Imazaquin mobility in tropical soils in relation to soil moisture and rainfall timing

Summary This research studied the influence of soil type, soil moisture and incubation time before rain on the mobility of imazaquin in two highly weathered tropical soils, named clay and sandy clay. The soils were packed in glass columns and treated at three different moisture contents. Then, the applied imazaquin (150 g a.i. ha⁻¹) was incubated for 0, 1 and 30 d before rainfall simulation began. Leaching was significantly higher in the sandy clay soil, when imazaquin was applied to moist samples and rainfall occurred soon after application (in this case, 73.4% of applied imazaquin was leached). Leaching was always low in the clay soil (in all cases, <1.8% of applied imazaquin was leached). In addition, imazaquin leaching potential was overestimated by the low K _d value (1.24 L kg⁻¹) measured for the clay soil using batch equilibration data. For this soil, the vacuum displacement method also failed to predict leaching (in this case, 28.9% of applied imazaquin was leached). Consequently, batch equilibration and vacuum displacement methods cannot be used to predict leaching of anionic organic molecules, such as imazaquin, in fine-textured tropical soils. Moreover, soil type and weather patterns or irrigation timing must be considered before imazaquin application to avoid environmental or carry-over problems and to achieve maximum effectiveness of the herbicide.     

关中农田土壤物理状态与分析

针对关中农田土壤通气、透水能力下降,抗不良环境能力减弱,生产成本逐年递增的实际问题,以关中11个县区农田土壤为研究对象,以土壤耕作层厚度、容重及团聚体特征为指标,开展了现代利用强度及土壤管理模式下农田土壤物理状态及其退化特征研究。结果表明:关中地区土壤发生学层次厚度尽管很厚,但受下层土体紧实化的影响,农田土壤耕作层普遍浅薄,疏松良好的土壤耕作层厚度变化在5~21 cm。调查范围内耕作层厚度在20 cm左右的仅占18%,10~15 cm之间的占64%,10 cm占18%左右。关中地区农田0~20 cm耕层土壤容重变化在1.04~1.34 g·cm~(-3),平均容重为1.21 g·cm~(-3),属于良好物理状态;而20~40 cm土壤容重变化在1.46~1.70 g·cm~(-3)之间,平均容重为1.58 g·cm~(-3),属于很紧实土壤状态。约36%的农田在20~40 cm处容重达到或超过了1.60 g·cm~(-3)的极限容重值。用干、湿筛技术测定的土壤团聚体的组成,关中农田1~5 mm的"(质量)优势团聚体"、团聚体的几何均重直径(GMD)、标准化平均当量直径(NMWD)以及土壤结构系数(Kctp)均显示,耕作层土壤团聚状态处于良好级别,其下层64%的土壤团聚状态较差,关中农田土壤团聚体水稳定性差,各地土壤团聚体状态以及稳定性差别明显。结论:关中地区农田土壤耕层变浅薄,是因为20~40 cm土层紧实化程度增大和犁底层上移与变厚所致;20~40土壤容重已经增大到极限值;0~20 cm土壤团聚体状态良好,但稳定性不强是引起其下层土壤紧实化的重要原因。关中农田土壤亚表层紧实化问题普遍,有愈加严重的发展态势。从空间上紧实化土层具有很强的隐蔽性,难以被人们所觉察,属于隐型土壤物理退化特征,不可小觑。     

粉垄耕作深度对旱区土壤关键物理性质的影响

针对旱区土壤板结严重和耕层深度变浅等问题，于2021年在宁夏暖泉农场开展大田试验，以传统旋耕为对照(CK),设置不同粉垄耕作深度30 cm(FL30)、40 cm(FL40)、50 cm(FL50)和60 cm(FL60),探究粉垄耕作对玉米田土壤关键物理性质的影响。结果表明：与传统旋耕相比，粉垄耕作能够有效降低土壤容重且提高土壤孔隙度，FL50处理表层土壤(0～20 cm)容重降低11.55%、孔隙度提升12.17%,FL40处理中层土壤(20～40 cm)容重降低8.57%、孔隙度提升9.14%,FL60处理深层土壤(40～60 cm)容重降低11.61%、孔隙度提升12.75%;粉垄耕作对玉米各生育期土壤蓄水量具有显著影响，FL40处理土壤蓄水量提升24.86%,土壤机械稳定性团聚体数量(0.25～5 mm)提高9.63%;较传统旋耕，粉垄耕作可达到疏松土壤与提高土壤蓄水保墒能力的效果，粉垄耕作通过改善玉米的生长条件和土壤环境提高了籽粒产量，其中FL60、FL50、FL30处理分别较CK处理增产57.14%、15.48%、8.79%。研究成果可为改善旱区土壤多年板结及水土资源可持...     

