). Principal co‐ordinate analyses (PCoA) based on SSR data revealed no distinct subgroups in the germplasm. Correlations between GD and SCA were low for all traits (|r| ≤ 0.31), which hampers the prediction of SCA from molecular data. A multi‐stage procedure is recommended for future hybrid breeding in triticale by applying a pragmatic approach for the grouping of germplasm following the early history of hybrid breeding of maize.     

玉米穗三叶与产量的相关和通径分析

通过对168份玉米杂交组合的穗三叶长、宽、面积与产量的相关性分析,探究各性状与玉米产量的相关性,为优良玉米品种的选育提供理论基础。结果表明,小区产量的变异系数较大,达到19.27%,穗三叶各性状的变异系数范围为6.34%~9.59%,变异程度相似。相关分析表明,小区产量与穗三叶各性状为正相关关系。通径分析中各性状对玉米产量的正向直接通径系数大小依次为穗上叶宽、穗上叶长、穗位叶面积、穗位叶长、穗下叶面积、穗下叶宽、穗下叶长、穗位叶宽、穗上叶面积,负向直接通径系数大小依次为穗下叶长、穗位叶宽、穗上叶面积。因此,增加穗三叶叶面积可以有效提高玉米产量,尤其是通过增加穗下叶宽和穗位叶长提高叶面积的玉米杂交种,更有利于产量的增加。     

玉米‘黄早四’改良系改良研究探讨

旨在为优异玉米自交系改良及其杂交种选育、玉米种质创新提供科学依据。本研究选用‘黄早四’、‘昌7-2’、‘西农672’等11个玉米自交系,采用NCⅡ不完全双列杂交设计,人工配制成30个杂交组合作为试验材料。田间试验采用随机区组设计,性状田间调查和室内鉴定相结合,试验数据采用SPSS软件LNT进行分析。结果表明：（1）‘黄早四’自交系各性状一般配合力普遍较低,负向效应明显大于正向效应,只有株高、穗位高、叶面积系数表现为正向效应。（2）‘昌7-2’各性状一般配合力较‘黄早四’均有明显提高,株高、穗位高、叶面积系数、穗行数、行粒数、出籽率和产量均表现出正效应值;而穗长、结实长、百粒重表现出负向效应。（3）‘西农672’穗长、穗行数、结实长、行粒数和产量都有较高的正向效应,但百粒重、出籽率表现为负向效应,株高、穗位高、叶面积系数表现与‘昌7-2’和‘黄早四’相反,表现负效应值。由此可见,高基点自交系受体、供体组材、不断导入新的优异玉米基因,充分利用加性遗传方差、累加提高优异玉米种质的基因频率是新优玉米自交系选育的关键。     

玉米宜粒收品种的选育及种质创新策略

进入21世纪以来,玉米生产方式逐步由人工收获过渡到机械穗收,再到机械粒收,生产上迫切需要适宜粒收玉米品种,因此选育推广宜粒收玉米品种,完成新一代品种更新换代对于保障粮食增产增效、提高玉米生产竞争力和最终实现玉米生产全程机械化具有重要意义。本研究根据前人研究结果总结了宜粒收品种农艺性状及遗传特性,明确了宜粒收玉米品种的关键指标:(1)收获时籽粒含水量低;(2)早熟耐密;(3)抗倒伏(折)和抗病(穗粒腐和茎腐病)。结合育种实践,提出了围绕技术创新、种质创新、杂种优势模式创新选育出宜机械粒收玉米新品种育种策略,期望在育种实践中有所帮助。     

Inheritance of sugar and acid contents in the ripe berries of a tetraploid × diploid grape cross population

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a major warm-season cereal, grown primarily for grain production in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies have been reported to be a food-related primary health problem affecting nearly two billion people worldwide. Improving Fe and Zn densities of staple crops by breeding offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution to reducing micronutrient malnutrition in resource poor communities. An understanding of the genetics of these micronutrients can help to accelerate the breeding process, but little is known about the genetics and heterosis pattern of Fe and Zn densities in pearl millet. In the present study, ten inbred lines and their full diallel crosses were used to study the nature of gene action and heterosis for these micronutrients. The general combining ability (GCA) effects of parents and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of hybrids showed significant differences for both of the micronutrients. However, the predictability ratio (2σ²gca/(2σ²gca + σ²sca)) was around unity both for Fe and Zn densities, implying preponderance of additive gene action. Further, highly significant positive correlation between mid-parent values and hybrid performance, and no correlation between mid-parent values and mid-parent heterosis confirmed again the predominant role of additive gene action for these micronutrients. Barring a few exceptions with one parent, hybrids did not outperform the parents having high Fe and Zn levels. This showed that there would be little opportunity, if any, to exploit heterosis for these mineral micronutrients in pearl millet. In general, high Fe and Zn levels in both of the parental lines would be required to increase the probability of breeding high Fe and Zn hybrids.     

