思茅松林采伐迹地采伐剩余物的自然及接种白腐菌腐解效果对比试验

在普洱市思茅松林采伐迹地对其采伐剩余物进行了归堆、坑埋和铺地3种自然腐解处理及接种10种木材白腐菌腐解处理的腐解效果对比试验.结果表明: 在自然状态下(不人为接种任何菌种),处理3个月后,其采伐剩余物腐解率最高的方法为砍枝铺地,其采伐剩余物干物质的失重率为3.1 %;而接种沙松1#、硅贝云芝、朱红密孔菌3种白腐菌腐解采伐剩余物的效果较好,接种3个月后检测其剩余物的干物质失重率达21.1 %、20.3 %、17.6 %.两试验结果相比较,接种白腐菌可以促进思茅松林采伐迹地采伐剩余物的腐烂分解.     

白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解玉米芯制备纤维素的影响

探讨了白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解法制取纤维素的影响.在白腐菌对玉米芯进行预处理过程中,赖锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的酶活分别在第5、 6、 7、 10和 15 d 达到最高值,分别为1.326、 10.25、 0.062 7、 0.33和 403 U/g.利用响应面分析法确定丙酸蒸解玉米芯最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶ 10(g∶ mL),蒸解时间 70 min,丙酸质量浓度 900 g/L,产物中纤维素的质量分数为 91.09%.玉米芯经白腐菌预处理 10 d 后再用丙酸进行蒸解处理,产物中纤维素的质量分数和保留率分别为 97.12% 和 94.70%,而半纤维素和木质素的质量分数仅为 0.96% 和 0.92%.     

白夹竹防护处理工艺及对力学性能的影响

以白夹竹为试验材料,采用环保防霉剂对其进行加压防护处理,分析药剂浓度、加压时间、浸渍温度对防腐防霉处理效果的影响,比较各工艺条件载药量的差别,并分析防腐防霉处理工艺对竹材力学性能的影响。结果表明:药剂浓度是影响白夹竹防腐防霉处理效果的主要因素;白夹竹较为理想的防腐防霉处理工艺为药剂浓度1.5%,加压时间30min,浸渍温度120℃;防腐防霉处理使白夹竹主要力学性能略微下降,但处理前后差异不显著。     

地榆多酚处理杨木防腐性能研究

以地榆根为原料,在传统工艺基础上借助超声波技术提取地榆多酚,对杨木进行浸渍处理,处理浓度分别为1%、3%、5%。用白腐菌(彩绒革盖菌)和褐腐菌(密粘褶菌)对木块进行12周的腐朽处理,计算试件失重率,并用扫描电子显微镜表征。结果表明:未处理材在白腐菌和褐腐菌侵蚀后的平均失重率分别为21.38%和41.62%,而地榆多酚提取液浸渍处理材在同样条件下的平均失重率分别为4.49%和9.93%,表明地榆多酚对木材具有较明显的防腐效果。当地榆多酚提取液浸渍浓度为5%时,处理材对褐腐菌的抵抗作用较强。本研究可以为利用天然植物提取物改善木材耐腐性能提供理论基础。     

真菌挂膜法处理碱法草浆含氯漂白废水中试研究

在完成了白腐菌培养的优化条件、系统进行了白腐菌处理碱法草浆含氯漂白废水的实验室试验的基础上,进入工厂废水处理现场,自行设计安装了一套以不锈钢丝为载体、用白腐菌挂膜的生物接触中试反应器,在国内建立了第一个白腐菌处理碱法草浆废液的工厂现场中试基地.中试结果表明,白腐菌对氯漂碱法草浆废水有良好的净化效果.中试系统对碱法草浆废水COD去除率为73.0 %～92.2 %,BOD去除率为90.5 %～96.5 %.当水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h时,废水只需经白腐菌一步生物处理,COD≤450 mg/L,BOD≤100 mg/L,SS≤100 mg/L,主要指标达到GB 3544-2001国家标准.当HRT为5～10 h时,经白腐菌反应器处理再加后续活性污泥法、混凝处理,排放废水各项水质指标均可达到国家标准.     

ACQ防腐剂处理竹材的防腐性能和抗流失性能

比较了5种ACQ防腐剂处理竹材的防腐性能和抗流失性.结果表明, ACQ-B的综合抗菌性能最好,ACFQ-稍差,ACQ-C对白腐菌的毒性最差,失质量率达6%,远高于ACQ-B和ACQ-D.加入磷酸盐可提高药剂对白腐菌的毒性,但对褐腐菌的毒性影响较小;ACQ-B和ACQ-B-P在竹材中的固着率较好,ACQ-C和ACQ-C-P次之,ACQ-D最低.     

