The control of wild oats in wheat by winter fallowing and summer cropping

The density of wild oats in subsequent wheat crops in the northern wheat belt of New South Wales, Australia was measured after 1, 2 and 3 years of winter fallowing and summer cropping. The effect of wild oat population on wheat establishment and yield was also measured. One winter fallow resulted in a 96·6% reduction (from 93·3 to 3·2 plants/m²) in the wild oat population present in the subsequent wheat crop. Two consecutive winter fallows reduced the wild oat density to less than 0·2 plants/m² but a third year without wheat gave no additional decrease. Wheat establishment was only affected by very high wild oat densities. Wild oats reduced wheat yields by up to 77% and a highly significant negative relationship was found between wheat yield and wild oat density. La jachère hivernale et la récolte esticale, moyens de hitte contre la folle-avoine dans le blè. La densité de la folle-avoine dans des cultures de blé suivantes dans la région céréalière au nord de la Nouvelie Galle du Sud, en Australie, a été mesurée après une, deux ou trois années de jachère hivernale et de récolte estivale. L'effet de la population de folle-avoine sur l'implantation du blé et sur son rendement a étéégalement évalué. Une jachère hivemale a provoqué une réduction de 96,6% (de 93,3 è 3,2 plantes au m²) de la population de folle-avoine présente dans la culture de blé suivante. Deux jachères hivernales consécutives ont réduit la densité de la folle-avoine è moins de 0,2 plantes au m², mais une troisième année sans blé n'a pas donné de diminution supplémentaire. L'implantation du blé a été affectée seulement par des densités trés élevées de folle-avoine. La folle-avoine a réduit les récoltes de blé dans des proportions allant jusquè 77% et une relation négative hautement significative a été constatée entre le rendement du blé et la densité de la folle-avoine. Die Bekämpfung von Flughafer in Weizen durch Winterbrache und Anbau von Sommerung Es wurde die Besatzdichte von Flughafer bei aufeinanderfolgendem Weizenanbau in New South Wales. Australien, nach einem, zwei und drei Jahren Winterbrache und Anbau von SommtTung festgestellt. Desgleichen wurde die Aus-wirkung des Flughaferbesalzes auf die Enlwicklung und den Ertrag des Weizens erfasst. Eine Winterbrache bewirkte einen Ruckgang des Flughafers im danach angebauten Weizen um 96·6% (von 93·3 auf 3·2 Pflanzen je m²). Zwei Winterbrachen hinlereinander verminderlen den Besatz auf weniger als 0·2 Pflanzen je m², aber ein drittes Jahr ohne Weizenanbau verursachte keinen weiteren Rückgang. Die Entwicklung des Weizens wurde nur bei sehr hohen Flughafcrdichten beein-trächtigt. Flughafer verminderte die Weizenerlrage bis zu 77% und zwischen Weizenertrag und Flughaferdichte wurde eine hoch signifikante negative Korrelation festgestellt.     

Dynamics of competition between wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and winter cereals

This study examined the effects of competition on the growth of Avena fatua, winter wheat and winter barley. Plants were sampled at frequent intervals from replacement series experiments at two contrasting sites in the U.K. A. fatua was much slower to establish than the two cereals, but thereafter exhibited a faster rate of growth. In monoculture, it took a considerable time for A. fatua to reach a size equal to that of the cereals, but by the end of the experiments it was the largest of the three species. The change-over from cereal dominance in mixtures to A. fatua tiominance was rapid, and in three cases coincided with cereal flag leaf emergence. In the fourth case, it appeared to coincide with the art of canopy height extension. At one site the rder of competitiveness at anthesis was A. fatua= barley>wheat, and at the other site the order was A. fatua>wheat>barley. In order to explain and predict differences between years and sites, more studies are required on morphological development in relation to abiotic variables.     

