母牛妊娠后期营养摄入对后代的影响北大核心CSCD

胎儿直接从母体获取营养,其体重在妊娠后期呈指数级增长。母体妊娠后期的营养供给,包括能量、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素等均能够影响胎儿发育,甚至影响犊牛出生后的生长发育。研究发现,妊娠后期母牛充足的营养摄入能够影响母牛和胎儿肠道菌群组成,保障犊牛健康;保证后代血糖稳衡,促进犊牛生长;促进犊牛肌纤维细胞和脂肪细胞分化增殖,最终改善胴体品质。阐明母牛妊娠后期的营养供给对后代的影响有助于肉牛优质高效生产。     

肉羊异食行为的预防措施

肉羊在养殖过程中常会出现异食现象,有时单个存在,有时成群出现,肉牛的这种异食行为会严重阻碍肉羊的生长发育和生产性能的发挥。肉羊会表现消化不良,消瘦,胃肠管道阻塞,严重时还会发生死亡。因此,养殖人员应该了解肉羊发生异食的原因,并掌握相应的预防措施。     

安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交及其效果研究

［目的］为了进一步优化牦牛肉品质,有效缩短牦牛养殖周期,提高其受胎率和犊牛成活率。［方法］本研究进行了安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交试验,,利用安格斯肉牛冷冻精液,对251头经产母牦牛进行了人工授精。［结果］人工授精后,分别于2013年产犊42头,成活率66.67%;2014年产犊51头,成活率95.7%;2015年产犊67头,成活率91.04%。［结论］牦牛膘情较好时期,受胎率可达83.33%,接近于奶牛人工授精的受胎率,达到了青海省牦牛人工授精的较高水平。     

肠道菌群紊乱与帕金森病相关性的研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson's Disease,PD)又称震颤性麻痹,是一种常见于中老年人的神经系统变性疾病,该病以中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失和神经元细胞内 α-突触核蛋白异常聚集为主要的病理特征.肠道菌群(Microbiota,GM)对人体健康的维护具有重要意义,不仅影响人体的消化与吸收能力,而且对人体的抗感染和自...     

中药与肠道菌群及其代谢相关研究进展

中药成分复杂且有些生物活性成分不明确,有些中药的作用机制尚不明确,使得中医药在世界范围内的推广和应用仍存在较大障碍。目前,肠道菌群是了解口服中药制剂发挥作用的新领域。中药可以调节肠道菌群,促进有益菌生长,而且可以调节肠道菌群的分泌物;同时,肠道菌群能转化中药化合物并使其更易吸收,减轻中药毒副作用。本文从肠道菌群与机体健康、肠道菌群与中药之间的相互作用关系、代谢物作用等多个方面进行综述,以期为进一步研究中药作用机制和合理开发提供理论基础和参考。     

异麦芽低聚糖对断奶仔猪肠道菌群及腹泻的影响

选 35± 2日龄仔猪 4 0头 ,随机分成 5组。 1组为对照组 ,喂基础日粮 ,2～ 5组为试验组 ,在基础日粮基础上分别添加 0 .1%、0 .2 %、0 .4 %和 0 .8%异麦芽低聚糖浆 (含异麦芽低聚糖 77.0 7% ) ,测肠道菌群浓度、蛋白酶活性、肠绒毛高度、小肠隐窝深度、生产性能、腹泻指数、相关血液指标及粪氨含量。试验结果表明 ,4、5组肠道菌群、小肠绒毛高度、小肠隐窝深度、蛋白酶活性、饲料转化率等指标显著优于其它组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;5组尿素氮显著低于其它组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血钙浓度、平均日增重与采食量显著高于其它组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;4组腹泻指数和粪氨含量显著低于其它组 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

猪肠道微生物菌群特征与营养调控

通过营养技术手段调控猪肠道菌群的结构和丰度、产生生物活性物质和降低肠道p H等路径有效改善肠道微生态环境,增加猪体免疫力,促进猪肠道对营养物质的吸收,提高生产性能以及改善猪胴体品质。文章综述了猪肠道微生物菌群的特性及营养调控路径,以期为通过营养技术手段改善猪肠道健康的深入研究和生产实践提供理论支持和方法借鉴。     