五种丛生竹天然抗白蚁性能研究

笔者以梁山慈竹、龙竹、勃氏甜龙竹、撑绿杂交竹、硬头黄竹为研究对象,参考国家标准GB/T 18260-2000对不同竹种、不同竹龄、不同部位的竹材进行了天然抗白蚁性能比较,以筛选抗蛀性能较好的竹材.结果表明:五种丛生竹的竹材均不具有天然抗白蚁性能;竹龄对梁山慈竹抗白蚁性能影响显著,随竹龄增加其失重率减小,竹材部位对其影响不显著.竹龄在3年以上的梁山慈竹的天然抗白蚁性优于1年和2年的;竹龄对龙竹抗白蚁性能影响不显著,竹材部位对其影响极显著,竹材上部与中下部差异显著,竹材上部失重率大于中下部;五种竹材被白蚁蛀蚀的失重率大小顺序为:梁山慈竹失重率最小,其次为勃氏甜龙竹、龙竹和硬头黄竹,撑绿杂交竹的抗白蚁性能最差、失重率最高;去竹青竹黄的龙竹试样失重率高于原竹试样,说明竹青竹黄对白蚁蛀蚀有一定防护作用.     

杉木热处理材的耐腐性研究

采用白腐茵(彩绒革盖茵)和褐腐茵(绵腐卧孔菌),对不同温度热处理前后杉木木材的耐腐性进行研究.研究结果表明:热处理材的处理温度对白腐茵腐朽性没有影响,而褐腐茵对热处理材的腐蚀性随温度的上升而下降,当温度升至220℃时,木材的质量损失率降为0,耐腐性上升为Ⅰ级强耐腐等级.     

南京地区刚竹秆褐腐病化学防治初报

刚竹秆褐腐病在南京地区发生比较普遍,影响竹类生长.采用8种杀菌剂,对刚竹秆褐腐病病原菌进行了室内毒力测定.试验结果表明, 退菌特、多菌灵对镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制效果较好,抑制率达100%;恶霉灵、甲基托布津抑制效果相对次之;而阿米西达、敌克松对菌丝生长的抑制作用较差,抑制率最大只达到32.6%.同时利用多菌灵、恶霉灵进行田间防治试验,防治效果分别为75%和89%.     

6种木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素分解能力的研究

由于不同的木材腐朽菌的生理特性不同 ,所分泌的酶及酶的活性各不相同 ,因此 ,不同的腐朽菌分解木材的各种成分及相对速度就各不相同 ,而且对于木质纤维基质会有不同的中间代谢产物。本项研究选择了火木层孔菌 (Phelliusigniarius)及另外 5种木材分解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌 (Funaliagallica)、三色革裥菌 (Lenzitestricolor)、冬拟多孔菌 (Polyporellusbrumalis)、偏肿拟栓菌 (Pseudotrametesgibbosa)和血红密孔菌 (Pyc noporussanguineus) ,研究了它们对山杨木材木质素的分解能力 ,测定了经 6种白腐菌分解一定时期的山杨木材木质素的含量 ,作为木材白腐菌对山杨木材木质素生物降解机制的初步研究 ,旨在为山杨木材生物制浆造纸提供应用基础理论研究 ,同时也可为木质素合理的生物转化为有用的化学品、生物漂白、酶处理防止机械浆的返黄、废水治理、纤维素酶解糖化的微生物前处理等提供相关的借鉴研究 ,以期在生产实践中减轻环境污染并充分利用木质素资源。在无菌的条件下 ,将山杨木片样品分别放入以上 6种白腐菌的平板培养基中受菌侵染 ,一定时间后取出 ,去除木片表面的菌丝体 ,然后分别测定未腐朽材和受菌侵染 4 0d、6 0d、80d和 12 0d时木片样品中木质素的含量 ,分析 6种白腐菌对山杨木     