Spray retention, foliar penetration, translocation and selectivity of asulam in wild oats and flax

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung The spray retention, foliar penetration and translocation of asulam [methyl (4 aminobenzenculphonyl) carbamate] by wild oats (Avena fatua L.) (Susceptible) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Tolerant) were examined in an attempt to elucidate the nature of differential sensitivity. Wild oat plants retained about four times as much spray solution of a commercial formulation of asulam as did flux. Penetration into flax was much more rapid than into wild oats. Added surfactant and high relative humidity greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oats. An increase in temperature from 10 to 30° C resulted in a large increase in penetration into both species. After foliar application of ¹⁴C-asulam the radioactivity was distributed throughout the wild oat plants. But the translocation in flax was very limited. Here most of it remained in the treated leaf, probably as a result of contact injury caused by the chemical No detectable qualitative or quantitative differences in the metabolism of asulam in the two species were found. Our studies suggest that spray retention, foliar penetration and translocation all play an important role in the selectivity of asulam between wild oats and flax. Rétention'de la pulvérisation, pénélration foliaire, migration el selectivity de I'asulamt chez la folle-avoine et Ie lin La rëtention de la pulvérisation, la pénétration foliaire et la migration de I'asusulame (4 aminobenzënesulfonyl carbamate de méthyle) not étéétudJiees chez la folle avoine (Avfna fatua L.) (sensible)ct chez le lin (Linum usitalissimum L) (resistant) pour tenter d'ëlucider la nature de la difference de scnsibilité. LES plantes de folle-avoine ont retenu quatre fois plus que le lin de la pulvérisation d'une formulation commercial d'asulame. La pénétration dans Ie lin a été beaucoup plus rapide que dans la folle-avoine. L'addition d'un agent de surface et one humidité relative êlevêe ont grandement favorisê la pênetration de I'herbicide dans la folle-avoine one élévation de la temperature de 10 à 30° C a provoqué one import ante augmenta tion de la pênêtration dans les deux espèces. Après one application foliaire d'asulame marqué au ¹⁴C. la radioactivité a été rêpartie dans l'ensemble de la plante chez la folle-avoine. mais la migration chez le lin a êtê três limitêe. La plus grande panie de cette radioactivitê est restêe dans la feuille traitèe. probablement en raison des damages provoquês par le contact duproduit. ll n'a pasêtêdecelê de differences, ni qualitatives. niquantitatives. Dans)le mêtabolisme de l'asulame chez les deux espêces. Nos recherches suggèrent que la retention de la pulvêrisation, la pénétration fotiaire et la migration jouent un röle important dans la sélectivité de l'asulame entre la folle-avoine et le lin. Spritzmitelrterenrntion, Blmprnetlration, Tronslokation and Selekrivitär von Asulam hei Flughafer and Flachs Spritzmittelretention. Blat penetration and Translokation von Asuiam [Methyl-l-aminobenzolsulfonyl)-carbamat] bei Flughafer (Avina fatua L.)empfindlich) and Flachs (Limum usiiaiis imum L.)(tolerant) wurden untersucht mit dem ziel. Aufklärung über die Ursache der unter Mhiedlichen Emptindlichkeit zu erhalten Flughaferpflanzen hielten etwa vicnnai so vicl Spritzmittellösung ciner handclsüblichen Asulamformulierung zurück wie Flachs. Die Penetration bei Flachs erfolgte vicl schnelier als bei Flughafer. Der Zusatz von oberflächenaktiven Stoffen and hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit erhöhten die Penetration des Herbizids bei Flughafer beträchtlish. Tcmperaturerhöhung von 10 auf 30°C führte bei beiden Pflanzenarten zu einer starken Zunahme der Penetration. Nach Blattapplikation von ¹⁴C-Asu lam war bei Flughafer die Radioaktivität über die gesamte Pflanze verleilt; bei Flachs dagegen fand nur eine sehr beschränkteTranslokation statt. Hier verblieb die meiste Radio aktivität im behandelten Blatt. was wahrscheinlich auf eine Schädigung durch Kontaktwirkung des Mittels zURÜCKZU führenist. Qualitative oder quantitative Unlerschiede im Metabolismus von Asulam in den beiden Pflanzen konnten nicht gefunden werden. Unscre Untersuchungen lassen vermuten. dass Spritzmittelretention. Biattpenetration and Translokation gemeinsam für die Selektivität von Asulam zwisehen Flughafer und Flachs eine wichiige Rolle spielen.     

Effect of MCPA on the phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz-methyl applied to wild oats (Avena fatua L.)

