农业机械化对盐池县粮食产量效能的贡献分析

农业机械化有利于提高农业生产效率,促进农业技术的发展,提高农民的经济收入,因而对我国农业的发展具有十分重要的意义。就盐池县农业机械化对粮食产出效能作出的贡献进行探究:1980~2010年盐池县农业机械化对粮食产出效能的贡献为26.265%,说明农业机械化对盐池县粮食产出效能作出了积极贡献,因此应该大力推广农业机械化管理和生产。     

农业机械化专业建设与服务区域经济的思考

分析了我国农业机械化与区域经济的现状，提出了地方高等院校的农业机械化及其自动化专业应办成服务区域经济集教学、科研、科技推广、信息服务于一体的教学体系，并密切结合区域经济发展的实际进行专业建设与教学改革。     

开展农业机械“化”的科学研究走中国式农业机械化的道路——从黑龙江省农业机械化的历程说起

发展农业机械化应能带来明显的经济效果,这不仅从理论上说应当是推行农业机械化不可违背的根本原则,也早已为国内外大量成功的实践所证实。但从黑龙江省三十年来农业机械化的历程来看,许多县和社队并未因推行机械化都获得应有的经济效果。从全国来看也大致如此。主要原因是:国民经济有关部门配合不够,同农业生产发展有些割裂,某些农机产品供应同需要脱节和投放机器不注重经济核算等等。归总起来就是一条:从特定条件出发研究农业机械化发展的自然规律和经济规律不够。特别是没有认真把农业机械“化”的科学研究开展起来。农业机械“化”科学技术体系的主要内容可归纳为:农业机器系统、农业生产能源、农机化经营管理、农机化技术推广服务和农机化技术经济五方面。建议用“农业机械、化工程”这一新学科名称来概括。通过农业机械化工程的研究,可以为我们社会主义国家提供积极干预农机化事业发展的科学依据,逐步走出一条中国式的农业机械化道路来。针对我们是社会主义国家和人均自然资源较少,工农业技术和经济基础都比较薄弱等情况,我国农业机械化道路应具有以下主要特点:搞农业机械化要给每个农业劳动力安排出路;要搞以增产为主要目标的能源节约型的机械化;机械化资金要社队自力更生与国家资助相结合,要采用“适当技术”,不要急于追求全面机械化;要兼顾国家、集体、个人三方面的利益,要既允许部分农民先富,又要以共同富裕为目标。     

基于商业化育种理念的水稻育种综述

综述了商业化育种的特点及发达国家种业发展历程。分析了当前我国种业发展现状,提出国家应通过加大知识产权保护力度、构建新型科研成果转化机制及交易平台、种子管理部门转变职能加速商业化育种体系的建立。结合水稻育种实践及湖北省水稻生产实际,提出水稻品种选育目标应从全产业链角度出发,选育适合全程机械化生产的中稻和直播早晚稻、再生稻、高档优质稻、中粳或单季晚粳水稻品种。     

Agricultural biotechnology research: Practices,consequences, and policy recommendations

This paper reviews current trends in the development of agricultural biotechnology, including (1) the recent and potential biotechnology products and processes in the plant, animal and food sciences, and (2) the enormous increase in Federal and State government and industrial investments in biotechnology research. Next we analyze the impacts and possible consequences of agricultural biotechnology for public and private agricultural research and for the structure and nature of the food system in this country and around the world. We conclude with a range of proposals for agricultural research policies. Among the possible consequences we discuss are: (1) a shift in disciplinary emphasis in the research community to molecular biology, (2) reduction of research on systems, ecology, and the social sciences, (3) increased concentration of research funds at a small number of institutions, (4) reduction of long-term research in the public sector, (5) increased collaboration between industry, government and universities with a restriction of scientific communication, and a potential for conflict of interest, favoritism and increased scientific misconduct, (6) a change of the primary goals and agenda of the public sector research community, and (7) increased concentration in the agribusiness sector and the industrialization of the food system. Our policy suggestions include: (1) maintaining and strengthening an independent public research and teaching system, (2) striking a balance between short-term proprietary biotechnology and long-term nonproprietary research, (3) maintaining an extension system that delivers biotechnology information and products to all potential users, (4) developing a regulatory system that adequately protects the public and provides clear guidelines to industry. (5) assisting developing nations to reap the benefits of the biotechnology revolution, and (6) establishing mechanisms to foster broad-based understanding of the social and ethical issues relating to agricultural biotechnology and to promote research on the social and ethical impacts.     