低聚异麦芽糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能和肠道菌群的影响

本试验以7日龄海兰褐蛋雏鸡为研究对象,通过饲养试验和肠道菌群培养,研究低聚异麦芽糖替代抗生素对蛋雏鸡生长性能和肠道菌群数量的影响。试验期7周。结果表明:低聚异麦芽糖组和抗生素组的生长性能均显著好于对照组,且二者之间差异不显著;低聚异麦芽糖组比对照组和抗生素组显著增加了盲肠和回肠内容物的双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,与对照组相比,降低了肠道中的大肠杆菌数量。在饲料中添加0.3%的低聚异麦芽糖在一定程度上能够替代抗生素药物,能促进蛋雏鸡生长,显著增加盲肠和回肠内容物的双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量。     

氧化应激与母仔猪肠道菌群的互作及其营养调控

繁殖周期内母猪肠道菌群稳态的正常维持对其繁殖效率、仔代的健康状况和生长速度至关重要。在生产中,多层次因素导致母猪机体活性氧增加,繁殖周期内产生进程性氧化应激,进而破坏母体肠道菌群生态平衡,影响母仔猪的正常生理活动,降低养猪业生产效率。目前通过营养调控缓解母仔猪氧化应激,维持肠道菌群的稳态受到了广泛的关注。本文结合国内外研究进展,对氧化应激与繁殖周期内母猪和仔猪肠道菌群的互作及其营养调控进行综述,旨在为提高母猪年生产力提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

肠道菌群调控母幼分离子代行为异常的研究进展

集约化养殖模式下,早期断奶成为促进草食畜牧业发展的重要措施。人类和其他动物上的研究表明,生命早期应激会导致许多负面后果,包括严重的精神障碍,例如抑郁、焦虑等精神疾病。肠道菌群通过脑-肠轴调控宿主的行为。益生菌接种对母幼分离子代行为的异常具有明显的改善作用。本文系统介绍了早期母幼分离对子代行为的影响,并就肠道菌群结构改善对子代行为的影响及其机制进行了由浅入深的总结,以期为深入认识早期断奶对幼畜行为的影响,改善早期断奶引发幼畜行为异常提供参考依据。     

猪肠道微生物及其代谢产物与肠道屏障研究进展

肠道微生物参与营养物质代谢,影响猪的健康和发育,当肠道微生物发生紊乱,会造成猪腹泻并引起炎症反应,因此肠道微生物对猪的健康起着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道微生物在仔猪不同发育阶段的分布、肠道微生物的代谢产物对肠道健康的影响机制和肠道微生物与肠道屏障之间的关系进行阐述,并探讨了目前肠道健康研究的进展以及今后的研究方向,旨在为猪肠道健康调控提供理论参考。     

Research Progress on the Effects of Gut Microbiota and Its Functional Metabolites on Fat Metabolism and Intramuscular Fat Deposition

The meat quality is influenced by many factors, among which intramuscular fat (IMF) is one of the most prominent factors. IMF content is closely related to the tenderness and flavor of meat. Numbers of studies suggested that gut microbiota and its functional metabolites (such as short fatty acids, bile acids, lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamines, tryptophan and their derivatives) played an important role in host fat metabolism. In this review, we present the role of gut microbiota and its functional metabolites in regulating fat metabolism and IMF deposition. This paper would provide new insights and feasible ways through nutrition regulation to increase IMF deposition and improve meat quality.     