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of both ester and amine formulations of MCPA on the phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz applied to wild oats (Avena fatua). The MCPA ester antagonized activity of the liquid concentrate (LC) formulation of imazamethabenz but not the suspension concentrate (SC) formulation of imazamethabenz when the combination was applied to wild oats at two-to three-leaf stage without tiller. The MCPA amine antagonized the efficacy of both formulations of imazamethabenz on wild oats at the two-to three-leaf stage. When the herbicides were applied at the three- to four-leaf stage with one or two tillers, the antagonism was found only with MCPA amine and imazamethabenz-LC. In general, antagonism is most likely to occur at an early stage of wild oats. MCPA amine was more antagonistic than MCPA ester on the phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz. Imazamethabenz-SC can be tank mixed with MCPA ester but should not be tank mixed with MCPA amine. Imazamethabenz-LC should not be tank mixed with either ester or amine of MCPA because of antagonism, especially when herbicides are applied at early stage. When MCPA was applied at intervals of from 2 to 24 h following applications of imazamethabenz-LC, there was no antagonistic effect of MCPA and the same level of phytotoxicity was produced as with imazamethabenz-LC alone. In the reverse sequence of MCPA followed by imazamethabenz-LC, the greatest antagonism of phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz-LC occurred when 2 h separated the two applications. This effect was lessened when the elapsed time increased. Effet du MCPA sur I'efficacitée de l'imazaméthabenz-méthyle sur la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) Des études en serres ont étéé réalisées pour déterminer I'effet de formulations ester et amine du MCPA sur l'efficacité de l'imazaméthabenz contre la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.). Lorsque le mélange était appliqué sur des folles avoines au stade 2–3 feuilles sans talle, l'ester de MCPA était antagoniste de la formulation de l'imazaméthabenz en concentré liquide (LC) mais pas de la formulation en suspension concentrée (SC). Le MCPA amine était antagoniste des deux formulations d'imazaméthabenz. Quand les herbicides étaient appliqués au stade 3–4 feuiles avec 1–2 talles, l'antagonisme ne s'observait qu'avec le MCPA amine et l'imazaméthabenz- LC. En général, l'antagonisme se produisait surtout aux stades précoces de la folle avoine. Le MCPA amine était plus antagoniste de l'activité de l'imazaméthabenz que le MCPA ester. L'imazaméthabenz-SC peut étre mélangé au moment du traitement avec le MCPA ester mais pas avec le MCPA amine. L'imazaméthabenz- LC ne doit pas étre mélangé au moment du traitement avec le MCPA, qu'il soit sous forme ester ou amine, surtout quand les herbicides sont appliqués è un stade précoce. Quand le MCPA était appliquéè des intervalles de 2 è 24 h après l'imazaméthabenz-LC, il n'y avait pas d'antagonisme du MCPA. Si l'ordre des applications était inversé, l'antagonisme était le plus important lorsque 2 h les séparaient et il diminuait lorsque l'intervalle augmentail. Beinflussung der Phytotoxizität von Imazamethabenz-methyl auf Avena fatua L. durch MCPA In Gewächshausversuchen setzte MCPA-Ester die Wirkurlg der Flüssig-Formulierung von Imazamethabenz-methyl auf Avena fatua L. im 2- bis 3-Blatt-Stadium herab, aber nicht die der Suspensions-Formulierung. MCPA-Amin war gegenüber beiden Formulierungen antagonistisch. Im 3- bis 4-Blatt-Stadium bei 1 bis 2 Bestockungstrieben trat die Wirkungsminderung durch MCPA-Amin nur bei der Flüssig- Formulierung ein. Also scheint der Wirkungsantagonismus in frühen Avena-fatua- Entwicklungsstadien und für MCPA-Amin am stärksten zu sein, so daé es von Tankmischungen mit der Suspensions-Formulierung ausgenommen werden sollte. Die Flüssig-Formulierung sollte weder mit MCPA-Amin noch -Ester gemischt werden. Bei Applikation von MCPA 2 bis 12 h nach Imazamethabenz-methyl in der Flüssig-Formulierung wurde die Wirkung nicht beeinträchtigt. Umgekehrt ergab sich bei Anwendung der Flüssig-Formulierung 2 h nach einer MCPA-Ausbringung der gröte Antagonismus, der sich mit längerem Abstand zwischen den Anwendungen verringerte.     