Kernel number as a positive target trait for prediction of hybrid performance under low-nitrogen stress as revealed by diallel analysis under contrasting nitrogen conditions

Environmental sustainability concerns make improving yield under lower N input a desirable breeding goal. To evaluate genetic variation and heterosis for low-N tolerance breeding, 28 F1 hybrids from a diallel scheme, along with their eight parental lines, were tested for agronomic traits including kernel number per ear (KNE) and grain yield per plant (GY), in replicated plots over two years under low-nitrogen (LN, without nitrogen application) and normal-nitrogen (NN, 220 kg N ha⁻¹) conditions. Taken together the heritability in this and our previous studies, the correlation with grain yield, and the sensitivity to the stress for target trait selection, KNE was a good secondary target trait for LN selection in maize breeding. KNE also showed much higher mid-parent heterosis than hundred-kernel weight under both nitrogen levels, particularly under LN, indicating that KNE contributed the majority of GY heterosis, particularly under LN. Therefore, KNE can be used as a positive target trait for hybrid performance prediction in LN tolerance breeding. Our results also suggest that breeding hybrids for LN tolerance largely relies on phenotypic evaluation of hybrids under LN condition and yield under LN might be improved more by selection for KNE than by direct selection for GY per se.     

中熟高产玉米杂交种主要农艺性状演变规律的研究

通过对山东省１９７６￣１９９５年中熟玉米高产杂交种主要农艺性状的分析，认为中熟高产玉米杂交种产量的提高，主要由于选育了紧凑型品种而增加了密度（公顷株数和公顷穗数）、公顷粒数和提高了籽粒千粒重；１９７６￣１９９５年中熟高产玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的演变规律是，公顷产量、公顷株数、公顷穗数、公顷粒数和千粒重等性状呈上升趋势，穗长呈下降趋势，穗行数、穗粒数、株高、穗位高、大斑病、小斑病和生育期等性状则变化     

Towards Enhancement of Early‐Stage Chilling Tolerance and Root Development in Sorghum F1 Hybrids

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is regarded a drought‐tolerant alternative to maize as a bioenergy and fodder crop, but its early‐stage chilling sensitivity is obstructing a successful implementation in temperate areas. While several studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying chilling tolerance‐related traits in sorghum lines, little is known about the inheritance of these traits in F₁ hybrids. We have conducted a comprehensive approach to analyse heterosis, combining ability and the relation between line per se and hybrid performance for emergence and early shoot and root development comprising both field trials and controlled environment experiments including chilling tests. To our best knowledge, this is the first study analysing heterosis for sorghum root parameters under chilling. Our results show that most traits are heterotic and that the mid‐parent values are rather poor predictors of hybrid performance. Hybrid breeding programmes should focus on efficient GCA tests and the establishment of genetically diverse pools to maximise heterosis rather than on a too strict selection among lines based on their per se performance. The medium‐to‐high heritabilities estimated for seedling emergence and juvenile biomass suggest that a robust breeding progress for these complex traits is feasible.     

4个非洲玉米地方种育种潜力初步研究

为进一步改良和有效利用4个非洲玉米种质提供理论依据,以中国常用的5个自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计(NCⅡ),对在四川地区能正常散粉结实的4个非洲玉米地方种进行配合力和育种潜力分析。结果表明,20个顶交组合的株高、穗位高及生育期趋向于对四川生态条件的适应,具有较强的抗病性和抗倒折性,其中来自几内亚比绍编号FDP1种质具有较高的一般配合力,与中国温带血缘的‘丹340’有较强的对照优势,对拓展中国西南地区玉米种质资源、创新杂优模式有一定利用价值。     

小麦灌浆期蔗糖代谢关键酶活性变化及其与籽粒淀粉积累的关系

在池栽条件下,研究了藁城8901(强筋品种)、豫麦49(中筋品种)和洛麦1号(弱筋品种)小麦灌浆期旗叶、叶鞘、穗茎、籽粒蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)活性变化及其与淀粉及组分积累的关系。结果表明,其SPS和SS活性变化均呈单峰曲线。豫麦49旗叶、旗叶鞘和籽粒中及洛麦1号穗茎中SPS酶活性较高。豫麦49的旗叶、旗叶鞘、穗茎和籽粒中SS活性高于其他两品种,表明豫麦49和洛麦1号营养器官和籽粒中蔗糖合成和降解代谢比较活跃。相关分析表明,豫麦49和洛麦1号籽粒中淀粉和支链淀粉积累对SPS催化的蔗糖合成过程具有较强的反馈调节作用。豫麦49和洛麦1号籽粒中SS活性均与总淀粉与支链淀粉积累速率极显著正相关,而在藁城8901中无此相关性。     

糯玉米杂交种主要经济性状及品质因素研究

利用2001年、2002年、2004年山东省特种玉米区域试验汇总资料,通过对参试糯玉米品种株型、鲜穗采收期、产量性状、商品果穗率、品质性状、抗病性等指标进行综合分析,为指导山东省糯玉米育种提供借鉴和参考。研究结果表明:目前山东省糯玉米品种紧凑型株型偏少;鲜穗采收期存在较大差异;参试品种的产量和穗粒数差异显著;一些参试品种的双穗率过高,影响商品果穗率偏低;参试品种蛋白质、游离氨基酸、赖氨酸、可溶性糖的含量差异都很显著,风味品质分差异不明显;参试品种对茎腐病、大斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病的抗性较差。     