被子植物胚乳培养研究及其影响因素

研究报道表明,在被子植物胚乳培养过程中,供体植株的基因型、胚乳的发生类型和发育程度、胚因子、基本培养基类型、植物激素种类及用量、碳源、附加成分及低温条件都会影响不同植物的胚乳愈伤组织诱导率、分化率及胚状体诱导率和植株诱导率,其中供体植株的基因型是胚乳培养的关键因素。由于植物胚乳植株的诱导率较低,植物胚乳培养对基因型依赖较强,难以育出性状优良的三倍体植株,从而限制了胚乳植株在植物育种及遗传研究中的进一步应用。今后,应加大对植物胚乳培养的研究力度,根据利用目的,选择具有代表性的品种、品系,综合运用各种手段,提高胚乳植株诱导率,培育高抗优质的胚乳植株新品种。     

油菜新品种阳光2009最适机播密度研究

[目的]确定适合油菜(Brassica napus L.)新品种阳光2009的最佳机播密度。[方法]对油菜新品种阳光2009开展机播密度试验,7个密度分别为15.0万、22.5万、30.0万、37.5万、45.0万、52.5万、60.0万株/hm2。[结果]油菜品种阳光2009在45.0万株/hm2密度水平下,产量最高达到2542.5 kg/hm2,该密度下油菜的株高、有效分枝部位高度、单株有效分枝数、单株荚果数、菌核病指分别是190.8cm、95.2 cm、6.2个、192.8个和10.8,在同等气候条件和管理水平下,基本达到了该品种合理的表现水平。[结论]确定适合阳光2009的最佳机播密度为45万株/hm2,并认为在该品种的利用过程中要采用化学措施控制油菜的株高和成熟期,以便有利于机械化收获。同时,育种家还要进一步加强选育适合油菜全程机械化生产的品种。     

虚拟水理论在绿洲灌区农作制多目标评价中的应用——以武威市凉州区为例

根据虚拟水理论,采用多目标综合决策的方法,以武威市凉州区的农作制为研究对象,以提高区域农作制的经济效益、生产效益、生态效益为目标,选择用工量、净收益、农产品单位质量虚拟水含量、单位水价值等8个评价指标,对现有不同农作模式进行优先排序.结果表明:凉州区农作模式的优势度依次为葡萄＞制种玉米＞蔬菜＞玉米＞啤酒大麦＞小麦＞薯类...     

论农业机械化发展的动力机制

农业经济发展水平关系到经营者对农机的购买力，使用农业机械的经济效益决定经营者是否购买或使用农机，是农业机械化发展的内在动力；政府对农业、农机、工业及农机科研与教育的扶持，是农业机械化发展的外在动力，中国农业机械化发展的各个阶段中、种种上动力因素起着不同的作用，政府作为外在动力主体，应采取促进农业机械化发展的政策。     

新疆棉花机械化打顶关键技术的发展现状研究

棉花打顶作业是棉花生产过程中的关键环节.机械化打顶可以大大减少打顶时间、提高劳动效益、降低劳动强度、提高产量.通过分析新疆棉花机械化打顶技术中的难题,对棉株高度自动检测技术、切割装置自动升降机构以及精确切割装置等关键技术研究现状进行了分析,指出了机械化打顶存在的不足,并给出了相关改进建议,认为自动化、智能化、精确化、联合作业及农机农艺相结合是今后棉花生产机械化的发展趋势,应加快关键技术装置的研发.     