The time of the onset of competition between wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and spring cereal

Seven field experiments in spring wheat and barley with natural infestations ot A. fatua were set up to investigate the effects on grain yield of removing the weeds by hand at intervals during early growth stages. Only three sites showed any significant yield reductions and these all had populations of wild oats of 150 stems or more per m² at harvest. No significant yield reductions occurred at lesser densities (20–100/m²). At the three higher-density sites, competitive effects did not start until the crop had four leaves, about 4–5 weeks after it had emerged. A further experiment in a glasshouse designed to test if competition occurred prior to the emergence of crop and weed indicated no effect at all during this period. Lépoque du déclenchement de la compétition entre la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) et les céréales de printemps Sept essais ensemencés en blé de printemps et en orge on t été implantés dans des champs présentant des infestations naturelles d'Avena fatua, en vue dévaluer les effets, sur le rendement en grain, de l'extirpation des mauvaises herbes à la main, à des intervalles réguliers durant les premiers stades de la croissance. Trois essais seulement on t accusé des réductions significa-tives des rendements et ceux-ci avaient tous des populations de folle avoine de 150 pieds ou plus au m2 à la récolte. II n'y a pas eu de réductions significatives de rendement pour des densités inférieures (de 20 à 100/m²). Dans les trois essais à densitéélevée, les effets compétitifs ne commencérent pas avant que la plante cultivée ait atteint le stade 4 feuilles, 4 à 5 semaines environ aprés sa Ievée. Une expérience ulté-rieure en serre réalisée pour rechercher si la compétition se produit avant la levée de la plante cultivée et de la mauvaise herbe n'a montré aucun effet durant cette pédode. Der Zeitpunkt des Beginns einer Konkurrenz zwischen Flughafer (Avena fatua L.) und Sommergetreide Es wurden sieben Feldversuche mit Sommerweizen und-gerste mit einer natürlichen Verseuchung von A. fatua angelegt, um den Einfluss einer Beseitigung der Unkräuter von Hand zu verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien auf den Kornertrag zu messen. Nur bei drei Versuchen waren ge-sicherte Ertragsrückgänge festzustellen; die Flughaferdichte betrug in diesen Fällen zum Erntezeitpunkt 150 oder mehr Halme je m². Bei geringeren Dichten (20–100/m²) waren keine gesichterten Ertragsminderungen feststellbar. In den drei Versuchen mit den höheren Dichten setzte die Konkurrenz nicht ein bevor das Getreide im 4-Blattstadium war; das waren etwa 4–5 Wochen nach dem Aufiaufen. Es wurde ein weiterer Versuch im Gewächshaus angelegt, um festzustellen, ob die Konkurrenz vor dem Auflaufen des Ge-treides und des Unkrauts eintrat. Während dieser Periode war kein Einfluss festzustellen.     

The influence of Agral 90 surfactant on the activity of imazamethabenz in wild oats (Avena fatua L.)

The influence of the nonionic surfactant, Agral 90, on the activity of imazamethabenz in wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was investigated in glasshouse and laboratory trials. Agral 90 significantly increased the efficacy of imazamethabenz against wild oats at a range of growth stages; a significant decrease in activity of both imazamethabenz alone or with Agral 90 was observed following application to plants possessing tillers. At 0.1 kg ha^?1, the growth of tillers was significantly reduced by imazamethabenz plus Agral 90. The retention of imazamethabenz on wild oat foliage was significantly increased by Agral 90 incorporation; Agral 90 also facilitated retention of imazamethabenz on the tillers. The absorption and translocation of imazamethabenz were significantly enhanced by Agral 90; greater amounts of the labelled material were found in all regions of the plant except the tillers which existed at the time of application.     

Histological studies on the effects of benzoylprop ethyl and flamprop methyl on growth and development of wild oats*

Wild oats were trealed with benzoylprop eihyl and flamprop methyl alone or in combination with other herbicides and the effects on plant growth studied using histological techniques, Benzoylprop ethyl caused severe reductions in the growth of both the leaves and internodes of treated plants, Evidence was obtained which indieaies that cell division as well as cell elongalion was inhibited. The effects of flamprop methyl on plant growth were similar lo those observed for benzoylprop ethyl. Both compounds interfered with normal differentiation of vascular tissues which could account for retarded development of the higher internodes and shoot apex of treated plants. Of the various herbicides applied in combination with the wild oat herbicides, 2,4—D was more antagonistic than MCPA. while bromoxynil was the least antagonistic. Plants treated with benzoylprop ethyl plus 2.4—D had increased cell, leaf and internode lengths compared to plants treated with benzoylprop ethyl alone. Reductions in cell and internode lengths of plants treated with the herbicide combinations were not always proportional lo dry weight reductions.     