西南骨干玉米自交系主要农艺性状和产量正反交杂优效应分析

为了比较玉米自交系主要农艺性状和产量的正反交杂优效应,以9份西南地区骨干玉米自交系组配的72份单交种为材料,采用随机区组试验,对自交系及其正反交杂种F1代主要农艺性状和产量进行比较研究。结果表明,正反交效应对不同玉米自交系杂种F1代主要农艺性状和产量的影响不同;T检测表明,大多数玉米自交系正反交杂种F1代主要农艺性状和产量差异不显著。玉米自交系海9-21、5003、478正反交杂种F1代在穗粗、百粒重、单穗粒重、穗下茎节强度及穗位高等性状上差异显著或极显著。由此得出,不同自交系正反交杂种F1代在主要农艺性状和产量上具有不同的杂种优势,其中穗位高/株高具有负向杂种优势。由于玉米穗位高/株高具有负向杂种优势,即杂种F1代穗位高/株高值较自交系有所降低,因此在自交系选育时,不宜对亲本材料过分追求低的穗位高/株高。     

Heterotic orientation of tropical maize inbred lines towards populations ZM523 and Suwan-1 under downy mildew infestation

Development of top cross varieties with downy mildew (DM) resistance is one approach to enhance maize productivity in tropical lowland environments. The objective of this study was to determine heterotic orientation of 18 advanced maize inbred lines towards popular open pollinated synthetic populations ZM523 and Suwan-1 under the prevalence of DM. The 36 top crosses, four hybrid check varieties and two testers, ZM523 (Z) and Suwan-1 (S) were evaluated in a 6 × 7 α-lattice design with two replications across three environments. General combining ability effects were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for DM resistance and grain yield, suggesting that genes with additive effects were important in controlling the traits. Specific combining ability (SCA) effects were not significant for DM suggesting small influence of DM resistance by the genes with non-additive effects; but SCA effects were significant for grain yield, indicating that non-additive gene effects played a significant role in governing the grain yield. Based on the SCA data, ten lines were grouped with Suwan-1 and eight lines with ZM523. Using the heterosis data, the lines were fitted into three groups that were designated as S, Z and SZ orientation. The lines ML2, ML30 and ML42, which displayed positive heterosis with both testers for grain yield, were allocated to the SZ-group. The lines ML8, ML10, ML25, ML45, and ML48 exhibited positive heterosis with Suwan-1 and were therefore, classified in the Z-group, and line ML19 that showed positive heterosis with ZM523 was fitted in the S-group. The remaining eight lines did not show any significant and positive heterosis with both testers hence they could not be classified based on heterosis data, suggesting that hybrid breeding efficiency could be improved by expanding the number of testers. Line ML42 displayed the highest level of heterosis with both Suwan-1 (32 %) and ZM523 (29 %) and outperformed all the standard check varieties qualifying it as a potential candidate for further testing. Generally, there was consistency of heterotic grouping of the lines using SCA and heterosis data.     

CO2浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响

为探讨大气CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响及氮素营养的调节作用,以小偃22和小偃6号为材料,于2007—2009连续2个生长季,利用开顶式气室进行盆栽试验,对背景CO₂浓度(375 μL L^-1)和高CO₂浓度(2007—2008年度680 μL L^-1, 2008—2009年度750 μL L^-1)条件下不同施氮处理的干物质和氮素在籽粒、花前地上部中的累积以及花后营养器官的转运进行了评价。2007—2008年度设4个施氮水平,分别是0、0.1、0.2和0.3 g kg^-1土; 2008—2009年度设3个施氮水平,分别是0、0.15和0.30 g kg^-1土。结果表明,施氮和CO₂浓度升高促进了干物质和氮素在籽粒和花前营养器官的积累,增加了花前营养器官和地上部贮存干物质和氮素向籽粒的转运量,适量施氮提高了CO₂浓度升高对花前营养器官干物质和氮素累积以及花后向籽粒转运的正向效应。与背景CO₂浓度相比,高CO₂浓度提高了花前营养器官和地上部干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率和转运率,但CO₂浓度升高对花前氮素的贡献率和转运率的影响因年份和品种而异。CO₂浓度升高后,2007—2008年度各营养器官和地上部,以及2008—2009年度茎鞘和穗的氮素贡献率和转运率均增加,但2008—2009年度2个品种叶片和地上部氮素贡献率在施氮时均显著降低,小偃22叶片和地上部氮素转运率在各施氮水平下以及小偃6号地上部氮素转运率在0.13 g kg^-1土施氮水平下均明显增加。适量施氮也在大多数情况下增强了CO₂浓度升高对营养器官干物质和氮素的贡献率和转运率的正向效应。说明CO₂浓度升高后小麦产量和氮素积累增加与其促进花前干物质和氮素积累及花后向籽粒的转运密切相关。     

棉花杂种优势表达机理研究进展

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