大青山不同植被土壤物理特征及有效水的研究

在2007年,本文采用环刀法和烘干恒重法对大青山不同植被类型土壤物理特性和旱、雨季土壤含水量进行了研究。结果表明:林地土壤物理特性明显好于荒草坡,白桦天然次生林要好于人工林;土壤旱雨季的含水量的变化与各时期内土壤有效水的排序有很大的不同,旱季土壤含水量大小排序为落叶松人工林、白桦天然次生林、灌木林、油松人工林、荒草坡,而土壤水分的有效性排序为落叶松人工林、荒草坡、白桦天然次生林、油松人工林、灌木林。在雨季的时候有林地的贮水能力要好于荒草坡和灌木林,雨季土壤含水量于其土壤理化性质排序一致,并且有显著的相关性,在土壤有效水和含水量方面降雨对油松和荒草坡的水分变化影响最大。     

宁夏引黄灌区盐化土壤微生物区系及其指示意义

为了有效防治土壤盐渍化的进一步发展,采用平板稀释法和常规土壤化学性质测定方法,对宁夏惠农不同程度盐渍化土壤微生物区系及其动态变化,土壤化学性质、养分含量及其与土壤微生物的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明：在盐渍化土壤区域,随着盐渍化程度的增加,土壤pH和碱化度以轻度盐渍化土壤最高,且20～40 cm土层高于0～20 cm。不同程度盐渍化土壤养分含量、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均表现为随着盐渍化程度的加重,而呈现逐渐降低的趋势,即轻度＞中度＞重度,且0～20 cm土层显著高于20～40 cm。细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在不同采样时间上表现为6月＞8月＞9月。土壤微生物区系与土壤养分含量之间相关关系明显,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量除与土壤全钾含量之间没有达到显著水平外,与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量之间均达到显著或极显著正相关关系（P<0.05或P<0.01）。因此,土壤微生物区系可以作为评价盐化土壤质量恢复及演变过程的生物指标。     

Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature(i.e. 9°C, 14°C, 22°C, 30°C and 40°C) and five moisture levels(i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity) were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon(MBC), ammonium nitrogen(NH4 +-N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N) were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days(once a week near the end of the incubation period). The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30°C and 40°C. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures(moisture) enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture(temperature). Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 +-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 +-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.     

保护地土壤盐分积累及其离子组成对土壤pH值的影响

在沈阳市于洪地区采集保护地土壤样品,测定土壤盐分含量、离子组成和土壤pH值,研究保护地土壤盐分积累及其与土壤pH值变化的关系.结果表明:(1) 保护地土壤的盐分含量和电导率均明显高于露地土壤,露地土壤平均盐分含量为0.29 g/kg,改为保护地10年左右土壤的平均含盐量上升至1.56 g/kg,相应的电导率(EC)值达到0.53 mS/cm,已超过作物的生育障碍临界点(EC>0.50 mS/cm);(2) 保护地土壤酸化趋势明显,建成保护地栽培蔬菜6年,土壤pH值从6.5降低至5.5以下,超过了蔬菜出现生理障碍的临界土壤pH值(5.52),保护地土壤酸化与土壤的次生盐渍化已成为限制当地保护地生产可持续发展的重要因素;(3) 保护地土壤NO3-、SO42-、Cl-和Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+等盐基离子含量均较露地土壤大大增加,但HCO3-低于露地土壤或与露地土壤持平,NO3-、SO42-数量与土壤pH值下降关系密切,Ca2+、Na+在全盐中的相对比例下降也是导致土壤pH值下降的重要原因.     