Actions of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide on seed dormancy and germination of wild oats, Avena fatua L.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) can release dormancy of imbibed wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seeds. Treatments found effective included (i) immersing intact seeds in 800 mm NaOCl for 1 h followed by incubation on 5 × 10^?4m gibberellin A₃(GA₃); (ii) immersing dehulled seeds in 800 mm NaOCl for 1 min followed by incubation on 5 × 10^?4m GA₃; (iii) immersion of dehulled seeds in much lower concentrations of NaOCl, e.g. 13 4 mm for 3 h followed by incubation on water; or (iv) incubating dehulled seeds on a low concentration of NaOCl. Based on the concentrations of each of the reagents required to produce equivalent responses, NaOCl is approximately 4–6 times more effective than hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in triggering the onset of germination, and 6 times as effective in causing growth inhibition in the roots. These results suggest the modes of action of NaOCl and H₂O₂ in the termination of dormancy reside in a modification of the properties of the hull and seed coat membranes, and in the provision of additional oxygen to the seed.     

Wheat leaf rust severity as affected by plant density and species proportion in simple communities of wheat and wild oats

ABSTRACT While it is generally accepted that dense stands of plants exacerbate epidemics caused by foliar pathogens, there is little experimental evidence to support this view. We grew model plant communities consisting of wheat and wild oats at different densities and proportions and exposed these communities to Puccinia recondita to induce wheat leaf rust. Wild oats was included because it is a common competitor of wheat and may act as a barrier to the dispersal of P. recondita spores among wheat plants. Disease severity was estimated as percentage of wheat flag leaves covered by rust lesions. Seeding density rarely had a significant influence on rust severity, probably because of compensation due to increased tillering at low seeding densities. In contrast, increasing the proportion of wheat in mixtures with wild oats consistently increased wheat leaf rust severity. Regression parameters describing wheat leaf rust severity as a function of wheat seeding density did not differ significantly between pure wheat stands and wheat-wild oat mixtures and, thus, failed to support an effect of wild oats on wheat leaf rust other than through its competitive impact on wheat tiller density.     

Fungal infestation of seeds from seven populations of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) with different dormancy and viability characteristics

Seeds from seven genetically inbred pure lines of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) with different levels of dormancy and viability were analysed for seed-borne fungi. All lines had fungi on the seeds. The predominating fungi were Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum, of which the latter was non-pathogenic and the former only weakly pathogenic on seedlings of wild oats. Drechslera avenacea, Cochliobulus sativus and Fusarium spp., frequently isolated, were pathogenic on A. fatua. Only D. avenacea was host specific to A. fatua and cultivated oats Avena sativa. Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium spp, were equal or more pathogenic on seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats and rye (Secale cereale L.) than on seedlings of A. fatua. Drechslera avenacea occurred on a significantly higher percentage of seeds from A. fatua lines, AN 51 and AN 474, than from the other lines. Other fungi isolated occurred randomly on all A. fatua lines. There was no relationship between low viability of seeds and fungi carried on the seeds.     

Field trials with the controlled drop application of barban and difenzoquat for the control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in spring barley

