不同油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃代谢及养分表观消化率的影响

试验以3头荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,采用3×3拉丁方设计,探讨日粮中添加不同油料籽实(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH3N和菌体蛋白浓度动态变化、干物质采食量及养分表观消化率的影响。3种籽实分别为葵花籽、胡麻籽、菜籽。结果表明:日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液纤毛虫数量动态变化影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对瘤胃液pH值动态变化影响差异不显著(P>0.05),且数值均在瘤胃发酵的正常范围之内;瘤胃液NH3N浓度动态变化3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);对菌体蛋白浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对奶牛干物质采食量的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对奶牛干物质表观消化率、中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率均为葵花籽组较高,与其他2组相比差异显著(P<0.05),葵花籽组粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率分别为62.56%、64.92%,胡麻籽组和菜籽组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白表观消化率较低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃内PH值及NH3-N浓度动态变化的影响

以3头平均体重为650+20kg,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的5岁中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究和探讨日粮中添加不同的油料籽实(日粮脂肪含量均在6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内PH值及NH3-N浓度动态变化的影响。3种籽实分别为葵花籽、胡麻籽、菜籽。研究结果表明,日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液PH值动态变化的影响差异不显著(P0.05),其平均值依次为6.26、6.33、6.36,均在瘤胃发酵的正常范围之内。瘤胃液NH3-N浓度变化3组之间差异不显著(P0.05),其平均值依次为(mg/100ml)10.86\8.29\9.81。     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃代谢及养分表观消化率的影响

以3头年龄相同、平均体重为650±20 kg、泌乳期相同的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究探讨添加葵花油、胡麻油和菜籽油的日粮对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH4-N浓度动态变化、干物质采食量及日粮养分表观消化率的影响.研究结果表明:日粮中添加不同的植物油(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH,-N浓度动态变化的影响差异均不显著(P>0.05),对干物质采食量的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),对日粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响均差异不显著(P>0.05).     

日粮中添加不同脂肪源对奶牛瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸比例的影响

以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究在日粮中添加不同油料籽实(即葵花籽、亚麻籽、菜籽)的外源脂肪,对奶牛瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量变化的影响,以及对乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比例以及血浆中长链脂肪酸比例变化的影响。3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同。结果表明:日粮中添加3种不同油料籽实,对奶牛瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙/丙比影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对乳脂中的共轭亚油酸(CLA)比例及其他多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。葵花籽作为外源脂肪显著提高乳脂中CLA的比例;3组间的血浆中C14:0、C16:0、C18:0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽组C18:1的比例显著高于亚麻籽组和葵花籽组(P<0.05),而后2组则差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻籽组和葵花籽组t-C18:1、C18:2的比例与菜籽组的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),而亚麻籽组和葵花籽组则差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同水平葵花籽对奶牛日粮养分消化率和产奶量的影响

为了研究葵花籽对奶牛日粮养分消化率和产奶量的影响,选择4头处于泌乳中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,分为对照组(A组)、6%葵花籽添加组(B组)、10%葵花籽添加组(C组)和15%葵花籽添加组(D组)进行试验。结果表明:与A组相比,B、C、D组日粮干物质采食量分别减少了0.40,0.64,0.84 kg/d;D组中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和干物质的全消化道表观消化率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),而A、B、C组间差异不显著(P>0.05);在产奶量方面,与A组相比,B、C、D组产奶量分别提高了0.50 kg/d(P>0.05)、0.90 kg/d(P<0.05)和0.30 kg/d(P>0.05);B、C、D组的乳脂率比对照组分别提高了3.26%、6.23%、7.12%,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明日粮中添加葵花籽可以降低奶牛干物质采食量,促进养分消化率的提高,对乳脂率也有一定改善作用,特别是添加10%的葵花籽可以显著提高产奶量。     