铜-季铵盐复配木材防腐剂的防腐性能

在实验室内采用常规的真空－加压法浸注试件，土壤木块法进行防腐试验，检验了铜－季铵盐类防腐剂（FFJ－1、FFJ－2和FFJ－3）对白腐采绒革盖菌[Coriolus versicolor(L.ex Fr.)Quel.]和褐腐绵腐卧孔菌[Poria placenta(Fr.)Cooke.]的防腐性能，结果表明：在较低的保持量下，都有较好的防腐效果。与百菌清（可湿性粉剂）、五氯酚钠、三唑酮相比较，它们对白腐菌的防腐性能与百菌清相近，批五氯酚钠和三唑酮好。     

高温热改性橡胶木的生物耐久性

以水蒸气作为保护气体,在170,185,200和215℃的条件下分别热处理橡胶木3h,对热改性橡胶木的生物耐久性进行研究.结果显示:高温热改性可提高橡胶木的耐腐性,其改善效果随着处理温度的升高而提高,当处理温度为185℃或更低温度时,改善效果不明显.215℃处理3h后,褐腐(密黏褶菌)质量损失率由51.6％降至21.6％,白腐(采绒革盖菌)质量损失率由27.6％降至6.8％.选用烟曲霉、哈茨木霉、产紫青霉和可可球二孢进行防霉试验,结果显示热改性橡胶木的防霉性能与对照相比没有明显的改善;经涂饰后,热改性试材的防霉性能优于未处理材.野外耐久性试验结果显示,高温热改性不能提高橡胶木的防白蚁性能.     

Effects of polyvinyl alcohol on leachability and efficacy of boron wood preservatives against fungal decay and termite attack

In this study, the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as boron fixative agent was investigated. Two levels of PVA (2.5 and 4%) were evaluated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) at three concentrations (1, 2 and 4% boric acid equivalent (BAE)) using a double vacuum impregnation process on Scots pine sapwood specimens. Leaching was performed according to a laboratory leaching procedure. Boron analysis using atomic absorption spectrometer showed a significant reduction in boron leachability for the samples treated with both concentrations of PVA when compared to the stand-alone boron treatment leading to boron retentions capable of preventing wood biological degradations. Decay resistance of the leached specimens was evaluated using the brown rot fungus Poria placenta. Even if complete protection was not fully achieved, an improvement in decay resistance was observed for the samples treated with DOT in presence of PVA. This leak of efficacy was attributed to a decrease in the biological activity of the complexed boron against fungi. Durability of treated wood against termite attack, evaluated using Reticulitermes santonensis, indicated a significant enhancement for the samples treated in presence of the fixative agent compared to the pure boron treatment.     

Studies on the control of subterranean termites by inorganic pesticides

Studies on the wood preserving techniques against subterranean termites have been undertaken with a view to promote the use of inorganic indigenous pesticides in our country. The thin films of gelatine solution (glue of animal hides) containing 10% calcium carbonate or 5% copper sulphate as well as sodium silicate solution containing 12% calcium carbonate +10% zinc oxide coated separately on wooden stakes prevented termite attack in soil up to 2, 4 and 5 years, respectively. Whereas control wooden stakes were found to be severely damaged by termites within 6 months. Stakes coated with Solignum^®-white used as standard wood preservative for comparison remained free from termite infestation for a period of 5 years.     

木腐菌及其腐朽机理研究进展

木腐菌可以有效地改善针叶材心材的渗透性,可用于辅助阔叶材散孔材年轮的鉴定,木腐菌及其所分泌的酶还可作为生物技术应用于木材工业,如生物制浆预处理、生物漂白以及木材酶解为糖的预处理等领域。本文从褐腐、白腐、软腐、竹材及人造板等几个方面出发,对国内外腐朽机理的研究现状进行了较为系统、全面的介绍,旨在使学者了解真菌选择性地降解木竹材的化学成分和细胞各部分的知识,为木竹材的保护和合理利用提供参考。     

Improvement of fire retardancy of plywood by incorporating boron or phosphate compounds in the glue

A practical approach to enhancing the fire retardancy of wood-based materials by adding fire-retardant chemicals to the glue was developed. Plywoods were manufactured using urea melamine formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium pentaborate or dihydrogen phosphate. Treated plywoods had better incombustibility than untreated ones. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis clearly demonstrated the distribution of boron and phosphorus, which had migrated from the glue to the wood, contributing to better fire retardant properties. The cross-sectional micrographs from scanning electron microscopy showed that untreated specimens exhibited a foamy structure near the interface in the glue layer and the deformed structure of wood cells. The cell structure and cell wall thickness retained intact in the specimens treated with urea melamine formaldehyde resin mixed with ammonium pentaborate or dihydrogen phosphate. When observing the effect of the thickness of overlay veneers on incombustibility, a shorter glowing time was obtained from the specimens with a thicker surface layer when the fire retardant chemical was added at 2%, but the differences were smaller at the higher chemical retention of 4%. A similar tendency was observed for the char length.Part of this paper was presented at the International Tropical Wood Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 1997     