Barban was applied at 10 1/ha in 1974, and barban and difenzoquat at 5, 15 and 45 1/ha in 1975 using rotary atomizers to produce uniform drops within the range of 150-350μm. These applications were compared with those from a conventional sprayer at 125-2251 1/ha. In 1975 control of Avena fatua in barley with difenzoquat at 45 1/ha was equal or superior to, and at 15 1/ha little different from conventional applications. Control with barban at 45 1/ha and 15 1/ha was slightly poorer than that achieved conventionally. It is suggested that this poorer control was due to a reduction in crop competition; slight crop injury was caused by the oil solutions used for the controlled drop applications of barban. Control with both herbicides at 5 1/ha and (in 1974) with barban at 10 1/ha was inferior. The drop size used had little effect on the level of control except at the lowest volume rate where there was a slight advantage in favour of smaller drops. An optimum volume rate of between 15 and 45 1/ha is suggested for the controlled drop applications of these herbicides. Essais au champ de traitements avec des gouttelettes de dimension contrôlée avec le burbane et le difenzoquat, pour lutter contre la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) duns l'orge de printemps Le barbane a été appliquéà 10 1 ha en 1974 et le barbane et le difenzoquat à 5, 15 et 45 1 ha en 1975 au moyen d'atomiserus rotalifs pour produire des goutlelettes de taille uniforme comprise entre 150 et 350 μm. Ces traitement one été compares avec ceux d'un pulvérisateur conventionnel opérant à 125 225 1 ha. En 1975, l'efficacnté contre Avena fatua dans l'orge avec le difenzoquat à 45 1/ha a étéégale ou supérieure, et à 15 1/ha peu différneté, de celle obtenue avec des traitements conventionnels. L'efficacité du barbane à 45 1/ha et à 15 1 ha a été légérement infériure à celle des traitements conventionnels. II est suggèré que ces résultants moins bons sont dus à une rèduction du pouvoir compétitive de la culture, laquelle a subi de légers dommages provoqués par les solutions huileuses utilisées pour les traitements au barban avec contrôle de la dimension des gouttes. L'efficacité a été inférieure avec les deux herbicides à 5 1/ha et (en 1974) avec le barnane à 10 1 ha. La talle ges gouttelettes utilisèe n'a eu que peu d'influence sur le degrè d efficacité, excepté avec le volume de bouillie sur le degré le plus faible oú un léger avantage s'est manifesté en faveur des plus petites gouttelettes. II est suggéré que le volume optimal de bouillie se situe entre 15 et 45 1/ha, pour les traitements à dimension de gouttelettes contrôlée, avec ces deux herbicides. Feldversuche mit Barban und Difenzouquat zur Bekämpfung von Flughafer (Avena fatua L.) in Sommergertste bei Applikation definterer Tröpfchengrössen Mit Hilfe von Rotationszertäubern die Tröpfehen im Bereich von 150-350 μm erzeugen, wurden 1974 10 1/ha Barban und 1975 Barban und Difenzoquat mit 5, 15 und 45 1/ha appliziert. Dises Behandlungen wurden mil konventionellen Spritzverfahren bei Brühemengen von 125-225 1/ha verglichen. Die Flughaferbekämpfung in Sommergerste war 1975 mit 45 1 ha Difenzoquat genauso gut oder sogar besser, als mit dem konventionellen Verfahren: bei 15 1 ha gah es geringe Unterschiede. Bei 45 und 15 1 ha Barban war der Bekämpfungserfolg geringfügig schlechter als ben herkömmlichen Verfahren. Es wird angenommen, dass die schlechtere Wirking in der verminderten Konkurrenz der Kulturpflanzen tag; an der Sommergersle traten durch die Ölformulierungen, die für die Applikation definierier Tröpfchengrössen verwendet wurden, leichte Schäden auf. Die Bekämpfung war nieht ausreichend, wenn beide Herbizide mit 5 1 ha, und Barban mit 10 1 ha (1974) eingesetzt wurden. Die Tröpfehengrösse hatte nur eine geringe Auswirkung auf den Bekämpfungserfolg, mit Ausnahme der kleinsten Brühemenge, bei der kleine Tröpfchen etwas besser wirkten. Für die Applikation definierter Tröpfchengrössen werden für diese Herbizide Brühemengen zwischen 15 und 45 1 ha empfohlen.     

Difenzoquat, 1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenylpyrazolium ion,a selective herbicide for the control of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat and barley

The results of a series of replicated trials and of a series of commercial grower trials conducted in the United Kingdom during 1972 and 1973, established the effectiveness of difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenylpyrazolium ion) as the methyl sulphate as a selective post-emergence herbicide for the control of wild oats in wheat and barley. Doses of 0.75 to 1.0 kg cation/ha applied at 200 or 400 litre/ha and at 2.1 or 3.5 kg/cm² gave good to excellent results when applied at crop growth stages 3 to 5 (Feekes—Large scale) for spring crops and at crop growth stages 4 to 6 for winter crops. In these experiments wild oats over a range of stages from 1st leaf to tillering were well controlled.     

Specificity oflongidorus cohni as a pathogen of oats

In a host study of the ectoparasitic nematodeLongidorus cohni, involving six field crops, only oats were found to afford rapid nematode population build-up and to suffer severe damage. No increase in nematode population, plant damage or root symptoms was observed on wheat, barley, purple vetch, field pea or berseem clover.     

Diclofop-methyl tolerance in cultivated oats (Avena sativa L.)