肠道菌群及其功能代谢物对脂肪代谢及肌内脂肪沉积影响的研究进展

肌内脂肪含量是影响肉品质的重要因素之一,其含量与肌肉的嫩度和风味密切相关。大量研究表明,肠道菌群及其功能代谢物,如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、脂多糖、三甲胺类、色氨酸及其衍生物等影响宿主脂肪代谢。本文对肠道菌群及其产生的功能代谢物对脂肪代谢及肌内脂肪沉积的影响及其机制进行了综述,为通过营养调控提高肌内脂肪含量、改善动物肉品质提供新的研究思路。     

引进安格斯牛在肉牛生产中的应用

本文综述了国内引进安格斯牛的研究应用报道、发展利用现状,旨在为今后我国在安格斯牛引种及利用方面提供参考。     

猪的肠道微生物与宿主营养代谢

肠道中栖息着数量庞大复杂多样的微生物菌群,肠道微生物在宿主健康中发挥着重要作用,既影响着饲料消化、营养物质吸收和能量供应,又调控着宿主正常生理功能及疾病的发生与发展.动物胃肠道不仅是消化器官,还是感应器官,肠道对营养物质的感应可以通过脑肠轴调节机体生理活动.肠道微生物还能代谢蛋白质产生宿主细胞不能合成的肽类物质,并通过小肠上皮的肽类转运系统影响机体代谢,因此可能存在微生物-肠道-大脑轴.肠道微生物还可以与机体形成宿主-微生物代谢轴,对动物机体营养物质代谢和免疫稳态起重要作用.饲粮对宿主代谢的改变,常伴随有肠道微生物区系的变化,肠道微生物的代谢可能通过微生物-肠道-大脑轴以及宿主-微生物代谢轴调节宿主很多生理过程,进而影响机体整体代谢.本文概述了猪肠道微生物区系与宿主肠道营养物质代谢的关系,以加深关于肠道微生物对机体代谢贡献的认识.     

庄浪县安格斯肉牛冻配改良效果分析

经试验测定,安杂犊牛初生重32.25 kg, 3月龄重121.15 kg, 6月龄重183.75 kg, 12月龄重247.46 kg, 24月龄重402.93 kg,分别较其它品种牛同期体重增长20.34%、141.33%、90.16%、26.07%和41.38%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。全县累计推广安格斯冻配改良4307头,受胎3928头,爱胎率91.2%。     

动物肠道菌群与病原微生物感染关系的研究进展

动物肠道内寄居着大量微生物,通常被称为共生菌群。它们对动物的生长、代谢和免疫状态至关重要,还与许多疾病的发生密切相关。病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染都会使机体的肠道菌群发生紊乱,表现在益生菌丰度减少而有害菌丰度增加。其机制包括引发宿主的炎症反应和抑制机体的免疫细胞两方面。同样肠道菌群也会调控病原菌的感染,如肠道菌群对不同的病毒会产生颉颃或促进作用,对细菌和寄生虫分别产生抑制和促进作用。肠道菌群抑制病原菌的机制包括与病原菌竞争代谢产物和诱导宿主的免疫反应。肠道菌群促进病毒感染的机制包括3点,分别为提高病毒的稳定性及其与靶细胞的黏附作用、抑制机体免疫系统和刺激靶细胞的增殖。肠道菌群促进寄生虫感染的可能机制包括降低Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13)并提高调节性T细胞的表达频率。肠道菌群、病原微生物和宿主不断相互作用,形成一个动态的平衡关系,并在感染过程中不断进化。作者主要综述了病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染对动物肠道菌群的组成和丰度的影响,动物肠道菌群如何影响病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染进程并分析相关机制,以期了解疾病的发病机理,为疫苗佐剂的研发及制定更有效的预防和治疗策略提供新视角和理论依据。     

安格斯肉牛冻精与隔年产犊牦牛杂交改良效果分析

通过对上年未产犊牦牛采用补饲与同期发情处理技术,并采用安格斯肉牛细管冻精开展牦牛杂交,出生的犏牛犊采用犊牛培育技术,对不同培育条件对犏牛犊牛生长发育的影响,研究结果表明,采用上年未产犊母牦牛补饲技术,与对照组相比,试验组隔年产犊母牦牛的发情率、受胎率、产犊率及犊牛成活率分别为86.67%、82.23%、78.34%和96.46%,分别提高22.84%、27.59%、33.03%和7.62%,差异显著(P<0.05)。采用犏牛犊牛培育技术,与传统对照组相比,犊牛培育组和培育对照组公、母犏牛初生的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围体重明显增加,差异显著(P<0.05)。上年未产犊母牦牛补饲与同期发情处理技术结合犏牛犊牛培育技术,显著提高其杂交一代犏牛的生长发育速度,提高犊牛的繁殖成活率。     