荒漠草原土壤健康评价

文中以西鄂尔多斯自然保护区东部的荒漠草原棕钙土为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,从与土壤健康有关的物理、化学、生物学指标中筛选出具有代表性和敏感性的评价指标,建立了土壤健康评价体系,并采用模糊综合评价法对不同退化程度荒漠草原土壤的健康状况进行了分析,主要研究结果如下:1)根据植被数据的分析结果把研究区划分为未退化、轻度、中度、重度四个退化等级;2)通过主成分分析法筛选出对放牧较敏感的8个荒漠草原土壤健康评价的指标;3)用模糊数学方法对荒漠草原土壤健康状况进行综合评价,未退化区土壤差异性健康综合系数为1,轻度退化区为0.9079,中度退化区为0.6789,重度退化区为0.5949。健康土壤评价系数为(l-0.90),亚健康土壤评价系数为(0.89-0.65)和不健康土壤评价系数为(0.64-0)。未退化区、轻度退化区土壤为健康土壤,中度退化区土壤为亚健康土壤,而重度退化区土壤为不健康土壤。     

耕作方式对黑土耕层孔隙分布和水分特征的影响

为探索耕作方式对黑土孔隙度分布和土壤水分特征的影响,以2010年吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了9年的田间定位试验小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下耕层土壤孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲线进行分析。结果表明不同耕作处理对黑土孔隙度影响较大。与秋翻相比,免耕减小了土壤总孔隙度,增大了0～5cm和20～30cm10%～16%的>100μm大孔隙,减小了耕层5～20cm的100～30μm次大孔隙,两种处理不同深度的中孔隙和微孔隙数量相近。不同耕作方式对土壤水分特征的影响存在较大差异,免耕0～5cm和20～30cm的持水能力高于秋翻,而5～20cm表现出相反的变化趋势。实施免耕后,改变了土壤孔隙分布和持水性能,对土壤通气透水和作物根系发育具有重要作用。     

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl^-.Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca2+,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,CO₃^2-,SO₄^2-,and HCO₃^-)were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.     

不同强度放牧对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物和土壤呼吸的影响

在一个生长季内,对贝加尔针茅草甸草原不同强度放牧地段(非牧段,轻牧段,中牧段和重牧段,以放牛为主)土壤呼吸作用强度与土壤微生物数量和部分土壤理化性状进行了测定和相关性分析。结果表明,不同强度放牧对土壤呼吸作用和土壤微生物数量均产生不同程度影响,即在非牧段,土壤呼吸作用和土壤微生物数量最强(多);其余各放牧段,随着放牧强度增加,土壤呼吸作用减弱,微生物数量增加,但在各放牧段间均未达到差异显著水平(p(0.05)。土壤呼吸强度与土壤温度和相对含水量间具有显著的相关性(p(0.05),与土壤微生物数量和土壤pH值之间相关性不显著(p(0.05)。说明在该草地放牧较重时首先对土壤物理环境造成不利影响,进而影响土壤微生物的呼吸作用,对微生物数量未产生实质性改变。     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验,探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响,以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始,设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照,不施生物炭（B0）;5 t·hm^-2（B5）;10 t·hm^-2（B10）;20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量,且随着生物炭施入量的增加,各指标变化幅度也增大,B20与B0处理相比,土壤容重减少了8.28%,毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%,饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%;生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,B20与B0处理相比,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%,团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%;生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发,B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现,生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子,影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度,而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构,提升塿土持水性能,增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

长期免耕对褐土理化性质和酶活性的影响

以山西省临汾市尧都区机械化保护性耕作试验示范区的褐土为研究对象,对连续17年免耕、12年免耕和传统耕作条件下土壤进行对比分析,研究了长期免耕对褐土理化性质和酶活性的影响.结果表明:①17年免耕和12年免耕土壤(0～20 cm)有机质分别比传统耕作处理土壤提高35.7%、26.7%,达极显著差异水平;②17年免耕处理土壤...     