The feasibility of achieving selective wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in a stand of the Australian oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. Savena I was examined. Diclofop-methyl was applied at rates of 0·4–0·7 kg a.i. ha^?1 at the three- and five-leaf stages of A. fatua (84–132 culms m²). Although all rates of diclofop-methyl caused initial chlorosis and necrosis to the crop, the subsequent control of A. fatua permitted increased crop tillering. Avena fatua control and crop yield response were maximized when diclofop-methyl was applied at the three-leaf stage. Crop grain yield was increased by as much as 32% and 22% during 1984 and 1985, respectively. In the absence of A. fatua competition, crop shoot dry weight at ear emergence was reduced only where diclofop-methyl was applied at 0·6 or 0·7 kg ha^?1. However, final grain yield was not reduced by any treatment. Only 11 of 240 cultivars or lines tolerated diclofop-methyl, and none reached the level attained by Savena I and a closely related Australian line [(Irwin × (West × New Zealand Cape/42)) × West]/24. The nature of the inheritance of diclofop-methyl tolerance was examined (1983–1985) by crossing and backcrossing (BC) Savena I with four diclofop-methyl susceptible, but agronomically superior, lines. Inheritance of diclofop-methyl tolerance appeared to be controlled by two genes, with susceptibility being dominant to tolerance in F₃, BCIF₂ and BCIF₃ lines.     

Interactions between barban and protectants on maize, oats and barley

In glasshouse experiments 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) as a seed dressing, and N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R25788), either as a seed dressing or mixed in the spray tank with the herbicide, protected maize (Zea mays L.) from subsequent barban damage. When applied after maize emergence, R25788 was not effective through the foliage but had to reach the soil to provide protection. Soil drench treatments of R25788 countered barban damage successfully if applied up to 7 days prior to spraying or up to one day after. Delay of application to 2 or 3 days after barban resulted in only partial protection. Neither NA nor R25788 completely protected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oats (Avena saliva L.) from a subsequent barban spray. Interactions entre le barbane et des produils protecteurs sur le maïs, l'avoine el l'orge Dans des expériences faites en serre, I'anhydride 1,8-naphtalique (AN) employé pour l'enrobage des semences et le N,N-dial-lyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R 25788) egalement en enrobage oumélangé dans le réservoir du pulvérisateur avec I'herbicide, ont protégé le maïs (Zea mays L.) des dommages résultant d'un traitement au barbane. Lorsqu'il a été appliqué après la levée du maïs, le R 25788 ne s'est pas montré efficace par voie foliaire: il doit atteindre le sol pour assurer une protection. Les traitements du sol en pluie abondante avec le R 25788 ont supprime efficacement les dégCts du barbane s'ils ont été effectues au plus 7 jours avant le traitement ou 1 jour au plus apres. Lorsque l'application a été faite 2 ou 3 jours apres le traitement au barbane, la protection n'a été que partielle. Ni l'AN ni le R 25788 n'ont complètement protégé I'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) ou I'avoine (Avena sativa L.) d'un traitement ultériéur avec le barbane. Interaktionen zwischen Barban und Schutzstoffen (Antidote) bei Mais. Hafer und Gerste In Gewächshausversuchen wurde Mais (Zea mays L.) vor einer Schädigung durch Barban geschützt, wenn 1,8-Naphthylsäure-anhydrid (NA) als Saatgutbeize und N,N-Diallyl-2,2-dichlor-acetamid (R 25788) entweder als Saatgutbeize oder als Tankmischung mit dem Herbizid angewendet wurden. Wenn R 25788 nach dem Auflaufen des Maises appliziert wurde, musste es um wirksam zu werden, auf den Boden gelangen; eine Wir-kung über die Blätter konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Durch die Anwendung von R 25788 im Giessverfahren trat kein Barbanschaden auf, vorausgesetzt, dass die Anwendung bis zu 7 Tage vor oder bis zu einen Tag nach der Spritzung erfolgte. Wurde die Applikation erst 2 oder 3 Tage nach der Barbansprit-zung durchgeführt, dann wurde nur ein teilweiser Schutz erzielt. Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) und Hafer (Avena saliva L.) wurden weder durch NA noch durch R 25788 völlig vor der schädigenden Wirkung einer darauffolgenden Barbanspritzung geschützt.     