麻叶荨麻、羊草组合对乌珠穆沁羔羊表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验旨在研究麻叶荨麻和羊草组合对乌珠穆沁羔羊表观消化性能和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。采用完全随机试验设计,将32只月龄、体重相近的健康乌珠穆沁羔羊随机分为4组,分别为:日粮1(天然牧草)、日粮2(羊草∶荨麻=1∶0)、日粮3(羊草∶荨麻=0∶1)、日粮4(羊草∶荨麻=1∶1)等进行饲养试验。其中预试期2周、正试期2个月。结果表明,日粮3组30d的干物质消化率、有机物消化率、粗蛋白质消化率显著低于日粮2组(P0.05),但在60d时的差异皆不显著(P0.05);日粮4组在30d和60d的NDF消化率显著高于日粮2组(P0.05);日粮3组在30d和60d的瘤胃液氨氮浓度显著高于其他日粮组(P0.05),总VFA浓度显著低于其他组(P0.05)、乙丙比显著高于日粮2组(P0.05);日粮3组的瘤胃液细菌蛋白在30d低于日粮2组,但瘤胃液总微生物蛋白含量及pH在各组间的差异不显著(P0.05)。综合以上结果表明,日粮中荨麻与羊草比例为1∶1时不影响乌珠穆沁羔羊的饲料养分表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数,并能够在一定程度上提高纤维类物质的消化率。     

不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、抗氧化性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取45头产奶量、胎次、泌乳日龄相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组15头。对照组饲喂不添加硒的基础饲粮,无机硒(SS)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg亚硒酸钠,有机硒(SO)组饲喂基础饲粮+0.3 mg/kg蛋氨酸硒羟基类似物。试验期91 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期84 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加硒对奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,SO组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05),但SS组以上指标与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05)。3)各组中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和干物质的表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,SO组有机物、粗蛋白质及粗脂肪的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);SS组有机物和粗蛋白质的表观消化率提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同硒源对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能没有影响,但与对照组相比,硒添加组的抗氧化性能和营养物质的表观消化率提高,而且SO组的效果明显优于SS组。     

水貂对5种非常规蛋白质饲料养分的消化利用率

试验旨在研究水貂对进口鱼粉、血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉、猪血球蛋白粉和肠膜蛋白粉5种非常规饲料的表观消化率,为合理利用饲料资源提供科学依据。试验选取年龄、品种、体重相近,健康的准备配种期改良型黑色母貂30只,平均分成5组,每组6只。采用套算法测定了水貂对5种饲料原料干物质、能量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷的表观消化率。试验结果表明:水貂对猪血球蛋白粉组干物质的表观消化率显著地高于进口鱼粉和羽毛粉组(P0.05),羽毛粉的干物质和能量表观消化率最低(P0.05)。猪血球蛋白粉的粗蛋白表观消化率组最高,羽毛粉组粗蛋白的表观消化率显著地低于其他各组(P0.05)。肠膜蛋白粉组粗脂肪表观消化率显著地高于血浆蛋白粉、羽毛粉和猪血球蛋白粉组(P0.05),但与进口鱼粉组差相比异不显著(P0.05);5种试验饲粮的蛋白质生物学价值和净蛋白利用率指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,5种蛋白质饲料中养分表观消化率最高的是进口鱼粉,其次是肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和猪血球蛋白粉,羽毛粉最低。     

膨化饲料对生长期猕猴增重和营养消化率的影响

为给处于生长期的猕猴研制一种饲料,试验通过对处于生长期的猕猴分别饲喂蒸糕和膨化饲料,连续6个月称量试验动物体重,并对干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪表观消化率进行测试分析。结果表明:饲喂6个月后,试验组和对照组猕猴体重差异显著(P0.05);粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率差异极显著(P0.01),可见膨化饲料可作为生长期猕猴的一种有效日粮。     

过瘤胃脂肪对林麝体重和日粮表观消化率的影响

选用20头年龄相近,体况良好的成年雄性林麝。采用完全随机设计分为4组,研究日粮添加过瘤胃脂肪(0,5,10,15 g/d)对林麝体重和日粮表观消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加不同水平过瘤胃脂肪对林麝体重无显著影响(P0.05)。对林麝日粮粗蛋白、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、磷和干物质的表观消化率没有显著影响(P0.05);10 g/d组日粮粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P0.05),但与5 g/d组和15 g/d组差异不显著(P0.05)。结果显示,林麝日粮过瘤胃脂肪的适宜添加水平为10 g/d。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.