银川平原不同类型盐渍化土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间相关分析研究

为了研究银川平原不同类型及程度盐碱地土壤酶活性及其分布特征,文中采用高锰酸钾滴定法、硫代硫酸钠滴定法及比色测定法和相关分析法研究了银川平原不同类型及盐渍化不同程度土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间的相关关系。结果表明:随着碱化土壤pH值和盐化土壤全盐含量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性均呈现逐渐降低的趋势(p<0.01)。土壤碱性磷酸酶活性表现为碱化土壤显著高于盐化土壤,过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性在不同类型土壤间差异不显著。0-20cm深度土壤酶活性表现出明显的季节变化,碱化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现8月>6月>9月;碱化盐化土壤转化酶活性、碱化土壤脲酶活性、盐化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性季节变化表现为随着取样时间的推移而逐渐增加,即9月>8月>6月。碱化、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性之间及其与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量之间有很好的正相关关系。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区不同植被类型土壤水分分析

选择晋西北半干旱黄土丘陵区典型植被人工油松林、天然灌丛、荒坡草地和农地 ,对其土壤剖面 0 - 9.9m的土壤水分进行了测定与分析。结果显示 ,农地 0 - 9.9m土壤剖面上的土壤水分皆在易效水范围之上。人工油松林、天然灌丛和荒坡草地的土壤湿度低于农地 ,三者对土壤水分的利用深度都超过了 9.9m,并且大部分土层的水分含量在中效水范围内 ,部分在难效 -无效水范围。由此可见 ,天然植被对土壤水的利用与农地相比有显著差异。     

新疆干旱土纲基层分类探讨

中国土壤系统分类-基层分类研究已经在全国全面展开，这里以新疆干旱土纲基层分类为例，按照土地资源开发利用限制因素指标，根据笔者在新疆多年土壤调查工作的经验，得出以野外观察定性的诊断特性进行新疆干旱土纲的土族，土系试划分，从分类方法到分类指标和检索进行试分类探索研究，因为直观的定性指标是微观的定量指标的综合体现，从而可以从定性到定量进行基层分类，达到土壤分类与生产相结合的目的。     

Spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover of Mongolia and its implications

In this paper, we attempted to determine the most stable or unstable regions of vegetation cover in Mongolia and their spatio-temporal dynamics using Terra/MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) dataset, which had a 250-m spatial resolution and comprised 6 periods of 16-day composited temporal resolution data(from 10 June to 13 September) for summer seasons from 2000 to 2012. We also used precipitation data as well as biomass data from 12 meteorological stations located in 4 largest natural zones of Mongolia. Our study showed that taiga and forest steppe zones had relatively stable vegetation cover because of forest characteristics and relatively high precipitation. The highest coefficient of variation(CV) of vegetation cover occurred frequently in the steppe and desert steppe zones, mainly depending on variation of precipitation. Our results showed that spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover(NDVI or plant biomass) of Mongolia was highly dependent on the amount, distribution and CV of precipitation. This suggests that the lowest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during wet periods of growing season or in high precipitation regions, while the highest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during dry periods and in low precipitation regions. Although the desert zone received less precipitation than other natural zones of the country, it had relatively low variation compared to the steppe and desert steppe, which could be attributed to the very sparse vegetation in the desert.     

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成及肥力比较

研究了青藏高原高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成和土壤养分变化特征,并用相关分析探讨了土壤理化特征、土壤机械组成对不同草地类型群落物种组成、生物量变化的响应。结果表明:不同草地类型土壤机械组成分布大致是矮嵩草草甸:粉粒>细砂粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;高山嵩草草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;藏嵩草沼泽化草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;金露梅灌丛:粉粒>粘粒≥细砂粒>粗砂粒。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸为粉砂质粘壤土,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸为壤土,金露梅灌丛为壤质粘土。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛土壤颗粒分布相对比较均匀(除藏嵩草沼泽化草甸外),主要集中在<0.5mm的范围内,土壤粘粒含量普遍大于20%。土壤全量养分和速效养分以及土壤物理特征均影响着高寒草甸不同草地类型土壤质量和土壤结构。土壤结构和养分状况是判断高寒草甸生态系统生态功能维持的关键指标之一。     

农田沙漠化演变中土壤质量的生物学特性变化

通过研究处于沙漠化过程中的科尔沁沙地旱作农田土壤酶活性与基础土壤呼吸活性，分析了土壤质量生物学特性的沙漠化演变。结果表明，土壤酶活性与基础土壤呼吸对沙漠过程中环境的变化反应敏感，随着沙漠化程度增加，与土壤物理化学肥力因素有关的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性和土壤呼吸活性随之下降。土壤酶活性和呼吸活性与土壤有机质和养分有极显著的相关，在一定程度上可以用酶活性和呼吸强度表征有机质和养分的状况及其数量的变异，因此，可以作为农田沙漠化演变中土壤质量特征变化的重要辅助指标。