湖南农业科技需求与农业科研战略调整

文章从供给适应需求出发,研究新常态下农业科技新需求与农业科研发展战略调整。研究认为,湖南农业发展呈现资源数量型现状特征,生态效益型农业是现代农业的发展趋势,迫切需要农业科研开展融合创新; 湖南农科院种植产业科研优势明显,养殖产业和农业机械化科研欠缺,融合创新研究有基础但力量薄弱,科研人员专心潜心从事科研创新的基本条件已经具备; 新时期湖南农科院科研发展战略调整重点是：强化公益性研究,拓展融合性研究,加强开放性研究。     

油茶果采摘机采摘机械臂的机构设计及运动仿真

油茶是我国重要的林业经济植物,是我国食用油的重要来源之一,随着品种的优化和种植的规范化,油茶果机械化采摘成为必然,研制油茶果采摘机成为林业机械的一个新领域。在实地考察研究油茶果植物特性和采摘方式的基础上,设计了油茶果采摘机采摘臂的机构,并应用三维软件pro/e,针对采摘臂的液压驱动方式,对采摘臂进行了运动仿真。     

Technology transfer: Institutions,models, and impacts on agriculture and rural life in the developing world

Technology transfer is a multi-level process of communication involving a variety of senders and receivers of ideas and materials. As a response to market failure, or as an effort to accelerate market-driven social change, technology transfer may combine public and private aparatus or rely solely on public institutional mechanisms to identify, develop, and deliver innovations and information. Technology transfer institutions include universities, government ministries, research institutes, and what may be termed the ‘project sector’. Four farm- and village-level change models are considered: traditional community development, adoption-diffusion, training and Visit Extension, and Farming Systems Research. The challenges to technology transfer efforts center on developing indigenous capacity to generate and adapt agricultural technology to local conditions. This is the primary objective of technology transfer in agriculture and the basis for advancing rural development.     

INTERCROPPING: FEED MORE PEOPLE AND BUILD MORE SUSTAINABLE AGROECOSYSTEMS

• Intercropping is a useful practice when agricultural sustainability is emphasized.• We integrate biodiversity-ecosystem functioning and intercropping.• Intercropping optimizes ecosystem services such as stabilizing yield and reducing use of chemicals.• Intercropping benefits are attributed partly to complementarity and selection effects.• Application of ecological principles is key to sustainable agricultural development.Intercropping is a traditional farming system that increases crop diversity to strengthen agroecosystem functions while decreasing chemical inputs and minimizing negative environmental effects of crop production. Intercropping is currently considerable interest because of its importance in sustainable agriculture. Here, we synthesize the factors that make intercropping a sustainable means of food production by integrating biodiversity of natural ecosystems and crop diversity. In addition to well-known yield increases, intercropping can also increase yield stability over the long term and increase systemic resistance to plant diseases, pests and other unfavorable factors (e.g. nutrient deficiencies). The efficient use of resources can save mineral fertilizer inputs, reduce environmental pollution risks and greenhouse gas emissions caused by agriculture, thus mitigating global climate change. Intercropping potentially increases above- and below-ground biodiversity of various taxa at field scale, consequently it enhances ecosystem services. Complementarity and selection effects allow a better understanding the mechanisms behind enhanced ecosystem functioning. The development of mechanization is essential for large-scale application of intercropping. Agroecosystem multifunctionality and soil health should be priority topics in future research on intercropping.     

中国农业专利的质量：基于不同申请时期、申请主体和技术领域的比较

【目的】研究专利数量飞涨背景下不同申请时期、申请主体和技术领域的中国农业专利质量及其变化趋势。【方法】以中国1985-2010年受理的全部农业专利为样本,利用统计和计量经济模型分析发明专利申请率、发明专利授权率、授权发明专利失效率、专利维持时间等质量指标。【结果】中国与国外农业发明专利授权率在统计上没有显著差异,但是国外的平均维持时间显著更长。在0.01置信水平下,中国公共研究部门（大学、科研机构）与企业、个人相比,发明专利授权的概率显著更高,但维持专利的概率却显著低于企业。时间趋势变量的系数估计值表明,中国农业发明专利的授权和维持状况自2001年起有明显改善。【结论】尽管中国农业专利质量总体不如国外,但近年来已有显著提高,尤其以农业生物技术最为突出。大学、科研机构作为中国农业专利的申请主体,申请质量显著高于企业和个人,但“重申请轻维持”的现象比企业严重。中国今后应引导和规范农业科教单位的专利申请动机,鼓励和支持专利技术的转化实施。     