Probiotics-induced Changes in Intestinal Structure and Gut Microbiota Are Associated with Reduced Rate of Pimpled Eggs in the Late Laying Period of Hens

Production of pimpled or sandpaper-shelled eggs (SE) is a major problem in aged hens. Probiotics can improve eggshell quality; however, the relationship between SE production and gut bacteria remains unclear. Here, 1200 450-d-old Hy-line hens were assigned to four groups (300 hens each), with the control group fed basal diet and treatment groups fed basal diet plus 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. After 4 weeks, probiotics significantly decreased the SE rate from 42.51% to 28.02%. To address why probiotics reduced SE rate, the hens that only produced normal eggs (NE) or SE based on a 2-week assessment were assigned to three groups (NE, SE, and SEP groups; 10 hens each), with the NE and SE groups fed a basal diet and SEP group fed a basal diet plus 1000 mg/kg probiotics. After 4 weeks, ileal tissues from eight birds/group were collected for histomorphological and gene expression analyses, and the ileal content was collected from five birds/group for 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The data showed that probiotics significantly increased the villus length and ratio of villus length to crypt depth. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the expression of genes related to tight junctions, nutrient transport, and calcium absorption among the groups (except TRPV6, P<0.001). The 16S rDNA sequencing analysis indicated that the alpha-diversity of gut bacteria in the SEP group was the highest among the groups. The Firmicutes phylum was dominant in the NE and SEP groups, whereas the Proteobacteria phylum was dominant in the SE group. Together, these results suggest that probiotics can significantly influence the intestinal structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota, which may lead to a reduction in the SE rate in aged hens.     

Associations between immune competence phenotype and feedlot health and productivity in Angus cattle

Genetic strategies aimed at improving general immune competence (IC) have the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of disease in beef production systems, with resulting benefits of improved animal health and welfare and reduced reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease. Implementation of such strategies first requires that methodologies be developed to phenotype animals for IC and demonstration that these phenotypes are associated with health outcomes. We have developed a methodology to identify IC phenotypes in beef steers during the yard weaning period, which is both practical to apply on-farm and does not restrict the future sale of tested animals. In the current study, a total of 838 Angus steers, previously IC phenotyped at weaning, were categorized as low (n = 98), average (n = 653), or high (n = 88) for the IC phenotype. Detailed health and productivity data were collected on all steers during feedlot finishing, and associations between IC phenotype, health outcomes, and productivity were investigated. A favorable association between IC phenotype and number of mortalities during feedlot finishing was observed with higher mortalities recorded in low IC steers (6.1%) as compared with average (1.2%, P < 0.001) or high (0%, P = 0.018) IC steers. Disease incidence was numerically highest in low IC steers (15.3 cases/100 animals) and similar in average IC steers (10.1 cases/100 animals) and high IC steers (10.2 cases/100 animals); however, differences between groups were not significant. No significant influence of IC phenotype on average daily gain was observed, suggesting that selection for improved IC is unlikely to incur a significant penalty to production. The potential economic benefits of selecting for IC in the feedlot production environment were calculated. Health-associated costs were calculated as the sum of lost production costs, lost capital investment costs, and disease treatment costs. Based on these calculations, health-associated costs were estimated at AUS$103/head in low IC steers, AUS$25/head in average IC steers, and AUS$4/head in high IC steers, respectively. These findings suggest that selection for IC has the potential to reduce mortalities during feedlot finishing and, as a consequence, improve the health and welfare of cattle in the feedlot production environment and reduce health-associated costs incurred by feedlot operators.