Green color protection of bamboo culms using one-step alkali pretreatment-free process

This study evaluated the protection effectiveness of alcohol-borne reagents for the green color of ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel). The results show that the types and concentrations of alcohol-borne reagents, the kinds of solvent, and the conditions of treatment greatly affected the green color of these two bamboo species. Without alkali pretreatment, an excellent green color protection (a* = −14.5) was obtained when the ma bamboo culms were treated with 0.5% methanol-borne copper chloride (CuCl₂) at 60°C for 30 min. Similar results were also obtained when ma bamboo culms were treated with 0.5% methanol-borne copper nitrate [Cu(NO₃)₂] at 60°C for 2 h (a* = −13.5). For moso bamboo, an attractive green color in the bamboo culms was achieved by treating the specimens with 1% methanol-borne copper acetate [Cu(CH₃COO)₂] at 60°C for 30 min. The a* value of treated specimens was −13.3. In addition, results demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment was more effective on green color protection than conventional water bath treatment. When moso bamboo was treated with 1% copper acetate at 60°C in an ultrasonic bath for only 15 min, a remarkable green color with an a* value of −13.6 was obtained on the bamboo epidermis.     

Modelling chemical changes of tidal waters emerging from a mangrove forest at Cananeia, Brazil

Chemical changes in anoxic tidal waters, emerging from the mangrove forest of Cananeia, (48° W, 25° S; Brazil), were interpreted using a stoichiometric approach. Significant depletion of magnesium and sulphates were observed and were apparently due to magnesium-iron replacement in octahedral sheets of clay minerals, and sulphate reduction, respectively. Iron release from clays, after bacterial-mediated reduction, apparently reacted with sulphides produced by sulphate reduction to form nono- and di-sulphides. Production of 41.5% of FeS and 58.5% of FeS₂satisfactorily explained all the stoichiometric relations between concentration changes of magnesium, sulphates, sulphides, iron and alkalinity expected by the model. As a consequence, the decomposition rate of organic matter in these prevailing anoxic conditions, would mainly stem from sulphate reduction (90% against 10% for ferrireduction). The simultaneous bacterial processes of uptake and release of ammonium included in the model would explain why the mangrove forest does not export significant amounts of nitrogen toward the adjacent lagoon.     

Resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood modified with functionalized commercial silicone emulsions against subterranean termites

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was treated with quat-silicone micro-emulsion (<40?nm), amino-silicone macro-emulsion (110?nm), alkyl-modified silicone macro-emulsion (740?nm) and solutions of inorganic water glass. Three treatment concentrations of 5, 15 and 30% (w/w) were used for the impregnation of the test specimens. Termite resistance was assessed following a 16-week field trial conducted in northern Queensland, Australia. Two different field sites were chosen for exposure to feeding by Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) and Mastotermes darwiniensis (Froggatt). Following exposure, the test and feeder specimens were inspected and assessed for termite damage using a visual rating system (from 10 sound to 0 completely destroyed) and individual mass losses. The specimens treated with quat- and amino-silicone emulsions resisted damage by both termite species, even at less than 15% weight percent gains (WPGs). Alkyl-modified silicone macro-emulsion and water glass treatment induced somewhat less resistance to termite damage, but imparted protection at higher WPGs.     

Biological resistance of Zn-Al metal-coated wood

Sapwood blocks of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and akamatsu (Pinus densiflora) were coated with Zn/Al (45%/55%) alloy metal at thicknesses of 20–30, 90–100, and 180–200m by an arc spray gun. They were served for choice and no-choice tests with a brown rot fungus (Fomitopsis palustris), a white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a pest termite (Coptotermes formosanus). Coating thickness of 20–30m was enough to prevent attacks by both test fungi, whereas 90–100m thickness was needed for protection against termite attacks. Exfoliation of the coating layers was observed during the wet-dry process in the tests. The results suggested that Zn-Al alloy metal coating treatment was applicable as an alternative method for the protection of timbers from biological deterioration when combined with an additional treatment creating a vapor barrier.This research was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998