智能化技术在水稻生产全程机械化中的应用研究与发展趋势

智能控制是水稻生产全程机械化向智能化发展的关键核心技术.本文从水稻作业环节中的耕整地、种植、田间管理和收获四个方面概述分析了国内外水稻生产机具使用情况和机械化作业情况,着重阐述了智能化技术在水稻生产全程机械化中的应用研究,涵盖了耕深智能调节与自动平地技术、工厂化育秧移栽与精量直播技术、田间管理智能化技术(灌溉、施肥、除草和病虫害防治)、收获机在线监测和智能控制技术、自动导航与无人驾驶技术等.指出了制约水稻生产全程机械化向智能化发展的技术难点,并展望了其未来发展趋势,以期为智能化技术在水稻生产全程机械化中的应用提供参考.     

江苏苏南油菜生产现状及产业技术需求分析

苏南油菜生产受区域工业经济发展、务农收入比重减少、生产成本增加、产出效益较低等因素的影响,油菜种植面积下滑。目前栽培方式向稻茬板田种植、免耕直播等转变。对早熟、优质稳产、多抗油菜新品种,以及高效、轻简、全程机械化作业和病、虫、草害综合控制等技术的需求较为迫切。加快培育综合性状优良、适合轻简、机械化作业的新品种,研究与熟化轻简、机械化高效栽培技术,强化对新品种、新技术试验示范和推广,结合科技服务与现场技术指导,制订油菜产业的相关政策等,有利于推进油菜产业发展。     

果蔬秧苗移栽器的设计研究

作物育苗移栽技术工艺因其对气候的补偿作用和使作物生长发育期提前的综合效应,在农业种植业生产上具有重要的经济意义。本文在论述秧苗移栽机械化生产必要性的基础上,综合分析了移栽机械化生产的重要意义,提出了移栽机械的研究重点和发展趋势,设计并改进了一台适合于我国北方大部分地区蔬菜秧苗移栽的便携式秧苗移栽器。将掘穴、取苗、定植动作集成在一起完成,提高移栽效率,提高移栽成活率,减轻劳动强度;携带方便,操作简单,适用性强。     

提高机械化水平 促进橡胶业发展

在现代化农业发展趋势下,中国橡胶生产机械化技术渐趋成熟,但是橡胶种植、采胶和收胶等重要作业环节仍依赖手工操作,制约着我国橡胶生产快速发展。加快发展我国橡胶生产机械化,既要提高现有机械化装备水平,也要解决橡胶生产中的割胶、收胶和种植等作业工序中的机械化问题,通过相关关键技术的突破与推广应用,可以实现橡胶生产全程机械化作业,从而推动橡胶产业快速发展。     

Food sovereignty or the human right to adequate food: which concept serves better as international development policy for global hunger and poverty reduction?

The emerging concept of food sovereignty refers to the right of communities, peoples, and states to independently determine their own food and agricultural policies. It raises the question of which type of food production, agriculture and rural development should be pursued to guarantee food security for the world population. Social movements and non-governmental organizations have readily integrated the concept into their terminology. The concept is also beginning to find its way into the debates and policies of UN organizations and national governments in both developing and industrialized countries. Beyond its relation to civil society movements little academic attention has been paid to the concept of food sovereignty and its appropriateness for international development policies aimed at reducing hunger and poverty, especially in comparison to the human right to adequate food (RtAF). We analyze, on the basis of an extensive literature review, the concept of food sovereignty with regard to its ability to contribute to hunger and poverty reduction worldwide as well as the challenges attached to this concept. Then, we compare the concept of food sovereignty with the RtAF and discuss the appropriateness of both concepts for national public sector policy makers and international development policies. We conclude that the impact on global food security is likely to be much greater if the RtAF approach predominated public policies. While the concept of food sovereignty may be appropriate for civil society movements, we recommend that the RtAF should obtain highest priority in national and international agricultural, trade and development policies.