Susceptibility in oats to stem rust induced by co-infection with leaf rust

Induction of susceptibility in oats to a normally avirulent pathotype of Puccinia graminis f.sp. avenae was studied in the presence of different pathotypes of P. coronata f.sp. avenae . Induction occurred on seedlings only in the presence of a virulent culture of P. coronata avenae and was not dependent on time or order of inoculation of either pathogen. This phenomenon was restricted to seedlings of lines possessing the Pg-a source of oat stem rust resistance. The specificity of induced susceptibility can be used as a valuable bioassay for screening and identifying Pg-a . Induced susceptibility occurred only at the seedling stage, and apparently provides no obstacle to the use of Pg-a as a source of stem rust resistance in oats.     

有限灌溉对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在防雨池栽培试验条件下,研究了有限灌溉对两个燕麦品种产量品质和水分利用效率的影响.试验为裂区设计,主区为7个灌溉处理,副区为品种(内农大莜1号,白燕7号).研究结果表明:水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均显著影响到燕麦干物质积累;内农大莜1号的干草产量、籽粒产量以及粗蛋白产量均为E处理(底墒水 拔节水 抽穗水)最高,而白燕7号的以上三种产量是以F处理最高;两个品种均是E处理具有最高的水分利用效率(WUE),过度干旱(处理A)或后期灌水过多(处理G)均显著影响燕麦土壤水分利用效率;内农大莜1号具有更强的抗旱性,而白燕7号则对水分更为敏感.     

Coat protein-mediated resistance to isolates of barley yellow dwarf in oats and barley

Tissue cultures of GAF30/Park oats were biolistically co-transformed with constructs containing the coat protein (CP) genes of the P-PAV, MAV-PS1 or NY-RPV isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), together with a construct containing the bar gene for herbicide resistance and the uidA reporter gene. Transformed, herbicide-resistant tissue cultures were screened by PCR for the presence of the CP genes. Fertile regenerated plants were recovered from some CP-transformed tissue cultures. T₁ progeny of these plants were screened for resistance to the BYDV isolate corresponding to the introduced gene by inoculation with viruliferous aphids followed by ELISA tests. Variation in ELISA values for GAF30/Park control plants made interpretation of the data difficult, but oat plants resistant to each of the three isolates of BYDV (ELISA values less than 0.3; virus titers equivalent to less than 25% of infected controls) were identified in T₁ generations. Further testing of MAV-PS1 CP-transformed lines to the T₂ generation, NY-RPV CP-transformed lines to the T₃ generation and P-PAV CP-transformed lines to the T₄ generation identified further resistant plants. Similarly, immature embryos and calli of the barley cultivar Golden Promise were biolistically bombarded with constructs containing the CP gene of the P-PAV isolate of BYDV and the bar and uidA reporter genes, lines of self-fertile P-PAV CP-transformed barley plants were developed, and T₁plants were screened for resistance to P-PAV. Eight plants from six lines showed moderate to high levels of resistance to P-PAV that correlated with the presence of the CP gene. Plants giving low ELISA values were also found in other lines, even though the CP gene was not detected in these plants. Some T₂ plants derived from resistant parents that contained the CP gene were themselves highly resistant.     

基于CROPWAT模型的拉萨地区燕麦优化灌溉制度研究

针对西藏高海拔地区灌溉人工草地发展面临牧草灌溉基础理论研究薄弱的现实,以拉萨市为研究区,依托田间试验和CROPWAT模型模拟预测,对燕麦需水量、耗水量、优化灌溉制度等进行研究。结果表明,拉萨地区燕麦全生育期需水量为570 mm,不同水分条件下耗水量在464~570 mm之间,分蘖、拔节初期为燕麦灌水关键期。通过CROPWAT模型模拟,确定当地燕麦灌水2~4次较适宜。最优非充分灌溉制度的灌水时间为播种前、分蘖期和拔节初期,净灌水量分别为37、43、30 mm。     

Genetic variation in Puccinia graminis collected from oats, rye, and barberry

Puccinia graminis, the causal agent of stem rust, was collected from its alternate host barberry (Berberis spp.) and two different uredinial hosts, oats (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale). The samples were analyzed using 11 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. There were large differences between fungal populations on oats (P. graminis f. sp. avenae) and rye (P. graminis f. sp. secalis), and the genetic variation within the different formae speciales was also high. It was possible to distinguish between the two formae speciales on barberry. Additional genotypic groups not present in the field samples from oats and rye were also identified on barberry. Our results confirm the importance of barberry in maintaining the populations of P. graminis in Sweden and the importance of the sexual stage for the survival of the pathogen.